Maida hankali dan tudu: manufar dabara. Kai na abubuwa a nazarin halittu membranes

Mene ne maida hankali? Magana broadly, rabo ne girma daga abu da kuma yawan barbashi narkar da a cikinta. Wannan definition aka samu a cikin mafi bambancin rassan kimiyya, daga kimiyyar lissafi da kuma lissafi, kawo karshen falsafa. A wannan yanayin, da tambaya da yin amfani da manufar "maida hankali" a ilmin halitta da kuma sunadarai.

dan tudu

Fassara daga Latin, yana nufin "girma" ko "Tafiya", to, akwai "nuna yatsa", wanda ya nuna da shugabanci a cikin abin da duk wani darajar ƙaruwa. A matsayin misali, za a iya amfani da, misali, da tsawo saman teku matakin at daban-daban maki na Duniya. Its (da tsawo na) da dan tudu a kowane batu a kan taswira zai nuna vector na kara dabi'u a cimma steepest Yunƙurin.

A lissafi, ajalin bayyana ne kawai a cikin marigayi karni na sha tara. An gabatar da Maxwell kuma miƙa nasu alamomin na wannan girma. Lissafin kimiyya amfani da wannan ra'ayi domin bayyana lantarki da kuma gravitational filin, da canji na m makamashi.

Ba kawai kimiyyar lissafi, amma kuma wasu kimiyyar amfani da Kalmar "dan tudu". Wannan ra'ayi na iya yin tunãni biyu ingantaccen da kuma gwada yawa faye hali na abubuwa, msl, taro ko zazzabi.

maida hankali dan tudu

Mene ne dan tudu yanzu, aka sani, kuma abin da maida hankali? Wannan shi ne dangi darajar, wanda ya nuna da rabo daga cikin abu na dauke a cikin bayani. Yana za a iya deducted kamar kashi by nauyi, moles ko kwayoyin halitta a cikin gas (bayani), da rabo daga cikin dukan. Wannan m zabi mu damar bayyana kusan duk wani rabo. Kuma ba kawai a cikin kimiyyar lissafi ko ilmin halitta, amma kuma a cikin tarin zahirin kimiyyar.

A general, da maida hankali dan tudu ne a vector yawa, wanda ya hada da characterizes adadin da shugabanci na canji da dũkiyõyinsu a cikin matsakaici.

definition

Shin yana yiwuwa yin lissafi da natsuwa dan tudu? Formula shi ne musamman tsakanin na farko canje-canje na abu da kuma dogon hanyar maida hankali cewa za su yi nasara da abu don cimma wata daidaituwa tsakanin mafita biyu. Shifran, wannan yana bayyana da dabara C = DC / dl.

A gaban da maida hankali dan tudu tsakanin biyu kayan ne dalilin da hadawa. Idan barbashi matsawa daga yankin na mafi girma maida hankali ga wani m, to, shi ne ake kira yadawa, kuma idan daga gare su akwai wani shãmaki semipermeable - osmosis.

aiki kai

Active da m kai nuna motsi abubuwa fadin membranes ko yadudduka na sel masu rai: protozoa, shuke-shuke, da dabbobi da mutane. Wannan tsari faruwa ta amfani da thermal makamashi, tun da miƙa mulki da aka yi abubuwa da wani taro dan tudu daga karami zuwa fi girma. A mafi akai-akai domin irin wannan hulda ta amfani da adenosine triphosphate ko ATP - kwayoyin da cewa shi ne m tushen samar da makamashi 38 Joule.

Akwai daban-daban siffofin ATP, wanda aka located a kan membranes na sel. A samar da makamashi kunshe ne a cikin su aka saki a lokacin da canja wurin da abubuwa ta hanyar da ake kira kwayoyin farashinsa. Wannan pores a cikin cell bango cewa selectively sha da kuma pumped electrolyte ions. Bugu da kari, akwai wani model na kai matsayin symport. A wannan yanayin, a daidai wannan lokaci shi hawa biyu abubuwa: daya fito daga cell, da kuma sauran samun shi. Wannan ceton makamashi.

vesicular kai

Active da m kai ya hada da safarar abubuwa a cikin nau'i na kumfa ko vesicles, don haka da tsari shine ake kira, bi da bi, vesicular kai. Akwai iri biyu:

1. Endocytosis. A wannan yanayin, kumfa aka generated daga jikin tantanin a sha aiwatar daskararru ko taya. Vesicles iya zama da santsi, ko da gefuna. Wannan hanya na ciyar ne kwai fari da maikacin jini, da kuma na koda epithelium.
2. Exocytosis. Kamar yadda sunan wanann, wannan ne kishiya daga baya daya. Yana yana da wasu gabbansa a cikin cell (msl, Golgi inji), wanda aka "cushe" abu a cikin vesicles, kuma daga baya sun fito ta hanyar da membrane.

