Mene ne biomechanics na Meyerhold?

Daga cikin babban gidan wasan kwaikwayo gudanarwa Vsevoloda Emilevicha Meyerholda sunan tsaye da ɗan baya. Zai yiwu hanyar da aka kaddara fahimci da kuma overly haske hali. Ko da Soviet hukuma kokarin retouch your kuskure da kuma kokarin ba a ambaci sunan wani talented mutumin wanda aka harbe a 1940. Amma da ci gaban da gidan wasan kwaikwayo, ya sanya wani babban taimako. Halitta da babban mahaliccin da tsarin horo ga duk 'yan wasan kwaikwayo ya shiga rayuwar yau da kullum na wani wasan kwaikwayo da ake kira "Biomechanics na Meyerhold."

canza hadisai

Vsevolod Meyerhold ɓullo da biomechanics - ba kawai daya daga cikin mafi muhimmanci da tsarin horar da actor, wanda ya bayyana a cikin farkon karni na ashirin da samu sabon ci gaba a cikin ayyukan yawa mãsu mayẽwa, kuma almajiransa. By da yanayi, da biomechanics na Meyerhold - shi ne mai hadaddun da m m tsari, abin da ya kamata a fassara a cikin wani mafi fadi mahallin. A amfãninta ninki biyu na ginin jumla sarari bangaren na shiri na actor idan akwai da dama incarnations. Daya daga cikinsu shi ne sha'awar a daidai inji aiki na jikin mutum - a m da ake iya faɗi. Wani bangaren kamar qoqarin tura da na halitta frame, tãyar da matakin na ci gaba, a cimma manufa.

The sosai neman sauyi dabara da aka sani da biomechanics na Meyerhold, shi ne cewa ta halittawa yi imani da aikin na marubucin wasannin kwaikwayo, da kuma darektan kawai wani shiri mataki. Duk wani tunanin nawayar play ya da za a yi a hade da mafi yawan aiki jam'iyyun - da actor da masu sauraro.

Meyerhold (1874-1940): wani gajeren biography

Ba shi yiwuwa a gane abubuwan da ake bukata na hanyar ba matsahi na saba da rayuwa ta mahalicci. Ya aka haifa a cikin wani Katolika iyali Russified. Ya fara karatu a Moscow wasan kwaikwayo da kuma music makaranta (aji VI Nemirovich-Danchenko). Ya yi aiki a Moscow Art wasan kwaikwayo da kuma daga baya shirya wani gidan wasan kwaikwayo kungiyar a Kherson.

Tun 1905 ya yi aiki a Moscow. A matsayin darektan, na gayyatar da aka yi K. S. Stanislavskim (Theater Studio a kan Chef), kuma daga baya V. F. Komissarzhevskoy (Schauspielhaus). A wannan lokacin, Meyerhold halshen da dama wasanni a cikin pre-m hanya - haruffan ba haruffa da aka yi karatu, da kuma mãkirci aka wuce yanaye.

A farkon 20-ies kafa wani sabon marubucin ra'ayi, wanda ya zama vigorously inganta Meyerhold - biomechanics. Darussan amfani a lokacin rehearsals, damar domin hadewa, ingantaccen aiki na artists kungiyar. A Hanyar ba da hulda tsakanin mutum da kuma jihar na dukkan al'umma. Ya aka neman manufa jiki collectivism. Sanya dokoki Constructivism da Biomechanics ƙaryata game da motsi daga ciki duniya da na gani nuni. Meyerhold yi imani da cewa muhalli dalilai wasa babbar rawa, kuma ta hanyar da su ya zama dole don sadarwa zuwa ga viewer ta motsin zuciyarmu da kuma ciki duniya da haruffa. A horar da actor-wagon, wanda ke da mallakar cikakken launi da kuma iko da jiki - wancan ne abin da ya zama darektan for ganin ya tsare-tsaren. Kan aiwatar da su ideas cikin mataki darektan ya yi aiki har sai da ya karshe kwanaki.

