Mene ne muhimmancin da cytoplasm a cikin furotin biosynthesis? Description na aiwatar da ayyuka

The salula na da wani kwayoyin wakiltar daya manyan ma'aikata samar da sunadarai. A nan, halayen faruwa a kan biosynthesis na lipids, nucleic acid, carbohydrates, kuma, ba shakka, sunadarai. Sunadaran taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin cell aiki, saboda haka ya suka yi wani iri-iri na ayyuka: .. An enzyme, sigina, tsarin, da aminci, da sauransu.

Protein Biosynthesis: Tsari Description

Yi na gina jiki ne mai hadaddun multistep aiwatar da yake faruwa a karkashin mataki na babban adadin enzymes kuma a gaban wasu sifofi.

Kira fara wani gina jiki a tsakiya. daga cikin kwayoyin tsarin bayanai da aka rubuta a cikin cell DNA, kuma da abin da aka karanta. Kusan duk wani gene encodes daya daga cikin jiki, ta muhimmi sunadari.

Mene ne muhimmancin da cytoplasm a cikin furotin biosynthesis? Gaskiyar cewa cytoplasm na cell ne a "pool" ga monomer hadaddun mahadi, kazalika da Tsarin da suke da alhakin da ya kwarara daga kan aiwatar da gina jiki kira. Har ila yau, ciki yanayi na cell yana da wani m acidity da ion abun ciki, wanda ke taka muhimmiyar rawa a biochemical halayen.

Protein biosynthesis faruwa a matakai biyu: wannan ne kwafi da kuma fassara.

kwafi

Wannan mataki zai fara a cikin cell tsakiya. A nan, da babban rawa da aka buga da irin nucleic acid, duka biyu DNA da RNA (deoxy da ribonucleic acid). A eukaryotes, kwafi guda ɗaya ne transcriptional da prokaryotes irin kungiyar da aka kira da operon DNA. Bambanci tsakanin kwafi a prokaryotes da eukaryotes ne cewa operon shi ne rabo daga cikin jigidar halittar DNA wanda encodes da kwayoyin da mahara sunadaran lokacin transcriptional kai bayani a kan daya kawai gene gina jiki.

Babban abu daga cikin sel a mataki ne da kira na da kwafi na manzo RNA (mRNA) a cikin DNA template. A saboda wannan dalili, da zuciyar shiga irin wannan enzyme, RNA polymerase. Yana taka rawa a cikin kira na sabon kwayoyin na mRNA wanda shi ne karin da site na deoxyribonucleic acid.

Ga wani cin nasara Hakika na kwafi dauki bukatar gaban kwafi abubuwan da ake ma kaddamarda da raguwa TF-1, TF-2, TF-3. Wadannan hadaddun gina jiki Tsarin da hannu a cikin fili da RNA polymerase kiran kasuwa a kan jigidar halittar DNA.

Kira na mRNA ci gaba muddin polymerase kai karshen yanki transcriptional kira terminator.

A sadarwarka, kamar yadda wani aikin transcriptional yankin, shi ne alhakin da hanawa na kwafi ko, a madadin, domin cikin hanzari da RNA polymerase. Shin alhakin da tsari na kwafi na enzymes takamaiman gina jiki hanawa ko activators ne sunadaran bi da bi.

translation

Bayan da mRNA an hada a cikin cell nucleus din, shi da ke shiga cikin cytoplasm. Don amsa tambaya game da abin da rawar da cytoplasm a cikin furotin biosynthesis, da daraja fiye da a daki-daki, kwakkwance al'adar nucleic acid kwayoyin a kan wani translation mataki.

The watsa shirye-shirye faruwa a matakai uku: qaddamarwa, elongation da kuma karewa.

Na farko, da mRNA dole ne a haɗe zuwa ribosomes. Ribosomes ne kananan maras membrane cell Tsarin wanda ya kunshi biyu subunits: ƙanana da manyan. Da farko ribonucleic acid ne a haɗe zuwa kananan subunit, sa'an nan ya rufe dukan manyan hadaddun translational haka cewa mRNA ya a ciki da ribosome. A gaskiya, wannan shi ne karshen mataki na qaddamarwa.

Mene ne muhimmancin da cytoplasm a cikin furotin biosynthesis? Da farko, shi ne tushen amino acid - ainihin monomers na wani gina jiki. A mataki na elongation ne a hankali a hankali ne ginawa-up na polypeptide sarkar, daga farkon codon methionine, to wanda aka a haɗe da sauran amino acid. Codon a cikin wannan yanayin ne triplet na nucleotides na mRNA cewa encodes daya amino acid.

A wannan mataki, yake da alaka da sauran irin RNA - RNA kai, ko tRNA. Su suke da alhakin da isar da amino acid da ribosome hadaddun zuwa mRNA ta kafa aminoacyl-tRNA hadaddun. Learning daukan wuri da tRNA anticodon karin hulda da wannan kwayoyin da mRNA a codon. Saboda haka, amino acid da aka tsĩrar da su da ribosome, kuma aka a haɗe zuwa nascent polypeptide sarkar.

