Mene ne tsarinsa na bayanai da kuma ta aiki?

A duniya akwai akai musayar bayanai gudana. A kafofin iya zama mutane, fasaha na'urorin, daban-daban abubuwa, abubuwa da rai da kuma matattun yanayi. Sami bayanai iya kamar guda abu, ko dama.
Don mafi sadarwa lokaci guda coding ne da za'ayi da kuma bayanan aiki a watsawa gefe (da horo data da kuma mayar da su a cikin wani nau'i dace da translation, aiki da kuma ajiya), kaya da kuma dikodi mai a mai karɓar gefe (tana mayar masu lamba data cikin ainihin siffar). Wannan m kalubale: tushen da kuma mai karɓar dole kama data aiki lissafi mai tsauri, ko tsarinsa-dikodi mai tsari zai zama ba zai yiwu ba. Coding da kuma aiki na zana da kuma multimedia bayanai yawanci aiwatar a kan tushen da kwamfuta fasaha.

Tsarinsa bayanai a kan kwamfutarka

Akwai hanyoyi da yawa da bayanan (rubutu, lambobi, graphics, video, sauti) da kwamfuta. Duk da bayanai sarrafa ta a kwamfuta, ya wakilta a binary code - tare da lambobin 1 da 0 ake kira ragowa. A zahiri, wannan hanya ake aiwatar da mai sauki ne: 1 - wani sakonni ne ba, 0 - fakowa ba. Daga wani mutum hangen zaman gaba, wadannan lambobin ne m for ji - dogon Lines na zeros da kuma wadanda cewa wakilci rikidadde Alamun ne mai wuya a nan da nan decipher. Amma wannan rikodi format nan da nan ya nuna cewa irin wannan coding bayanai. Alal misali, yawan 8 a cikin takwas na lambar binary form kama da wadannan jerin ragowa: 000001000. Amma yana da wuya ga mutum, kawai da kwamfuta. Lantarki sauki tafiyar da yawa sauki abubuwa fiye da karamin adadin hadaddun.

rubutu Zabi lullube haruffa

Lokacin da muka latsa maballin a kan keyboard, da kwamfuta sami wani takamaiman code na matse button yana neman shi a cikin misali ascii hali tebur (American musayar bayanai ta Amurka), "fahimci" abin button ne guga man, da kuma watsa wannan code for kara aiki (misali, don nuni da halin ). Domin adanar hali code a binary form amfani 8 ragowa, don haka matsakaicin yawan haduwa daidai 256. A farkon 128 characters amfani domin iko haruffa, lambobi da kuma haruffa. Na biyu rabin ne aka yi nufi ga kasa alamomin da na karya.

rubutu Zabi lullube haruffa

Za a yi sauki gane abin da yake cikin tsarinsa na bayanai, a matsayin misali. Ka yi la'akari da Turanci hali Lambobin "C" da kuma Rasha harafin "C". Lura cewa alamomin kõma babban birnin kasar, da kuma su Lambobin ne daban-daban daga Ƙaramin baki. Turanci hali zai yi kama da 01000010, da kuma Rasha - 11010001. Gaskiyar cewa mutum a kan allo ya dubi wannan, na kwamfuta gani quite daban. Shi ne kuma dole a biya da hankali ga gaskiyar cewa lambobin na farko 128 characters zama guda, amma ya fara daga 129 sa'an nan daya binary code iya dace wa daban-daban haruffa, dangane da code tebur. Alal misali, gidan goma code 194 na iya dace KOI8 harafin "b" a SR1251 - "B" a cikin ISO - «T», da kuma a cikin tsarinsa SR866 da Mus janar wannan code bai daidaita da kowane daya hali. Saboda haka, idan ka bude wani rubutu, muna ganin maimakon Rasha kalmomi alphanumeric halin abracadabra, wanda ke nufin cewa wannan tsarinsa bayanai ne ba gare mu, kuma kana bukatar ka zabi wani daban-daban kudin alamomin.