A cikin watan Yuni 1939, V. E. Meyerhold aka kama da NKVD a kan ƙarya zargin. Karkashin azabtarwa, ya shaida ga anti-Soviet aiki, amma a nan gaba za recant da shaidarsa. A jumla aka mika saukar Fabrairu 1, 1940. Kashe gobe. A shekarar 1955, Meyerhold aka gyara (posthumously).

A cikin farkawa daga Ƙasa

Babban tasiri a kan aikin na Meyerhold da ayyukan da Jamus dramatist kuma marubuci Heinrich von Kleist (1777-1811), musamman da ya muqala a kan yar tsana gidan wasan kwaikwayo. A mawallafa yi imani da cewa mutum yiwuwa ba wanzu da kansa, amma ana sarrafawa da hakan iko. Duk da mutãnensa a cikin fahimtar kasance kawai yar tsana halittu, ƙarƙashin Allah. Karya wannan connection zai kai ga saki na mutum da kuma dawo da shi zuwa jihar cikakken m jituwa. Ko da yake marubucin yarda cewa irin wannan taron zai samar da baba misali hargitsi. Biomechanics na Meyerhold dogara yi nauyi a cikin ra'ayoyi bayyana Kleist.

The darektan ya gudanar ya halicci tsarin horo, a cikin abin da actor iya cimma kamala, ya horar da jikinsa. Zama duka mahaliccin da kuma littattafai na aiwatar, iko da kuma a sarrafawa a cikin roba - cewa shi ne aikin da fuskantar wata Theatrical Biomechanics na Meyerhold.

Ba wai kawai da wasan kwaikwayo

A musamman dabara na horo 'yan wasan kwaikwayo da aka manta da shekaru da yawa da ba a karatu da masana. Wannan za a iya gani a matsayin nasaba da siyasa zalunci da tare da baiwa darektan a karshen rayuwarsa: da Stalinist purges, a sakamakon wanda ya juya ga za a narkar Meyerhold gidan wasan kwaikwayo, kama shi da kuma harbi a watan Fabrairu 1940. A gaskiya, wannan rana da biomechanics na Meyerhold iya ba kai. Hanyar soke daga hukuma tarihi na wasan kwaikwayo, a lokacin, ya bace daga masu sana'a lãbãri.

Duk da declassification na archives, duk tausasãwa na asali dabaru da aka rasa a cikin 90s. Wasu bayanai da aka adana kawai a cikin rubuce-rubucen daga cikin almajiransa da kuma mabiyansa cewa a lokacin da darektan na rayuwa halarci wani master aji a kan biomechanics na Meyerhold. Ya kansa a records bai bar wani bayani na akida, da kuma sansanonin sojin na ta tsarin, da kuma an yi amfani da zamanin yau dabaru ne bisa musamman kan mashaidi memory.

zamantakewa al'amurran

Rinjayar biomechanics a kan m samuwar da kuma ci gaban da actor ta yiwuwa ne babban. Amma ba a iyakance zuwa ta m. Yana yiwuwa cewa tsarin yana da ba kawai m darajar. Ko da yake Meyerhold taba bari daga gaban dalilin da wasan kwaikwayo, amma na yi imani da cewa m ne ya fi girma sosai biomechanics. Domin fahimtar wannan ra'ayi, shi wajibi ne su yi la'akari da abin da biomechanics na Meyerhold, a wani tarihi mahallin.

A tsarin da aka halitta a sakamakon gwaje-gwajen da directed zuwa gargajiya Theatrical nau'o'i: comedy dell'arte da kuma Japan wasan kwaikwayo Kabuki. Amma a lokaci guda da wata dabara da aka halitta, a lokacin da Meyerhold cikakken goyon kwaminis ideas. Ya so wajen na wasan kwaikwayo art to kai ba kawai ji na duniya da artist. A ajin gwagwarmaya, zamantakewa al'amurran da suka shafi halittar wani sabon mutum irin - wadannan al'amurra ake aikatã game da Meyerhold. Biomechanics kuma da mayar da hankali a takaice daidai da juyin juya halin Musulunci ideas ya lokaci - da hadin gwiwa management, gama aikin da sauransu. Amma ba ta gushe a baiwa a cikin m ji, mãdalla da jiki horo da kuma Theatrical Hanyar.

