Mene ne wani X-ray haske analysis?

XRD (X-ray haske analysis) - Hanyar jiki bincike, wanda kai tsaye kayyade kusan dukkan sinadaran abubuwa a powdered, ruwa da kuma m kayan.

Hanyar yin amfani

Wannan hanya duniya ne, saboda yana dogara ne a kan mai azumi da kuma sauki samfurin shiri. Samu wani Hanyar yadu a yi amfani da masana'antu da kuma gudanar da bincike. X-ray haske analysis hanya yana da wani gagarumin dama, da amfani ga sosai hadaddun bincike na daban-daban muhalli abubuwa, kazalika a lokacin da ingancin iko da fitarwa da kuma a cikin bincike na gama kayayyakin da albarkatun kasa.

labarin

X-ray haske analysis aka farko aka bayyana a cikin 1928 da biyu masana kimiyya - Glocker da Schreiber. A nema da kanta ne kafa kawai a 1948, masana kimiyya Friedman da Burkes. Kamar yadda wani injimin gano illa, sunã da wani Geiger counter, wanda ya nuna babban ji na ƙwarai da girmamawa ga atomic yawan kashi core.

Helium ko injin yanayi a gudanar da bincike Hanyar da aka yi amfani da a shekarar 1960. Mun yi amfani da su domin sanin haske abubuwa. Har ila yau, ya fara amfani da lu'ulu'u na lithium fluoride. Mun yi amfani da su domin diffraction. Rhodium da chromium tube aka yi amfani da zumudi waveband.

Si (Li) - lithium gantali silicon injimin gano illa aka ƙirƙira a shekarar 1970. Yana bayar da wani babban ji na ƙwarai daga data da kuma ba ya bukatar yin amfani da wani mold. Duk da haka, da samar da makamashi ƙuduri wannan naúrar ya fi muni.

Sarrafa kansa hikimar tantance bangare kuma aiwatar iko shige mota tare da zuwan kwakwalwa. Management gudanar da wani panel a kan na'urar, ko da kwamfuta keyboard. Na'urorin ga bincike na samu haka yadu m cewa sun hada da a cikin manufa "Apollo 15" da "Apollo 16".

A lokacin, sarari tashoshin da jiragen ruwa kaddamar a cikin sarari, sanye take da wadannan na'urori. Wannan ya sa ya yiwu don gane da kuma nazarin sinadaran abun da ke ciki na kankara na sauran duniyoyi.

Jigon da hanyar

TAKAITACCEN XRF bincike ne don yin jiki analysis. Don bincika wannan hanya na iya zama kamar yadda m jikuna (gilashi, karfe, tukwane, da kwal, rock, roba) da kuma ruwa (mai, fetur, mafita, Paints, ruwan inabi kuma jini). A Hanyar damar domin sanin sosai low yawa, a matakin ppm (wani sashi da miliyan). Manyan, har zuwa 100% na samfurin, kuma shafar bincike.

Wannan bincike ne mai azumi, mai lafiya da kuma wadanda ba hallakaswa da yanayi. Yana da babban reproducibility da kuma daidaito na bayanai. A Hanyar damar Semi-quantitatively, qualitatively kuma quantitatively gane duk abubuwa da suke a cikin samfurin.

Jigon da X-ray haske analysis Hanyar ne mai sauki kuma mai saukin ganewa. Idan muka bar kau da kai da terminology da kuma kokarin bayyana da hanyar ne sauki, shi dai itace. Wannan bincike ne da za'ayi a kan tushen da wani kwatanta da radiation, wanda aka samu da sakawa a iska mai guba na zarra.

Akwai sa na misali data cewa an riga aka sani. Kwatanta da sakamakon da wadannan bayanai, da masu bincike ƙarasa da cewa wani sashi daga cikin samfurin.

A sauki da kuma amfani na zamani na'urorin ba ka damar amfani da su a karkashin ruwa sharuddan bincike, sarari, daban-daban da karatu a fagen al'adu da zane-zane.

manufa na aiki

Wannan hanyar dogara ne a kan bincike na bakan da aka samu ta hanyar daukan hotuna zuwa wani abu da ake yayi nazari, X-haskoki.

A lokacin sakawa a iska mai guba zarra zama wani m jihar, wanda yana tare da canja wurin da electrons da jimla matakan mafi girma domin. A wannan jiha, da zarra ne mai matukar gajeren lokaci, game da wani microsecond 1st, sa'an nan ya kõma zuwa ga ƙasa a jihar (m location). A wannan lokaci, electrons a kan m bawo, cike ko wõfintattu sarari wõfintattu, kuma wuce haddi da makamashi samar a cikin nau'i na photons ko wasu makamashi daukar kwayar cutar electrons, located a kan m bawo (kira Auger electrons). A wannan lokaci, kowane zarra saki wani photoelectron makamashi wanda yana da wani m darajar. Ga misali, da baƙin ƙarfe, a lokacin sakawa a iska mai guba ta X-haskoki fitarda photons daidai Ka ko 6.4 keV. Haka kuma, yawan kamfani mai suna Quanta na makamashi da kuma za a iya gani a kan tsarin da al'amarin.

radiation source

X-ray haske analysis Hanyar daga karfe matsayin tushen ga curing amfani kamar yadda isotopes na daban-daban abubuwa, da X-ray shambura. A kowace kasa, daban-daban da bukatun ga kau da shigo da emitting isotopes, bi da bi, a masana'antu, irin kayan aiki fi son yin amfani da x-ray tube.

