Masifa jigila "Columbia" Fabrairu 1, 2003: haddasawa, ƙungiya

Kowa ya sani cewa sarari tafiya hade da wani babban hadarin rayuwa. Plus hujja da cewa shi ne bala'i jigila "Columbia". Amma, sabanin sauran irin wannan faru, wannan ban tausayi da taron ne saboda musamman da yawa m innuendoes. Bari mu har yanzu dubi yadda hadarin ya faru jigila "Columbia".

Tarihi na sarari jigila "Columbia"

Kafin ka haskaka na karshe jirgin na sarari jigila "Columbia", bari mu ɗan kalle ta tarihi. Wannan zai ba da damar mu koyi game da nuances na bala'i.
A kumbon sama jannati reusable sarari jigila "Columbia" ya fara gina matsayin wani ɓangare na NASA shirin a shekarar 1975. A aikin da aka samu izini a 1979.

Abin lura shi ne cewa "Columbia" shi ne na farko kumbon sama jannati Space Jigila shirin. Wannan shirin bayar don tafiya a sararin samaniya don amfani da wani sabon tsari na kai - da sarari shuttles, da siffar abin da yake sosai reminiscent daga cikin jirgin sama tsarin. Ya bambanta da kumbon sama jannati a farkon ƙarni na shuttles iya sa ba daya, amma mai yawa sarari tafiya. Kafin wannan, NASA masana kimiyya sun kaddamar da na'urorin na irin wannan aji a cikin "ciniki" shirin cewa ya tashi a cikin iyakoki na cikin yanayin duniya.

Kira da jigila "Columbia" a cikin girmamawa ga jirgin, wanda shi ne har yanzu a cikin marigayi XVIII karni, bincika da bakin tekun na British Columbia.

Fara dauki jigila a 1981. Ya na farko jirgin, wanda sanya Amirka kumbon sama jannati na karshe 6 shekaru. The NASA rarrabuwa Lambar ya STS-1 da aka sanya.

Kowane m jirgin cikin Space Jigila shirin da ake sa gaba lambar. A karshe jirgin na sarari jigila "Columbia" a 2003, da 28 ga watan a jere, yana mai lambar serial lambobi NASA STS-107.

The zane na sarari jigila "Columbia"

Kamar yadda aka ambata a sama, da sarari jigila "Columbia", duk da haka, kamar yadda duk sarari jiragen ruwa da irin wannan, da jirgin sama da wani nau'i.

"Columbia" ya daban-daban daga jigila sanya daga baya, heavier nauyi da kuma rashin wani module ga Tashar sarrafa. Saboda haka, na'urar ba za a iya shiga don ko dai "Mir" tashar ko International Space Station.

Running a cikin sarari jigila da aka yi da wani m roka boosters. Bayan ainihin kumbon sama jannati da kuma dvuhraketnogo totur kunshe a cikin zane na sosai volumetric man fetur tank cika da ruwa oxygen da kuma hydrogen. Roka kara amfani rabuwa daukan wuri a tsawon 45 km da kuma man fetur tank - a tsawon 113 km.

Orbital roka jirgin sama da tsawon na dan kadan fiye da 37 m, wingspan - game da 24 m, salla ba tare da dangi - 68,5 tons.

Ofishin Jakadancin STS-107

STS-107 ya da 2003 balaguro, da 113th jirgin na Space Jigila matsayin wani ɓangare na Amurka sarari shirin da 28th jirgin na sarari jigila "Columbia".

Manufa na wannan hadadden ya balaguro daban-daban Duniya kallo da kuma microgravity gwajen (Extended Duration Orbiter da Freestar). Jigila "Columbia" (2003) ya gudanar da nazari a koyaushe "SPACEHAB» (SPACEHAB), wanda shi ne wani ƙarin nauyi. Wannan module hidima don tabbatar da cewa a-gudu a sarari, da 'yan saman jannati shi iya gudanar da daban-daban da karatu.

ƙungiya

Yanzu bari mu ga abin da ya ƙunshi na STS-107 ƙungiya. Yana kunshi bakwai mambobi: biyar maza da mata biyu. Shida daga cikin ma'aikatan jirgin sun jama'ar {asar Amirka, wanda ke wakiltar Isra'ila.

American jannati Richard Husband shi ne shugaban ƙungiya. A kan jirgin lokaci ya kasance shekaru 45 da haihuwa. Ga Husband shi ne karo na biyu jirgin. Da farko balaguro cikin sarari da ya faru a 1999 a matsayin wani ɓangare na STS-96 manufa kan sarari jigila "Discovery".

Ya compatriot, sorokaodnoletny Uilyam Makkul, aiki a matsayin co-matukin jirgi. Ya na da dogon kwarewa da sabis a Amurka Navy. McCool shi ne auta takara yana da shekaru jirgin.

American jannati Devid Braun wani manufa gwani. 46-shekara sama jannatin ne babban cikin countrymen da hannu a cikin jirgin. David Brown ya da wani likita digiri, kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin likita. Kamar yadda da baya jannati don David shi ne na farko da jirgin a cikin sarari.

