Gamawa na daidaituwa na Rasha ƙasashe kewaye da Moscow. Shekaru III da na Ivan Basil III

A ƙarshen XV da kuma farkon karni na XVI - iyakar tsakanin tsakiyar zamanai da kuma New lokaci, da aka sani da Renaissance, shi ne lokaci na karshe samuwar mafi yawan kasashen Turai. A wannan mataki akwai kuma kammala da daidaituwa na Rasha ƙasashe kewaye da Moscow sarauta. A mutane ta memory rai sunayen da initiators da executors. Wadannan sun grand shugabannai Ivan III, wanda ya yi mulki daga 1462 zuwa 1505, da kuma dansa, Vasily III, wanda yake a mulki daga 1505 zuwa 1533.

Features karkashin shugabancin tsakiya Yammacin Turai da kuma Rasha

Ya kamata nan da nan a lura da cewa a Rasha da kuma a cikin manyan kasashen Turai, da kungiyar a baya fragmented ƙasar da ya faru a tarihi daban-daban hakikar. A cikin West, halittar Karkasa jihohin ta da ci gaban da kayan samar, wanda, bi da bi, ƙaruwa ta inganta kayayyaki-kudi dangantakar da fitarwa na tattalin arzikin daga abincinsa noma kusa Frames.

A Rasha, duk abin da ya daban-daban. Ƙarni biyu da Tartar karkiya ragae da ci gaban tattalin arziki a kasar, da al'adu, da kuma a sakamakon da daidaituwa na Rus faru a kan mulkin gargajiya kungiyar na tattalin arzikin, wanda babu shakka yi aiki a matsayin wata matsala ga wannan tsari. Bugu da kari, da sosai halittar wani Karkasa jihar ya yiwu ne kawai a arewa maso yammacin kuma arewa-gabashin kasar, kamar yadda mafi yawan kudancin ƙasashen da suke ɓangare na farko na Kievan Rus, aka a haɗe zuwa Hungary, Poland da kuma Lithuania.

Fragmentation - cikin hanyar kamawa Rasha asashe

Lalle, babban dalilin da ci Udelnaya Rasha Golden taro shi ne da fragmentation, wanda zai iya zama a matsayin wani misali na Vladimir sarauta, ya raba bayan mutuwar ta m Prince Vsevolod daga cikin magada, sa'an nan ya zama mai sauki ganima daga marinjaya. Kuma irin wannan mamaki a tarihin Rasha na cewa lokaci za a iya gano a ko'ina. Mutane da yawa daga cikin Grand Duchy, bayan su rabuwa a cikin kananan fiefdoms, sun rasa tsohon ikon da rasa da ikon su yi tsayayya ga makiya. National tarihi cike yake da irin misalai.

Duk da haka, masu bincike yi imani da kasancewar wani m barazana daga Golden taro, kuma daga baya raba khanate, to wadda ta karya sama, da kuma m siyasa na yammacin makwabta ƙwarai kara kammala daidaituwa na Rasha ƙasashe kewaye da Moscow, yin shi da muhimmanci. Da yawa daga cikin bashi nasa ne da aiwatar hau zuwa kursiyin a 1462, Ivan III.

Mahalicci da wani hadade jihar

Daga baya ya zama da gaske key adadi a Rasha tarihi, wannan m, samu da hannayensu a kan mafi girman, a wancan lokaci, gwamnatin, sa'ad da yake kawai shekara ashirin da biyu. Samun tabbatar da nasara da kuma yanzu-gani siyasa, ya kasance na farko a tarihin kasar ya zama sananne a matsayin "Sarkin sarakuna na All Rasha." A lokacin mulkinsa ya zama alama na mu biyu-gangarawa mikiya, da kuma a Moscow da aka gina, wanda ya wanzu a wannan rana wani dutse Kremlin.

Ivan III na, aure da 'yar da Byzantine sarki, ya gabatar a kotu rayuwar yau da kullum lush bikin, ba na baya zuwa ga waɗanda soma a Turai kotu. A karkashin mulkinsa, da tsohon kalmar Rassi aka ƙwace daga yanzu - Rasha. Ya za'ayi a m administrative gyara, kuma ya zama daya daga cikin mawallafa daga cikin shahararrun Sudebnik - wani sa} ungiyoyin da kuma laifi dokokin.

Code of Laws of Ivan III

A cewar wannan, a ci gaba sosai domin ta lokaci, da daftarin aiki, da Boyar Duma da aka kafa a cikin Grand Duke. Its wakilan suna karfafuwa management na mutum yankunan rayuwar al'umma da kuma ya zama gwamnoni a cikin shelves da kuma ya'yan sarakuna gwamnoni a cikin birane.

