Masanin ilimin ilimin likitancin Amurka da masanin ilimin zamantakewa mai suna Mayo Elton: ilimin lissafi, gudunmawa ga kimiyya. Nazarin Hawthorne

Ka'idodin masana'antu na yau da kullum na yau da kullum ne akan ilimin kimiyya na ɗaya daga cikin manyan makarantu - wanda ya shafi tunanin mutum, wanda yake la'akari da muhimmancin dangantaka tsakanin dangi da dabi'u na hali. Elton Mayo ya ba da gudummawa ga ci gaban makarantar kulawa. Human dangantakar makaranta alama farkon sabon bincike a fagen ilimin halayyar zaman jama'a na management, ƙungiya tunani da kuma gudanar da tunani.

Elton Mayo: Tarihi (1880 - 1949)

An haifi Mayo Elton a Australia (Adelaide) a shekara ta 1880 a cikin iyalin mai sayarwa. Shirin sana'a gãdar da kakansa, wanda ya shahara likita, Mayo Elton shekaru hudu karatu magani a daban-daban makarantun: Adelaide University, Edinburgh University, da London School of Medicine. Yana da sha'awar ilimin bil'adama, a shekarar 1911 ya sauke karatu daga Jami'ar tare da digiri a cikin ilimin halin mutum.

Mayo Elton ya yanke shawarar ba da kansa ga kimiyya kuma ya koyar a Jami'ar Queensland (Brisbane), a Jami'ar Pennsylvania (Philadelphia), tun daga 1926 - a Harvard Business School (Amurka). Domin shekaru biyar, Meyo Elton, wani farfesa kuma aikin sarrafa, tsunduma a masana'antu bincike, a] en da Rockefeller Foundation. Bayan ya yi ritaya, ya koma Ingila, inda a 1949 Mayu Elton ya shige.

Matsalolin Hawthorne Mayo

Ilimin Elton Mayo ya fi shahara a kimiyya, wanda aka gudanar a Hawthorne a daya daga cikin manyan kamfanonin - "Western Electric" a 1927-1932. An tsara tsarin samarwa a cikin masana'antu don la'akari da manufofin kimiyyar kimiyya da Taylor da Ford.

Misalin tsarin gudanarwa na ma'aikata ya kasance mai nuna godiya. A lokaci guda kuma, ma'aikata sun ba da tabbacin asusun fensho, lafiyar lafiya da rashin lafiya. An biya basira ba kawai ga halittar masana'antu ba, har ma da gina filin wasanni, makarantu, shaguna, clubs, da dai sauransu. Yawan ma'aikatan mutane dubu 30 ne na daban daban.

Sakamakon bincike

Na farko binciken a cikin tsarin na gwaji (1924-1927) da aka nufin nazarin tasiri na dakin haske a kan aiki aiki. Ba'a tabbatar da zaton game da rinjayar tasirin haske ba. A lokaci guda kuma, masu bincike sun ja hankali ga gaskiyar cewa aikin aiki yana canzawa a ƙarƙashin rinjayar wasu dalilai.

Mataki na biyu na binciken (1927-1932) an kira "gwaje-gwaje na Hawthorne", inda kungiyoyi da yawa suka shiga: ƙungiyar masu sufuri, ƙungiyar ma'aikata don satar mica, wani brigade na wakilci da 'yan bindigar mutane, wanda ya bada tabbaci na lambobin waya, da sauransu. Zaɓin ƙungiyoyi sun kasance daidai da yanayin aiki - ƙididdigar ayyukan da ake buƙata cikakken daidaituwa.

Dalilin binciken gwaje-gwajen Hawthorne

Masu halartar gwaje-gwajen daga ƙungiyar masu ba da agaji a farkon lokaci sun ƙaddamar da matakin ƙwarewar ma'aikata. A yayin gudanar da bincike, an ba wa wasu kungiyoyin mata damar samun dama, sauye-sauye yanayin aiki, da dai sauransu. Don samun bayanai game da abubuwan da suka shafi aikin. Alal misali, an yi amfani da hanya mai tursasawa, an sake samun hutawa na hutawa, a cikin mako-mako da kuma aiki na rana, yanayin kiwon lafiya na ma'aikatan mata ya karu, an ba da hankali ga masu halartar gwajin ta hanyar gudanar da kamfanin.

Ƙididdigar tasiri na tasiri ya taimaka wajen bunkasa matsayi na ma'aikatan mata, da kasancewa a cikin sada zumunta a cikin tawagar. Bayan lokaci, rikici ya tashi tsakanin ma'aikatan mata biyu da jagoran gwajin, aikin aiki ya fara fada. Bayan da aka sallame wadannan mata da kuma karbar su a matsayin sabon karuwa ya karu kusan kusan kashi 30%.