M kai: yadawa

Movement of maida hankali dan tudu (high zuwa low) auku ba tare da yin amfani da makamashi. Akwai biyu bambance-bambancen karatu na m kai - An osmosis da yadawa. A karshen ne mai sauki da kuma hur.

Osmosis Babban bambancin shi ne cewa aiwatar da motsi kwayoyin faruwa ta hanyar da semipermeable membrane. A yadawa tare da wani taro dan tudu auku a cikin Kwayoyin ciwon membrane da biyu yadudduka na sia kwayoyin. kai shugabanci dogara kawai a kan yawan abubuwa a garesu da membrane. A cikin wannan hanya, da Kwayoyin shiga hydrophobic abubuwa, iyakacin duniya DNA, urea, kuma ba zai iya shiga sunadarai, sugars, ions da DNA.

A yadawa tsari, da kwayoyin ayan cika dukan samuwa girma, kazalika don tsara a layi da maida hankali a garesu daga cikin membrane. Yana haka ya faru da cewa membrane ne impermeable ko talauci permeable ga abu. A wannan yanayin, shi rinjayar da osmotic sojojin da zai iya duka biyu yin denser shãmaki, kuma ka shimfiɗa shi ta kara girman da yin famfo tashar.

Facilitated yadawa

Lokacin da natsuwa dan tudu ne ba su isa ba safarar kayan da taimakon musamman sunadarai. Suna located a kan jikin tantanin a cikin wannan hanya kamar yadda ATP kwayoyin. Godiya ga shi, na iya zama duka aiki da kuma m kai.

A wannan hanya, ta hanyar da membrane ne manyan kwayoyin (sunadarai, DNA), iyakacin duniya da abubuwa, da suka hada da amino acid da kuma sugars, ions. Godiya ga hannu na gina jiki kai gudun aka karu da sau da yawa idan aka kwatanta da na al'ada yadawa. Amma wannan hanzari dogara da dalilai da dama:

• abu dan tudu ciki da waje da cell.
• adadin m kwayoyin.
• rate dauri abu da kuma m.
• gangara ciki surface na jikin tantanin.

Duk da wannan, da kai ne da za'ayi godiya ga aikin da m sunadarai, kuma ATP makamashi a cikin wannan hali ba a amfani da su.

Babban fasali cewa faye hali Facilitated yadawa, su ne:

1. Quick canja wurin da abubuwa.
2. Selectivity kai.
3. Jikewa (a lokacin da duk sunadaran suna shagaltar).
4. Gasar tsakanin abubuwa (saboda da dangantaka na gina jiki).
5. Ƙima zuwa takamaiman sinadaran jamiái - hanawa.

osmosis

Kamar yadda aka ambata a sama, osmosis - motsi da abubuwa tare da maida hankali dan tudu fadin wani semipermeable membrane. A mafi cikakken osmosis aiwatar bayyana Le Chatelier-Braun manufa. Ya ce cewa idan wani tsarin ne a ma'auni, da tasiri daga waje, shi zai ayan koma ga hãlinta na farko. Karo na farko da osmosis sabon abu ci karo a cikin tsakiyar karni XVIII, amma sai ya bai hašawa yawa muhimmancin. nazarin sabon abu fara kawai bayan shekara ɗari.

A mafi muhimmanci kashi a sabon abu na osmosis ne semipermeable membrane cewa ya wuce ta kansa kawai curin kwayoyin halittu da wani diamita ko Properties. Alal misali, mafita biyu tare da daban-daban yawa, da shamaki zai ratsa ta kawai da sauran ƙarfi. Wannan zai ci gaba, muddin maida hankali a garesu daga cikin membrane ba zai zama guda.

Osmosis taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin cell rayuwa. Wannan sabon abu ya sa ya yiwu don shiga su kawai ga waɗanda abubuwa waxanda suke da zama dole domin ya raya rai. Red jini jikin tantanin ne permeable kawai zuwa ruwa, da iskan shaqa, da na gina jiki, amma sunadarai wanda aka kafa a cikin wani ja jini cell, ba zai iya fita.

osmosis kuma samu m aikace-aikace a cikin rayuwar yau da kullum. Ko ba tare da sanin shi, mutane a kan aiwatar da brining da abinci amfani ne da manufa na motsi na kwayoyin tare da maida hankali dan tudu. Cikakken Saline "miƙa" a kan duk da ruwa daga samfurin, game da shi, da barin su a adana daina.