Akwai kuma da} ir} umarni - da gwamnatin tsakiya, wanda aka karkashin jagorancin wani musamman nada manya ko clerks clerks. A yankunan karkara, ta wata hanya - parishes, management za'ayi da ake kira volostelyami - Hukumar tsarin kunsha na free mutane.

Na dokar kafa tsananin iko cibiyar ga jagorancin da na gida boyars da kuma qayyade yiwu fenariti a hali na ba-yarda da yarima ta umarni. A yawan kasidunsu a kan kungiyar na sojojin. Maimakon baya disparate teams sarakuna halitta hadade sojojin. Local gentry-gidan haya da aka bukata, idan ya cancanta, a sanya samuwa ga Grand Duke da nasa kudi to ba wani adadi na rage zuwa da ƙafãfu da kuma doki bayi. Adadin su dogara da irin nisan da mai shi na Estate.

Hada hannu da Moscow a baya m fiefdoms

Hikima da kuma wani lokacin sosai m siyasa, Ivan gudanar, guje wa bude rikici, gudanar da wani dangane da Moscow, kawai arewa maso gabashin kasar Rasha. Wannan ya fara ne a 1468, lokacin da takamaiman shugabannin Yaroslavl, yarda da m ikon Ivan, shiga nẽman sulhu.

Shekaru hudu bayan nan ya zo da Great Perm, na daga cikin sarauta. Rostov sarauta a lokacin da aka m kawai rabin - bangare na duk da haka sayi na biyu kafin shi (sic) mahaifin Ivan III, Moscow Prince Vasiliy Tomny. A 1474, da fatauci aka ci gaba da kuma a sakamakon, duk sauran ƙasa da aka hakura da wani to Rasha.

Wasu matsaloli tashi tare da Accession na Tver, kewaye da wani zobe ko da a gaban Moscow asashe. Ta manya har kwanan kokarin jayayya da Ivan, kare samun 'yancin kai, amma wurin manyan retinue, da hanyoyin da ganuwar birnin, ya haka tursasawa shaida, cewa su, da sauri ya dauki bai'a.

A m tsari hada da Accession a 1489 Vyatskiye ƙasar ne wani muhimmin kama kifi yankin. Su a bayansa da aljihun manyan ago, tsenivsheysya a kasuwar kasa da kasa - Jawo.

A sakamakon da karkashin shugabancin tsakiya Rasha siyasa, wanda consistently biyã Ivan III na, ban da kwari girma da ta tattalin arziki da kuma soja ikon, kuma ya karu da daraja na jihar. Wannan gudummawar da cewa a cikin farkon shekaru, akwai zo da XVI karni wani babba yawan Rasha shugabanninmu, zo daga yammacin yankuna na kasar, amma saboda dalilai daban-daban da suka auku a cikin sabis na Lithuanian shugabanni, koma zuwa ga mahaifarsa.

Novgorod bala'i

Duk da haka, ba duk da matakai na ƙarshe na daidaituwa na Rasha ƙasashe kewaye da Moscow ya faru haka smoothly. Wani misali na wannan ne ban mamaki events cewa fãta shimfiɗaɗɗa kusa Novgorod, suka zauna mini ne m Boyar Jamhuriyar. A da shi sakamakon of management gyara, aiwatar a 1410, aka karfafa ta wurin ikon oligarchic nobility, kuma umurnin Basil Dark daga 1456, ba wani gida prince mafi bangaren shari'a.

Tsoron (da gaskiya da haka) to rasa wani gagarumin rabo daga gata bayan Novgorod karkashi zuwa Moscow, ya jagoranci boyars, gangarawa Posad bazawara Marfoy Boretskoy, su nemi taimako daga Lithuanian Prince Casimir, bayan amincewarsa da vassalage a cikin hali na da goyon baya a yaki da Ivan III. A mayar da martani, sarkin Moscow ya riƙi m matakan a sakamakon wanda a 1471 mayar da su cikin m birni united sojojin, ya tashi daga teams dukkan subordinated Moscow mulkoki.

A muhimmanci shaida, wanda a yarda Ivan III a cikin gajeren lokaci zuwa tara irin mai ban sha'awa sojojin Novgorod ya je karkashin ikon Katolika m, game da shi, ba wani dalilin da zai zargi su na so su musanya da Orthodox bangaskiya a cikin "Latin". A bambanci zuwa Moscow na sa kai, 'yan tawayen sun taru sosai mai girma, amma untrained da talauci da makamai militia. A lokacin karshe yaƙi, wanda ya faru a kan Shelon kogi, sun ci su da kuma sa su gudu.