Arba'in da biyu Indiyawan Amirka-haife Kalpana Chawla ya riga ya kan su kafadu kwarewa na tashi a cikin sarari. Ta halarci STS-87 balaguro a 1997, a kan wannan jigila "Columbia", a kan abin da ta kasance ya mutu a 2003. Af, kashi na farko, a wannan balaguro Ukrainian cosmonaut Leonid Kadeniuk. Saboda haka, Chawla zama na farko da mace na India asalin (ko da yake ba a jama'a na India), wanda ya yi sarari jirgin. The balaguro STS-107 jirgin m matsayin ta na da.

Domin sorokatrehletnego Amurka Michael Filippa Andersona shi ne ma na biyu sarari jirgin. Ya dauki bangare a cikin balaguro STS-89, a 1998 a kan sarari jigila "Endeavor" tare da Rasha Salizhan Sharipov. Anderson na da wani injiniya digiri da wani Amurka Air Force pilot, tanã fita zuwa ga daraja da Laftanar Kanar. The balaguro STS-107, ya kasance shugaban dangi, da cewa shi ne ke da alhakin gudanar da bincike.

Lorel Klark shi ne na biyu daga cikin biyu mata suka dauki bangare a cikin STS-107 manufa. A da American Civil, ta kasance shekaru 40 da haihuwa. Ya kasance likita da horo, amma ya taba shiga cikin sarari manufa. The balaguro cika alkawurra na kwararru a ilmin dabbobi.

Isra'ila jama'a Ilan Ramon gayyata ta musamman waje gwani NASA. A kan jirgin lokaci ya kasance 48 years old, cewa shi ne, ya kasance mafi m memba na ƙungiya. Ramon da wani ilmi gwani a lantarki da kuma kwamfuta injiniya, kuma ya kasance matukin jirgin na Israeli Air Force. Da shi shi ne na farko da ya sararin samaniya, a cikin abin da ya sanã'anta a matsayi na dangi, watau, tare da Michael Anderson da aka hannu a gudanar da bincike. Bugu da kari, godiya ga wannan jirgin na Ilan Ramon shi ne na farko da Isra'ila jannati.

Mai ma'aikatan jirgin sun yara.

farko

STS-107 balaguro sanya wani tashi a sarari Janairu 16, 2003 daga Kennedy Space Center a Cape Canaveral, located in Amurka Jihar Florida. Number jefa kushin - 39-A.

A lokacin da shan kashe daga jigila ja baya yanki na zafi-insulating shafi. Ya wuka kadan kariya tiles a kan hagu reshe na da harsashi 'Colombia'. Amma NASA masana sun gani ba, da wannan al'amari mai tsanani hadari da zai iya ko ta yaya canza da jirgin shirin ko don sa rai da ma'aikatan jirgin a hadarin. Amma daga baya, wannan episode aka gani a matsayin daya daga cikin iri na haddasawa na bala'i.

jirgin

Kamar yadda wani ɓangare na ma'aikatan jirgin matsayin dukan sun jimre wa dukan ayyuka, hada da fiye da 80 daban-daban kimiyya gwaje-gwajen. The balaguro dade kwanaki 15 da kuma 22 hours. Wannan ne daidaitattun lokaci domin jigila jirgin aji jiragen ruwa. A wannan lokaci, "Columbia" ya sanya 255 juyin kusa da Duniya a total tsawon miliyan 1.6 km. Wannan jirgin ya faru a kusa da Duniya a tsawon 307 km.

Fabrairu 1, 2003, bayan yin duk da ayyuka a shirya lokaci, da jigila fara saukowa hanya.

bala'i

Ta yaya wannan bala'i sarari jigila "Columbia"?

A 8 hours minti 10, Lokacin Gabashi Tsakiya iko da, gudu (DRM) damar tawagar jigila "Columbia" ci gaba da saman da kumbon sama jannati saukowa hanya. Bayan minti biyar da engine aka kaddamar orbital maneuvering tsarin, wanda ya azurta jawo. Bayan wani rabin awa "DC" shi ne a cikin yanayin duniya.

A 8:48 na hagu reshe haska gani mahaukaci karuwa thermal yi domin wadannan runs. Amma da data for duk abin da dalili, aka ba canjawa wuri zuwa MCC ko don nuna a kan-jirgin kwamfuta. Kawai tushen daga abin da muka sani a yanzu game da karuwa a yawan zafin jiki ne "black akwatin."

A 8:53 da jigila fara fada kashe tarkacen. Kuma kawai a minti na'urori masu auna sigina PCOS nuna wani mahaukaci canji a cikin sigogi. Daga lokaci zuwa lokaci a kusa da "Columbia" kallo lura da haske filasha na haske.