Irin wannan shambura ne duka da tagulla, da kuma azurfa, da azurfa, molybdenum ko wasu anode. A wasu yanayi, da anode aka zaba dangane da aiki.

Yanzu kuma irin ƙarfin lantarki ga daban-daban abubuwa amfani ne daban-daban. Light abubuwa ne isa ya gudanar da bincike irin ƙarfin lantarki 10kV, nauyi - 40-50 kW, matsakaici - 20-30 KV.

A lokacin da nazari na haske abubuwa da wani banbanci a kan bakan yana da wani zagayenta yanayi. Don rage wannan sakamako samfurin a cikin na musamman jam'iyya da aka sanya a cikin wani injin sarari ko mai cike da helium. M kewayon rijistar musamman na'urar - injimin gano illa. A yadda high na ƙuduri na injimin gano illa dogara a kan daidaito na rabuwa da photons na daban-daban abubuwa daga juna. Wãne ne mafi m ƙuduri a 123 maddî. X-ray haske analysis kayan aiki, wannan zangon rike har zuwa 100%.

Da zarar ya canza kama zuwa wani photoelectron ƙarfin lantarki bugun jini wanda aka kidaya musamman kirgawa lantarki, shi ne daukar kwayar cutar zuwa kwamfuta. By kololuwa a bakan, wanda ya ba da X-ray haske analysis, da sauki qualitatively sanin abin da abubuwa ci LB karatu samfurin. Domin a daidai ƙayyade da yawa ciki, kana bukatar ka yi nazarin bakan samu a cikin na musamman shirin na k. A shirin da aka halitta a gaba. A saboda wannan dalili, gwajin samfurori, da abun da ke ciki na wanda aka sani a gaba da high daidaituwa.

Kawai sa, sakamakon bakan da gwajin abu ne idan aka kwatanta da aka sani na farko. Kamar wancan sami bayani a kan abun da ke ciki na abu.

damar

X-ray haske analysis Hanyar damar bincike:

• samfurori, da size ko taro negligible (100-0,5 MG).
• nauyi akan rage iyakoki (1-2 umarni na girma ƙananan fiye RFA).
• wani bincike shan la'akari da bambancin da makamashi kamfani mai suna Quanta.

A samfurin kauri, wanda aka hõre bincike, kada ta kasance fiye da 1 mm.

A cikin hali na wannan size samfurin za a iya suppressed sakandare matakai a wani samfurin, gami da:

• mahara Compton watsi, wanda da gaske ya kara mastritsah haske ganiya.
• bremsstrahlung na photoelectrons (taimaka wa Filato na baya).
• zumudi tsakanin abubuwa, da kuma haske sha, wanda na bukatar interelement gyara a jere a lokacin aiki.

A disadvantages

Daya daga cikin manyan disadvantages - haduwar, wanda yana tare da shiri na bakin ciki samfurori, kazalika da tsananin bukatun ga tsarin da kayan. Domin binciken samfurin dole ne sosai lafiya barbashi size kuma high uniformity.

Wani drawback ne cewa hanyar da aka karfi daura da matsayin (reference samfurori). Wannan yanayin ne ga kowa da kowa ba hallakaswa hanyoyin.

aikace-aikace hanyar

X-ray haske analysis ne yadu a yi amfani da dama filayen. Ana amfani ba kawai a cikin kimiyya, ko a wurin aiki, amma kuma a cikin filin al'adu da zane-zane.

Ana amfani da a:

• Kariya daga cikin yanayi da lafiyar qasa a cikin ƙasa domin sanin nauyi karafa, kazalika don gano su a cikin ruwa, laka, daban-daban aerosols.
• Mineralogy da Geology za'ayi gwada yawa da kuma gwajin kwari analysis na ma'adanai, kasa, kankara.
• da sinadaran masana'antu da kuma metallurgy - sarrafa ingancin da albarkatun kasa, ƙãre kayayyakin da samar da tsari.
• Fenti Industry - nazarin gubar Paint.
• kayan ado masana'antu - aunawa da taro na m karafa.
• masana'antun man fetur - kayyade mataki na samu na man fetur da kuma man fetur.
• masana'antun sarrafa kayayyakin abinci - m mai guba karafa a abinci kuma abincin da sinadaran.
• noma - bincika alama abubuwa daban-daban a kasa, kazalika a kayayyakin gona.
• Archeology - gudanar elemental bincike, kazalika da Dating na Finds.
• art - gudanar da binciken sculptures, zane-zane, gudanar da wani jarrabawa na abubuwa da su analysis.