Duk da haka, duk da siffantãwa shan kashi na Novgorod ya iya gudanar da shawarwari tare da sarkin, da kuma ta hanyar biyan wani hefty indemnity don wani lokaci domin ya ceci saurã daga tsohon 'yancin kai. A karshe, cikin Novgorod aka annexed zuwa Moscow a 1478. A m karimcin da rashi na da hakkin ya kai kafiya ya kãmun da Novgorod su taro kararrawa, daga a tarihi mai nisa gudanar da su don magance muhimmanci halin yanzu al'amurran da suka shafi.

Bayan biyayya Novgorod Prince of Moscow ya ga ci na Tver sarauta rike mini ne 'yancin kai. A nan, a wani hanya yana maimaita wannan labarin yadda a Novgorod. Tver yarima, da imani da cewa ba ya iya tsayayya da m sojojin na Moscow, kira da taimako ga wannan Lithuanian shugabanni kamar yadda Novgorod, kuma a sakamakon da suka sha wahala guda ƙaddara.

A lokacin duk shekaru arba'in da uku ta sarautarsa, Ivan III biyã guda burin - daidaituwa na disparate Rasha asashe. Domin wannan sai ya shiga kasa tarihi a matsayin "mai tara kaya na Rasha asashe." Ya murƙushe yawa da m Grand Duchy.

Karshen da Tartar karkiya

Amma, a cikin wasu abubuwa, ta jirgin da kuma lura da irin wannan wani muhimmin taron a matsayin ƙarshen lokaci na Tartar karkiya, wanda aka alama da nasara da dakarun na Moscow sarkin cikin rundunar 'Ahmad Khan a cikin Ugra River a 1480. Yana da aka cimma ba sosai soja magabaci a matsayin kere diplomasiyya, wanda a cikin sa Ivan III ya iya yin wani na hannun daman Crimean Khan, wanda ya kasance mai zartsi nãsa ya halin yanzu abokin gaba, da kuma a lokaci guda, domin su kau da mataki na Ahmed Khan, Majibinci, Lithuanian Sarki. A sakamakon haka, sanin da rashin bege na yaƙi, da Tartars ya bar su a matsayinsu da kuma ja da baya.

Magajin mahaifinsa kasuwanci

A 1505 da Moscow grand kursiyin dan Ivan III, Vasily III, daga sosai farko kwanaki a ofishin tabbatar da kansa a magaji na mahaifinsa kasuwanci. A matsayin gaskiya autocrat, ya jagoranci wani m siyasa, da manufar wanda ya halakar da tsohon tsarin na mulkoki da hašawa zuwa Moscow har yanzu da a wancan lokacin m ikoki na Rus.

Fair zuwa ce cewa matasa sarkin ya ba na baya wa ubansa, kuma bã a tabbatar da dalilin da ayyukanshi, kuma da ikon zabi musu mafi m lokacin. A wannan batun, quite na kowa riko da Moscow sarauta na Pskov, wanda aka har sai sarrafawa da Lithuania. Don yin wannan, Basil ya ɗauki ta weakening sa da mamayewa na Crimean Tatars.

Ya kasance ba bã tãre da wayo kuma muhimmi wa mahaifinsa. Alal misali, a 1509 Basil 3 umurce su da su zo, su sadu da shi zuwa Novgorod, Pskov wakilan tenements, kazalika da dukan waɗanda suke tare da m ya so ya kawo Pskov karkashin Moscow ta iko. All zo da umurninSa, ya zargi da rashin amincewa da shi, kuma mafi yawansu suna kashe shi.

Board Basil 3 sa kawo karshen tsohon birni na Independence. Bayan da kisa da townspeople wakilan Pskov, na karshe a cikin tarihin, majalisa, wanda soma a yanke shawara a kan mika wuyansu da cikar dukan bukatun da yarima. Pskov Veche kararrawa, kamar yadda 'yan'uwanmu Novgorod, aka harbe da kuma har abada cire daga birnin.

A nan gaba, su kare kansu daga yiwu adawa da attaching da garin da ya mallaka, matasa prince fitina daga shi ɗari uku arziki iyalai da kuma zauna a wuri mai daidaita adadin fili biyayya ga shi mutane daga sauran yankunan. Duk da haka, wannan ra'ayin ba ya kasance a gare shi, kuma mahaifinsa Ivan III na, kawai shiga da a saboda lokaci zuwa arziki mutane daga cikin nasara Novgorod. Bayan soke a Pskov Veche gabata tsarin, Basil 3 danƙa iko da ya gwamnonin.