A 8:58 na jirgin ya fadi a kashe thermal rufi tiles. A 8:59 katse ƙarshen zaman tare da kwamandan na sarari jigila. A 9:00 "Columbia" a cikin sama da aka fadowa baya. A 09:05 faru fadowa tarkace da jigila zuwa kasa a kan ƙasa na Amurka Jihar Texas.

Ga irin wannan gajeren jerin abubuwan da culminates da bala'i jigila "Columbia". A wannan bala'i, babu wani daga cikin ma'aikatan jirgin da babu damar tsira.

bayan aukuwar bala'i,

Bayan da hadarin, a lokacin da a general sharuddan shi yiwuwa a tantance irin nisan da ya faru, Fabrairu 1, 2003 at 11:00 am duk flags aka saukar a cikin Space Center. Bayan biyu da rabi hours aka bi da hukuma sanarwa na hatsari. sarari jigila "Columbia" bala'i aiki a matsayin wani dalilin da neman shugaban kasar Amurka George W. Bush zuwa ga al'umma a 13:05 a wannan rana. Ya nuna juyayi ga iyalan wadanda ke fama, da kuma biya haraji ga heroism na ma'aikatan jirgin.

Nan da nan bayan da hadarin ya fara search for ragowar jirgin. Hukumance, fiye da 500 mutanen da suka sashi a gare su. The search aka wuya da cewa ɓangare na jigila da aka watsar a kan wani fairly babban yankin, rufe da jihohin Texas, Louisiana, California, Arizona Akwai aka samu game da 12,000, niƙaƙƙun gaɓãɓuwa. A musamman, shi da aka samu a na'urar da cewa ya sauya baki akwatin.

Ragowar gawawwakin da matukan jirgin da aka samu.

Bincike a cikin haddasawa da kuma karshe

Da farko dauke da dama Sanadin da hadarin, amma da yiwuwar wani harin ta'addanci da aka fitar da mulki nan da nan, saboda a zahiri shi ne kusan ba zai yiwu a yi. Ko da yake a wani lokaci a kan Internet ko da wani version aka rarraba, cewa jigila hadarin ya faru saboda da gabatarwar da wani kwamfuta cutar a cikin jigila tsarin. Amma wannan version ba ya rike ruwa.

A cikin shakka daga gudanar da bincike da gudanar da bincike ƙi uku versions, a baya na kunshe a cikin zuciyar. A daya daga cikinsu, da rushewar ne saboda "tsufa" na yi na jigila. A cewar wani version, da dalilin abkuwar wannan hadari ya ma m da kuma kaifi-shigarwa na jigila. A cikin uku - da bala'i ya faru a sakamakon gazawar da braking tsarin. Amma, kamar yadda aka ambata a sama, tare da lokaci domin dalilai daban-daban, wadannan zaton sun ƙi.

Akwai biyu main versions. A daya daga cikinsu hadarin ya faru saboda lalacewar da thermal rufi shafi, wanda ya faru more a farkon na sarari jigila. Kamar yadda na biyu termopokrytiya da lalacewar faru a cikin sarari saboda da fadowa meteorite.

A karshe fitarwa, wanda aka karanta daga a watan Agusta 2003, don haka da cewa wannan hatsarin mota ya faru saboda gazawar na hagu reshe na jigila da ja-zafi gas shiga cikin ta rami saboda rufi lalacewa.

effects

Babban sakamakon da bala'i ya fi girma girmamawa a kan ma'aikatan tsaro al'amurran da suka shafi NASA kumbon sama jannati da kuma crews a kan su. Wannan rubutun da aka musamman da aka bayyana a cikin daki-daki, a karshen shekarar 2008 a wani musamman rahoton zuwa NASA.

Masifa jigila "Columbia" sarari jigila bala'i "Challenger" a 1986, kazalika da yawa matsaloli a lokacin m jirgin tilasta NASA a shekarar 2011 don dakile shirin Space Jigila.

memory

Duk da haka, da memory na heroes of 'yan saman jannati, da suke mambobi ne na ƙungiya daga jigila, ya na zaune a wannan rana.

Daya daga cikin Swiss rock band a 2005 fito da wani song cewa da aka sadaukar domin wannan bala'i. Kuma a cikin shekaru biyu kafin wannan jam'iyyar, m Birtaniya band Deep Purple rubuta song-e kanka, sanya wa assignee rasa iyalai na 'yan saman jannati.

Har ila yau a cikin girmamawa ga sarari jigila shi aka mai suna daya daga cikin supercomputers, wanda aka yi amfani da NASA - Columbia. Daya daga cikin kololuwa Dutsen Kit Carson a Colorado Columbia Point aka mai suna.

Ma'ana bala'i

Masifa jigila "Columbia" a wani lokaci da wani gagarumin sabon abu a al'ummar {asar Amirka. Ta nuna unreliability na jigila jirgin da dukan tsarin, wanda a lokacin amfani da NASA.

An wannan bala'i ne daya daga cikin dalilan saboda wanda wata tambaya da aka tashe game ƙulli daga cikin Space Jigila shirin.