Biomechanics da sotsiomehanika

Don cikakken fahimci ainihin aiwatar wajibi ne a koma ga lokacin da kafa biomechanics na Meyerhold. Daya daga cikin abokan adawar da aka mai haske ideologue na juyin juya halin da kuma sabon gidan wasan kwaikwayo A. V. Lunacharsky - drama zargi da farko jama'ar kasar Commissar na Ilimi na Soviet Rasha. Shi ne sau da yawa m da gwaje-gwajen da na darektan, amma ya yi ĩmãni da shi, babu shakka, a talented da kuma asali m mutum. Lunacharsky gabatar da ra'ayi na "sotsiomehaniki" - a tsarin tsara don nazarin yanayin dan Adam a cikin halitta zamantakewa yanayi da haka haifar da real images of da zamani mataki.

Duk da bayyana bambanci tsakanin biyu makarantu, Meyerhold sun fi mayar da m tare da takwaransa. Dace da ra'ayoyi a kan wajibi da manufar art. Dukansu sun amince da cewa mafi abu mai mutum ne halin da aji sani da matsayi a cikin al'umma, maimakon mutum a matsayin psychologist. Biomechanics, Meyerhold raya, ya zama wani tunani na juyin juya halin a kan mataki. Daidai ina zaton da manufa mahaliccin da tsarin.

Daga mai kimiyya ra'ayi

Bisa ga abin da ya bayyana aika ciki Biomechanics Meyerhold? Wasan kwaikwayo tsarin da aka jera a kan ilmi, nĩsantarwa daga cikin Sphere na art. Yana aza harsashin nazarin American m Frederick Taylor (1856-1915). Ka'idarsa na ingantaccen shiri na aiki da aka yi amfani da kan mataki. The daidaito daga cikin 'yan wasan kwaikwayo ƙungiyoyi da kuma ergonomics an cimma debilitating darussan da rarrabuwa a wasan madauki: nufi, ayyuka, halayen. Wannan a bayyane kai tsaye misalin tare Taylor "wajibi sake zagayowar".

A yawan m sanin lokaci amfani da biomechanics na Meyerhold. wani tsarin na bada don horar da 'yan wasan kwaikwayo dangane da ilimin halin dan Adam na Ivana Pavlova bincike (1849-1936), ya yi amfani da aiki na V. M. Behtereva (1857-1927) a cikin filin na reflexology. The m jihar na gwarzo daga cikin play a matsayin sa na reflexes za a iya gano a samar daga cikin play "The Forest" A. N. Ostrovskogo: gwarzo ta ji an maye gurbinsu da tsalle. Kowane sabon Yunƙurin sama baya lover. A farko daga cikin play ya faru a cikin Meyerhold wasan kwaikwayo a 1924.

biomechanics studio

Kokarin darektan Meyerhold sami dace gabatarwa ga horo na nasu tsarin da aka nuna har ma a caricatures daga waɗanda shekara. A daya daga cikinsu na hudu Meyerhold grabs duk da gine-gine, wanda zai iya isa zuwa. Sun kasance sũ ne, kuma Alexandrinsky gidan wasan kwaikwayo, da kuma Suvorinsky da Atelier a wanda ya so ya haifar da kansa bitar. A sakamakon haka, dakin da aka samu da kuma shiga cikin tarihin wasan kwaikwayo kamar yadda Borodino Studio.

A manhaja hada da azuzuwan a dambe, wasan zorro, gymnastics, na gargajiya da kuma na zamani dance, tsarkakewa, diction, Canje-Canjen. Bugu da kari ga wannan sanar da wasan kwaikwayo da tarihin, da tattalin arziki, da kuma ilmin halitta. Ganin bambancin da batutuwa mu iya amince ce cewa biomechanics na Meyerhold - da actor ne cikakken horo tsarin.