tsarinsa lambobin

A binary tsarin da ake dauka kawai biyu zabin dabi'u - 0 kuma 1. Duk ainihin yadda ake gudanar da binary lambobi ta amfani da kimiyya kira binary ilmin lissafi. Wadannan ayyuka suna da nasu halaye. Dauki, misali, yawan 45, typed a kan keyboard. Kowane lamba yana da takwas na lambar code a cikin ascii code tebur, saboda haka da yawan bautarka biyu bytes (16 ragowa): 5 - 01,010,011 4 - 01.000.011. Don amfani da wannan lambar a cikin lissafi, an fassara ta musamman lissafi mai tsauri ga binary lambar tsarin a cikin nau'i na takwas na lambar binary lambar: 45 - 00101101.

Coding da kuma aiki na graphics

A 50-ies a kan kwamfutar da cewa an fi amfani da a kimiyya da kuma soja dalilai, da farko ya gane da aka zana nuni da bayanai. Yau, na gani na bayanai daga kwamfuta, shi ne na kowa da kuma saba wa wani mutum sabon abu, a kuma waɗannan kwanaki ya samar da wani m juyin juya halin a aiki da fasaha. Zai yiwu shafi da tasiri na mutum psyche: a gani misali na bayanai da aka fi narkewar da kuma yarda. A babban tsalle gaba a data gani cin faru a cikin 80s, a lokacin da tsarinsa da kuma aiki na graphics bayanai samu iko ci gaba.

Analog, kuma mai hankali graphics yi

Graphic bayanai ne daga iri biyu: analog (a zanen da ci gaba da canza launi) da kuma mai hankali (hoto kunshi wani jam'i na daban-daban launi pixels). Don saukaka aikin tare da hotuna a kan su kwamfuta bi - sarari daukan samfur, inda kowane kashi da aka sanya a takamaiman launi darajar a cikin wani nau'i na musamman code. Coding da kuma aiki na zana bayanai kama da aikin tare da wata mosaic hada da mutane da yawa kananan niƙaƙƙun. Cikinsa da tsarinsa ingancin shi ne dogara a kan size of dige (karami girman da kashi - maki za a mafi yawan da naúrar yankin, - mafi girma quality) da kuma girman da palette launuka amfani (da mafi girma da launi jihohi na iya daukar kowane batu, bi da bi, dauke da ƙarin bayani, da mafi ingancin ).

Samar da adanar jadawalai

Akwai da dama manyan image Formats - vector, raster, kuma fractal. Dabam dauke da wani hade da raster da vector - shi ne mai tartsatsi ne a zamaninmu multimedia 3D-graphics wakiltar dabaru da kuma hanyoyin da gina uku-girma abubuwa a cikin rumfa sarari. Coding da kuma aiki na zana da kuma multimedia bayanai ne daban-daban ga kowane image format.

bitmap

Jigon da hoto format cewa hoto ya kasu cikin kananan launin dige (pixels). A babba hagu batu iko. Coding image bayanai ko da yaushe tana farawa daga hagu kusurwa na image line ta line, kowane pixel sami wani launi code. Hijira bitmap za a iya lasafta ta halitta da yawan maki a kan wani bayani girma na kowane (wanda ya dogara da yawan launi bambance-bambancen karatu). A mafi girma da ƙuduri na duba, da mafi yawan raster Lines da kuma dige a kowane layi, bi da bi, mafi girma image quality. binary code za a iya amfani da shi don sarrafa image data na raster type, tun asubahin kowane batu da kuma tsarawa daga wurinta za a iya wakilta a matsayin integers.

vector image

Coding graphics da kuma multimedia bayanai vector irin an rage wa gaskiya cewa mai hoto abu ne ya wakilci a cikin nau'i na na farko segments da arcs. Layin Properties, wanda kafa abu ne siffar (mike ko kwana), launi, da kauri, style (dashed ko m line). Wadanda Lines cewa an rufe, da wani dukiya - ciko wasu abubuwa ko launi. A matsayin abu ne m da maki na farko da kuma karshen layi da radius daga curvature daga cikin baka. Volume graphics a vector format Raster da yawa kasa, amma bukatar musamman da software don duba jadawalai na da irin wannan. Akwai kuma shirye-shirye - vectorizers hanyar mayar raster images cikin vector.