Masu shirya gwaji sun dauka cewa sabon ma'aikata, suna so su nuna kansu da kuma bayar da kyakkyawan asusun, sunyi hankali game da ayyukansu, kuma tsofaffin ma'aikata, sun ji tsoron kasancewa daga wuta, sun fara fara aiki.

Ƙungiya ta biyu na masu tayawa, ƙungiya mai kulawa, an kuma biya bashin don aiki na rukuni, yayin da ba a halicci wasu ƙarin yanayi ba a gare su.

Aiki Brigade, wanda aka tsunduma a delamination na Mica, an biya bisa ga mutum yanki-rate la'ada tsarin. Ƙungiyar masu yawanci sun sami albashi a kowane mako bisa ga sakamakon aikin aiki na kowane mutum.

Matsayin Mayo a aikin gwaji

Mayo Elton ya karbi rahotanni game da gudanar da jerin binciken a gwajin, ya bayyana kuma ya fassara sakamakon, ya shawarci masu bincike na kamfanin, ya fahimci jama'a tare da sakamakon binciken na Hawthorne. Kamfanin "Western Electric" ya biya aikin Mayo a cikin adadin $ 2500 a kowace shekara (1929-1933). A ƙarshen gwaje-gwajen, a watan Mayu 1933, Mayo ya wallafa wata takarda mai suna "Matsalar Mutum na Ƙungiyoyin Masana'antu", wanda ya bayyana ba kawai sakamakon binciken ba, amma ya rufe al'amura na zaman lafiyar al'umma.

Fassarar sakamakon sakamakon Elton Mayo

Yin nazarin sakamakon binciken gwagwarmaya na Hawthorne, Mayo Elton ya maida hankalin ilimin aikin aiki, shigarwa na ciki na ma'aikacin, jin dadinsa da ayyukan da aka yi, da kuma yanayin yanayi a cikin tawagar da kuma jagororin jagoranci.

Masana sun lura cewa Mayo bai biya kulawa da kayan aiki ba. Da yake jayayya game da zamantakewa na zamantakewar jama'a, Mayo ya lura cewa sakamakon bunkasar kasuwancin da masana'antu, al'umma tana fuskantar rikici na al'ada (aiki).

Ka'idojin Mayo

A general, nazarin interpersonal dangantakar a wuraren aiki da kuma ma'aikata 'mutum bukatun, aza harsashin ga wani sabon yayi a management ka'idar, ya zama a hade da sunan Elton Mayo.

Sakamakon bincike ya zama tushen dalili na kimiyya game da batun bunkasa aiki na aiki saboda sakamakon canje-canje a cikin yanayi marar iyaka. Ba kamar sauran wakilan sauran ka'idodin da suka yi la'akari da haɓaka tsakanin yawan aiki da haɓaka kamar asali, Mayo Elton ya nuna cewa ingancin aikin da ake yi ya rinjayi jin daɗin ma'aikata tare da matsayinsa a cikin tawagar, dangantaka da shugaban da abokan aiki.

Ta haka ne, inganta tsarin al'adun jama'a, inganta harkokin mutuncin jama'a, shine mahimmanci ga gudanar da harkokin gudanarwa, kamar yadda Elton Mayo ya lura. Nazarin gwaje-gwaje na Hawthorne ya tabbatar da fifiko ga rinjayar mutum a kan abin da ke cikin tsarin gudanarwa.

Haɗin zamantakewar zamantakewa

Ya bambanta da manufar mutum mai arziki (Taylor), Elton Mayo ya gabatar da ra'ayin dan Adam. Gudanarwa yana nufin inganta yawan aiki a cikin tawagar. The aiki na gama, kamar wani zaman jama'a tsarin, daban-daban nesummativnosti dukiya, watau, Ƙasantawa na dukiya na tsarin zuwa jimlar dukiyar da take da shi. Ma'aikatan haɗin gwiwar, kowane ɗayan mutum ne da bukatunsu, bukatu, burin, koyaushe suna samar da tsarin zamantakewa na musamman.

Jagoran sarrafawa suna nufin yin wannan tsarin aiki daidai. A kowace kungiya za a gyara su. Amma da yake magana a gaba ɗaya, tsarin gudanarwa wanda aka gina a kan ikon mallakar mulki zai iya zama dan gajeren lokaci kuma yana tasiri kawai a karkashin wasu yanayi. Ayyukan mutum zai iya cin nasara ne kawai idan ya hadu da bukatunta.