wani sabon nau'in actor

da 'yan wasan kwaikwayo da aka sa a gaba stringent bukatun. Sun kasance a gama a mataki ban mamaki game da kasar Sin wasar kwaikwayo ta waka, Choreography kuma tightrope-tafiya, gymnastics da kuma clownery. Wadannan su ne manufofin kafa Meyerhold. Biomechanics a takaice da kuma a cikin wani gajeren lokaci yale mu mu cimma da ake so sakamako. Godiya ga ta, kowane daga cikin 'yan wasan kwaikwayo iya kullum inganta kuma ya cika da kaya daga wajen magana. Meyerhold yi imani da cewa wasan kwaikwayo ba jure immobility, ko da yaushe cikin sauri, da kuma gane kawai ba. Kuma mataki actor kamata ba suyi tafi tare da sau, kuma aka zamar masa dole ya nemi fita da kuma gwaji.

gwaji

Kafa studio kada ta kasance tushen da sabon gidan wasan kwaikwayo da kuma bai kai actor ta makaranta matsaloli. Its manufarsa shine daban-daban - zama irin Theatrical dakin gwaje-gwaje. Biomechanics Vsevoloda Meyerholda bukaci karatu mukaddashin robobi da kuma mataki motsi, improvisation da kuma tsananin riko da darektan bane.

Creative gwaje-gwajen a cikin sabon tsarin da aka ba iyakance kawai yin aiki tare da 'yan wasan kwaikwayo. Zane wahayi daga circus ilmi fairground gidan wasan kwaikwayo, comedy dell'arte, darektan kerata ciki sarari. Ya ba sama da al'amuran da rabuwa da mataki da masu sauraro. Domin da 'yan wasan kwaikwayo halitta mai uku-girma karfe Tsarin, wanda ya kira da "game inji". Kamar yadda wani hoto - saitin da play "The alfarma Cuckold" dangane F. Fernand Crommelynck (1886-1970). Ado a blue overalls 'yan wasan kwaikwayo taka leda a kan mataki ba tare da shimfidar wuri kewaye da wani gymnastic na'ura. A sauran wasanni da mu Multi-yin amfani da dandamali, scaffolding, ladders da scaffolding, a haɗa da masu sauraro.

The m embodiment

Daya daga cikin shawarar bada umarni buga su dalibai. "Tsallaka a kan kirjin" - da aka sani motsa jiki dake bayyana da damar da ya miƙa ta biomechanics na V. E. Meyerholda. Its sauki jiki da aka nuna a cikin sosai title. Daya daga cikin 'yan wasan kwaikwayo a tsaye a kan mataki, sa daya kafar, a gaban sauran canzawa matsayi. Na biyu dalibi gudanar up da tsalle dama a kan shi. A lokaci guda ya sanya kansa kafafu tankwasa a gurfãne gaba da grabs da abokin tarayya ta wuyansa. A farko actor kulawa don kama daya ko biyu hannuwa da kafafu a kasa gwiwoyi tsalle.

Analysis na wannan binciken ya nuna yadda dole ne a hadewa a sarari duka biyu 'yan wasan kwaikwayo. Su ƙungiyoyi da aka kawo wa automatism. tsalle karfi kuzarin kawo cikas da kuma jirgin hanya ne gaba daya subordinated da dabaru na gama yi da burin da darektan. Bugu da kari, kowacce daga cikin 'yan wasan kwaikwayo yi da mutum ayyuka da nufin cimma wata na kowa, hadin gwiwa sakamakon. Wancan, da shi da asali koyarwa kaya, wanda ya kwashe biomechanics na Vsevoloda Meyerholda.

A zamaninmu,

Duk da rarrabe shekaru, Meyerhold ta tsarin horo 'yan wasan kwaikwayo bai rasa ta roko. Shi ne har yanzu batun tattaunawa da nazari a Theatrical da'irori. Za mu iya cewa lokacin da ya bayyana a cikin biomechanics na V. E. Meyerholda nisa gaba lokaci. Mutane da yawa daga cikin dalibai sun tunawa Vsevoloda Emilevicha tsarin a cikin studio, ya zama sananne 'yan wasan kwaikwayo da kuma gudanarwa. Kokarin kayayyaki mashahuri master zarce zuwa bãyanta, kuma mukaddashin ba katse a lokacin da m harbi, ƙaho muffled a cikin cellars na Lubyanka in winter 1940.