Gostovskaya yarjejeniya

X-ray haske bincike na Gost 28033 - 89 controls tun 1989. The daftarin aiki rattaba kalma daga dukan tambayoyi game da hanya. Duk da cewa shekara da shekaru a can sun kasance yawa matakai wajen kyautata na da hanyar, da daftarin aiki ne har yanzu dacewa.

A cewar Gost kafa dangantakar rabo nazari kayan. A data nuna a tebur.

Table 1. rabo na taro kasarun adadi

zaba abu	Mass sulusi da murabba'i,%
sulfur	Daga 0,002 zuwa 0,20
silicon	"0.05" 5.0
molybdenum	"0.05" 10,0
Titan	"0.01" 5.0
cobalt	"0.05" 20,0
Chrome	"0.05" 35,0
niobium	"0.01" 2.0
manganese	"0.05" 20,0
vanadium	"0.01" 5.0
tungsten	"0.05" 20,0
phosphorus	"0,002" 0,20

A kayan aiki amfani

X-ray haske na analysis aka yi amfani da musamman inji, hanyoyin da wajen. Daga cikin dabarun da kuma kayayyakin amfani a cikin Gost jera:

• multichannel spectrometers da Scanners.
• M-sanding inji (nika-nika, 3B634 irin).
• Surface nika inji (model 3E711V).
• dunƙule-yankan lathe (model 16P16).
• sabon fayafai (Gost 21963).
• elektrokorundovye abrasive ƙafafun (50 grit yumbu jijiya, taurin St2, Gost 2424).
• Nika fata (takardar, Type 2, da SB-140 sa (P6), da SB-240 (P8), BSH200 (P7), Fused - al'ada, grainy 50-12, Gost 6456).
• Fasaha ethyl barasa (gãfarta, Gost 18300).
• argon-methane cakuda.

Baƙi ne a yarda, ba za su iya amfani da sauran kayan da kayan aiki da za su samar da wani cikakken bincike.

Shiri kuma selection na samfurori bisa ga Gost

X-ray haske bincike na karafa kafin gwaji ya shafi musamman shiri na samfurori domin cigaba da bincike.

Training ne da za'ayi a cikin wani dace iri:

1. Saman da za a irradiated, kaifafa. Idan akwai bukatar, sa'an nan goge tare da barasa.
2. A samfurin da aka tam guga man da mai karɓar bude. Idan surface na samfurin ne kasa, da musamman saka nema.
3. A spectrometer na shirye aiki daidai da umarnin don amfani.
4. X-ray spectrometer aka calibrated amfani da wani misali samfurin, wanda yayi dace da Gost 8,315. Har ila yau, ga k iya amfani da kama samfurin.
5. Primary grading ne da za'ayi akalla sau biyar. A lokacin da wannan ne yake aikata a lokacin aiki na spectrometer a kan daban-daban kwanaki.
6. Lokacin gudanar da maimaita calibrations ne zai yiwu a yi amfani da biyu kafa na k.

Analysis na da sakamakon da handling

XRF Hanyar bisa ga Gost ya shafi wani yawan layi daya kisa na biyu ma'aunai kafin su sami na nazari sigina na kowane kashi hõre iko.

Yana a yarda a yi amfani da magana daga cikin hikimar tantance sakamakon da sabani na layi daya ma'aunai. Sikelin da raka'a bayyana da data samu ta amfani da gradirovochnyh halaye.

Idan bambanci wuce canja lokaci guda ji, wajibi ne a maimaita da bincike.

Shi ne kuma zai yiwu a yi a ji. A wannan yanayin, a layi daya biyu girma dangi zuwa wani samfurin na tsari bincikar.

A karshe sakamakon da aka dauke su ilmin lissafi nufin na biyu ma'aunai yi a cikin layi daya, ko daya kawai ji sakamakon.

Dogaro da sakamakon daga samfurin quality

Domin rentgenfluorestsentnogo analysis iyaka shi ne kawai game da wani abu a cikin wanda tsarin kashi da aka gano. Domin daban-daban abubuwa sanã'anta a gwada yawa ganewa na daban-daban abubuwa.

A babban rawa iya wasa da atomic lambar, wanda shi ne kashi. Ceteris paribus mafi wuya domin sanin abubuwa na kãyã da mãsu nauyi - sauki. Bugu da kari, wannan kashi ne sauki domin sanin a cikin haske matrix, maimakon tsanani.

Haka kuma, da hanyar dogara a kan ingancin da samfurin kawai zuwa mutuža cewa kashi iya ƙunsar a cikin abun da ke ciki.