Ƙarshe na fassara aiwatar faruwa a lokacin da shafukan a kan mRNA daina codons. Wadannan codons dauke da bayani game da kira na da peptide ne cikakke, bayan da hadaddun na ribosome-RNA aka hallaka, da kuma primary tsarin wani labari da furotin da ke shiga cikin cytoplasm domin kara sinadaran canje.

A kan aiwatar da translation shafi na musamman da furotin da kafuwa dalilai IF da elongation abubuwan EF. Sun zo a cikin wani iri-iri iri, da kuma su aiki ne don tabbatar da ya dace dangane da RNA ribosomal subunits, kazalika da a kira na mafi yawan polypeptide sarkar a mataki na elongation.

Mene ne muhimmancin da cytoplasm a cikin furotin biosynthesis: takaicce game da babban aka gyara daga cikin biosynthesis

Bayan mRNA kofofi da zuciyar cikin ciki cell yanayi, da kwayoyin dole ne ta samar da wata barga hadaddun translational. Abin da ake da aka gyara na cytoplasm ya kamata ba a mataki na fassara?

1. Ribosomes.

2. Amino acid.

3. tRNA.

Aminoacids - monomers sunadaran

Ga kira na sarkar sunadari zama dole a yi a cikin cytoplasm na tsarin aka gyara na da peptide kwayoyin - amino acid. Wadannan low-kwayoyin abubuwa a cikin tsari da wani amino acid saura NH2 da COOH. Wani bangaren na kwayoyin - a - ne hallmark na kowane amino acid. To, abin da yake da rawar da cytoplasmic gina jiki biosynthesis?

AK faruwa a mafita a cikin nau'i na zwitterions, waxanda suke da wannan kwayoyin da cewa ba, ko dauki na hydrogen protons. Saboda haka, amino kungiyar na amino acid da aka tuba zuwa NH3 +, a carbonyl kungiyar - COO-.

Duk abin a yanayi da aka samu 200 AK, na abin da kawai 20 ne belokobrazuyuschimi. Daga gare su akwai wata ƙungiya da muhimmanci amino acid da cewa ba su hada da jikin mutum da kuma samun a cikin cell kawai samu abinci da kuma muhimmanci amino acid cewa jiki siffofin a kan nasu.

All AK sauya ta mai codon cewa yayi dace da uku nucleotides na mRNA, a cikinsa amino acid daya sau da yawa za sauya ta da dama irin wannan jerin. Methionine codon a pro- da eukaryotes ne farkon, domin Ya fara da biosynthesis na peptide sarkar. Don dakatar codons hada UAA, UGA, kuma UAG nucleotide jerin.

Mene ne wani ribosome?

Yadda ribosomes ne da alhakin biosynthesis sunadarai a cikin cell da kuma abin da yake da muhimmancin wadannan Tsarin? Da farko, shi ne ba membrane samuwar, wanda kunshi biyu subunits, ƙanana da manyan. The aiki na wadannan subunits - rike da mRNA kwayoyin tsakanin su.

A ribosomes ne shafukan da cewa fada cikin mRNA codons. All tsakanin kananan da manyan subunit iya shige biyu irin triplets.

Da dama ribosomes iya aggregated a cikin daya babban inshora siyasa, inda da peptide sarkar kira kudi ƙaruwa, da kuma fitarwa za a iya samu dama kofe na gina jiki. Wannan shi ne abin da yake da rawar da cytoplasm a cikin furotin biosynthesis.

RNA jinsunan

Ribonucleic acid taka muhimmiyar rawa a duk matakai na kwafi. Akwai uku manyan kungiyoyin na RNA: kai, ribosomal da bayanai.

mRNA da hannu a cikin riwayar bayanai a kan abun da ke ciki na peptide sarkar. tRNA lũra da canja wurin da amino acid da ribosomes cewa aka samu da samuwar aminoacyl-tRNA hadaddun. Gina daga cikin amino acid ya auku ne kawai a lokacin da karin hulda da canja wurin RNA anticodon da codon a kan mRNA.

rRNA da hannu a cikin samuwar ribosomes. Su jerin ne daya daga cikin dalilan da cewa mRNA da aka gudanar tsakanin kananan da manyan subunits. Ribosomal RNA kafa a nucleoli.

Ma'ana sunadaran

A biosynthesis sunadaran da muhimmanci ga babban Kwayoyin: mafi enzymes da peptide halitta kwayoyin, sunadarai na faruwa ne ta da kai na da abubuwa ta hanyar da jikin tantanin.

Sunadaran yi da kuma tsarin aiki kamar yadda suke bangare ne na tsoka, jijiya da kuma sauran kyallen takarda. Sigina rawa ne a aika bayani game da tafiyar matakai, misali, a lokacin da haske ne da ya faru a kan haske a jikin. M sunadaran - immunoglobulin - ne kafuwar mutum rigakafi da tsarin.