Karfafa aiwatar da hada ƙasar

Shekaru hudu daga baya, na ci gaba da bi har da ƙungiyar na Rasha, Vasily III shiga ya sarauta na Smolensk, reconquered shi a 1514. Lithuania. Žwažwalwar ajiya na wannan taron da aka immortalized da halitta a Moscow Novodevichy Convent. Yana da aka yi babban canjawa wuri Smolensk Icon na Uwar Allah, gane kamar yadda banmamaki, da kuma bauta a matsayin dadaddiyar kwanon m iyakar Rasha.

A karshe kammala daidaituwa na Rasha ƙasashe kewaye da Moscow da aka kai bayan a 1521 a jihar shiga Ryazan sarauta. Yana da yake a gaba a wasu dogara a kan Moscow shugabanninmu, amma riƙe wasu 'yancin kai. Duk da haka, shi ya nuna na mazaunan Ryazan da kuma zama 'yan kasa na Moscow.

Babban shugabanci gawarwakin

A wannan taro na Rasha ƙasashe shi aka kammala a wata guda a jihar, wanda ya zama mafi girma a Turai, da kuma kira tun sa'an nan Rasha. Amma wannan tsari kawai shãfe a cikin yankunan arewa maso gabas da arewa maso yammacin Rasha. Kawo guda a karkashin sandan na ikoki na Moscow, ayi a kudu maso yammacin ƙasashen da ci gaba da zama karkashin iko na Hungary, Poland da kuma Lithuania, shi ne wani al'amari na nan gaba.

Gamawa na daidaituwa na Rasha ƙasashe kewaye da Moscow bukaci halittar wani inji m don samar da Karkasa management na sabuwar halitta jihar. Sun zama Boyar Duma. A ta farko, kuma a hada da wakilan na biyu babba azuzuwan a lokacin da boyars da majalisarsa, amma daga tsakiyar XV karni abun da ke ciki kara wa sarakunan a haɗe ƙasar Moscow, da aminci ga m m. Boyar Duma aka hana majalisar dokoki da kuma yana da hali na wani deliberative jiki.

A zamanin mulkin Basil 3 biyu jihar hukumomin, aza harsashin kafa baya mandative tsarin aka kafa. Wadannan su ne ake kira Palace da kuma baitul. A farko don canja wurin ƙasar management, na ga Grand Duke, kuma a cikin hali na biyu sun kudi, archive da kuma jihar hatimi.

Kamar yadda mafi masu bincike, da kammala daidaituwa na Rasha ƙasashe kewaye da Moscow da aka fi mayar cimma godiya ga irin rawa da Rasha Orthodox Church a cikin tsari. Bunkasa da darajar a warware gaggawa na kasa al'amurran da suka shafi da gudummawar da yi a cikin 1448 a Metropolitan kursiyin Ryazan Lardi Jonah. Tun wannan lokacin, da coci a Rasha samu matsayi na wani autocephalous, cewa shi ne raba da zaman kansu daga sauran majami'u, da kuma iya rayayye da tasiri da ciki da kuma kasashen waje da manufofin da ke jihar.

Diplomasiyyar sabon matakin

Muscovy na 16th karni cewa an kafa ta hanyar hadewar da disparate ƙasashe samu wani mabanbanta matsayi a cikin al'amura na kasashen waje da manufofin. Idan a baya shi ne kawai saboda dangantakar da khans na Golden taro da iyaka kewayon shugabanninmu, sa'an nan bayan da kasar ta fara wakiltar jam'iyya mai girma Rasha al'umma da kuma ta m da za a kira sarki, shi ya dauka ta rightful wuri a Turai.

Rasha diflomasiyyar zo zuwa wani mabanbanta matakin. Bayan da aka kammala ƙasar bunqasar na Arewa maso gabas Rasha, a Moscow, waje ofisoshin jakadancin a tsohon sau fara zuwa zo ba hadarin da su shiga cikin Rasha expanses a kan Novgorod. Babu shakka, wannan ya sa wasu matsaloli, kamar yadda a baya ya magance kawai tare da mulkin gargajiya iyayengiji, masu ce wannan bangaskiya da kuma magana da harshe guda. Yanzu, a lokacin tattaunawar da ya yi la'akari da siffofin na sauran addinai da kuma yin amfani da tafsirai, da kuma daga baya ta wajen koyon harsuna.

Da isa yabo na biyu shugabannin Moscow Ivan III, kazalika da dansa da kuma magajin Harkokin Vasily III undeniable. Ta hanyar da rubuce-rubucen, haruffa, aika ƙasashen waje, ya tun hannu take "Prince of Moscow da kuma All Rasha." Wannan na nufi cewa duk Rasha rufe har zuwa monolith cewa zai iya ci gaba da yin tsayayya da wani gwajin.