fractal graphics

Wannan irin hoto a matsayin vector, ta dogara ne a kan ilmin lissafi lissafin, amma shi ne ainihin sashi daga cikin dabara da kanta. A cikin kwamfuta memory babu bukatar don adana wani images ko abubuwa, hoton da aka kõma daga dabara kanta kawai. Charts na irin wannan ne dace don ganin ba kawai sauki yau da kullum da tsarin, amma kuma hadaddun misalai, simulating, misali, da shimfidar a wasanni ko emulators.

Sound taguwar ruwa

Mene ne tsarinsa na bayanai, duk da haka shi za a iya nuna a kan misali na aiki tare da sauti. Mun sani cewa mu duniya mai cike da sautuna. Tun zamanin da, mutane sun fitar da siffa yadda sauti ake samar - da kalaman na matsa da rarefied iska, shafi na eardrum. A mutum na iya gane kalaman da mita na 16 Hz zuwa 20 kHz (1 Hertz - daya oscillation da biyu). All tãguwar ruwa wanda mita vibrations waje na wannan fanni ana kira sauti.

Properties na sauti

sauti halaye ne sautin, timbre (sauti launi na wanda ya dogara a kan waveform), da tsawo (da mita daga wanda aka ƙaddara da mita na oscillations da biyu), kuma ƙara da wanda ya dogara a kan tsanani da vibrations. Duk wani real sauti kunshi cakuda masu jituwa oscillation da tsayayyen sa na mitoci. Wobble tare da mafi ƙasƙanci mita ake kira da muhimman hakkokin sautin, da sauransu - overtones. A musamman launi sautin bada sauti - daban-daban adadin overtones muhimmi a daidai wannan sauti. Wannan sautin, za mu iya gane muryoyin masõyansa, saboda ya bambanta da sauti na kida.

Shirin don aiki tare da sauti

Matukar a kan aiki na da shirin za a iya raba da dama iri: utilities da direbobi for sauti cards, aiki tare da su a wata low matakin, audio Editocin cewa yin daban-daban ayyukan da audio fayiloli da amfani da daban-daban effects zuwa gare su, software synthesizers da converters, analogue-dijital ( Dogarin) da kuma dijital-to-analog (Dac).

audio tsarinsa

Coding na multimedia bayanai ne don maida da analog sauti zuwa mai hankali hali ga mafi m aiki. Dogarin na'am da shigar da akwatin tilbijin na analog sigina, ƙaddara ta mawadãta a wasu lokaci jinkiri da jimloli da dijital jerin tare da canje-canje na mawadãta data. Babu jiki canji yakan faru.

The fitarwa sigina ne mai hankali, duk da haka, mafi amplitude ji mita (samfurin), da mafi daidai da fitarwa sigina yayi dace da shigar, da mafi alheri coding kafa da kuma sarrafa multimedia bayanai. Samfurori ma ake magana a kai a matsayin wani umurni da jerin dijital data samu ta hanyar da Dogarin. A tsari kanta ne sai ya kira daukan samfur, a Rasha - dauka samfur.

A kishiya canji da aka yi da Dac bisa wani samu labari dijital data a wani lokaci take kaiwa zuwa ƙarni na lantarki siginar dole mawadãta.

Samfur sigogi

Seplirovaniya babban sigogi ne ba kawai da mita ji, amma kuma da bit - daidaito aunawa da canji na mawadãta daga kowane samfurin. A mafi m digitization yana daukar kwayar cutar a lokacin da darajar a kowane sashi ne na lokaci da sigina mawadãta, da hakan ingancin da siginar bayan da Dogarin, da hakan daidaito na dawo da kalaman a baya hira.