Wanda ya gano penicillin? A tarihin na samu na penicillin

Idan ka tambayi wani ilimi mutum game wanda ya gano penicillin, amsar zai iya zama don jin sunan Fleming. Amma idan ka duba a cikin Soviet Encyclopedia, da aka buga kafin hamsin hamsin na karshe karni, cewa wannan sunan ba a samu a can. Maimakon haka, Birtaniya microbiologist ake magana a kai da cewa da waraka sakamako na mold farko kusantar da hankali ga Rasha likitoci da Polotebnov Manassein. Yana gaskiya ne, wadannan masana da baya a 1871 lura da cewa fungi na Penicillium glaucum hana ci gaban na da yawa kwayoyin. Saboda haka, wanda ya gano penicillin, da gaske?

Fleming

Lalle ne, wannan tambaya da wanda kuma yadda gano penicillin, na bukatar karin cikakken nazari. Kafin Fleming, kuma ko da wadannan Rasha likitoci game da kaddarorin penicillin san Avicenna da Paracelsus. Amma haskaka abu da ya bada mold waraka rundunoninsa, suka iya ba. Shi ne kawai microbiologist asibitin St. Mary, da cewa shi ne Fleming. A antibacterial jamiái masanin kimiyya gwada bude a da mataimakin, rashin lafiya sinusitis. A maxillary rami likita ya kawo wani karamin kashi na penicillin, da kuma bayan kawai sa'o'i uku na haƙuri da yanayin inganta muhimmanci. Saboda haka Fleming ya gano penicillin, kamar yadda ya ruwaito da Satumba 13, 1929, a cikin rahoton. Wannan rana yana dauke da ranar haihuwa na maganin rigakafi, amma ya fara amfani da su daga baya.

bincike ya ci gaba da

Wanda ya gano penicillin, da karatu da aka riga aka sani, amma shi ne ya kamata a lura da cewa yin amfani da nufin ba zai yiwu ba - shi da za a tsabtace. A lokacin da tsarkakewa tsari, da dabara ya zama m, da kayan hasarar da kaddarorin da sauri. Shi ne kawai a 1938, wani gungun masana kimiyya a Jami'ar Oxford ya jimre da wannan aiki. Alexander Fleming yi farin ciki.

Amma a nan a gaban pundits ina da wani sabon burin: kyawon tsayuwa girma sosai a hankali, don haka Alexander yanke shawarar gwada wani irinsa, ya bude a wucewa penitsillaza enzyme - wani abu da zai iya neutralize penicillin samar da kwayoyin.

USA vs Ingila

Daya wanda ya gano penicillin, bai iya fara taro samar da miyagun ƙwayoyi a gida. Amma ya na hannun daman, Florey da Heatley, a 1941 ya koma Amurka. Akwai su da goyon baya da karimci kudade, amma aikin da aka tsananin tallace.

Nasarar da sabon Pharmaceutical m buga da son kai na Birtaniya. Sai suka yi kokarin in saya da fasahar, amma jama'ar {asar Amirka ya nemi wani babban jimla. Kuma a sa'an nan a cikin Tsohon World Fleming ya tuna a matsayin discoverer wata mu'ujiza abu. Manema labarai sun ma ƙirƙira da labari na "m Mary" domin tabbatar da cewa Birtaniya kawai ta sace su ra'ayin. Kuma da Amurka da aka tilasta raba wani asiri da fasaha. Sam Fleming karbi Nobel Prize for taimakonsa da magani da kuma gano penicillin, amma bai dauki kansa a luminary na kimiyya, a matsayin "kawai kusantar da hankali ga kyauta yanayi."

Penicillin a cikin Tarayyar Soviet

All litattafai rubuta cewa Alexander Fleming ya gano penicillin. Amma babu inda muke karanta game da yadda miyagun ƙwayoyi soma wallafa a cikin Tarayyar Soviet. Gaskiya, akwai wani labari cewa abu ne da ake bukata domin lura da Janar Vatutin, amma Stalin dakatar da amfani da kasashen waje miyagun ƙwayoyi. Don Master da samar da maza maza, an yanke shawarar saya da fasaha. Ko aika da wata tawagar zuwa ofishin jakadancin Amurka. Amurkawa sun amince, amma a lokacin tattaunawar sau uku tãyar da kudin da kuma kiyasta su ilmi na talatin da dala miliyan.

By ƙi, Tarayyar Soviet aikata abin da Burtaniya: kaddamar da wani duck cewa m Microbiologist Zinaida Ermoleva samar krustozin. Wannan magani an inganta analogue na penicillin, wanda aka sace jari hujja 'yan leƙen asirin. Yana da aka tsarki almarar ba, amma ta gaske fara samar da miyagun ƙwayoyi a gida, duk da haka, ingancin ya fi muni. Saboda haka, hukumomin da suka tafi da abin zamba: saya m Ernst Sarkar (daya daga cikin mataimakansa Fleming) da kuma ta fara samar da mai penicillin, duka biyu a Amurka da kuma krustozin ci amanar manta. Saboda haka, kamar yadda shi dai itace, da tambaya da wanda ya gano penicillin a cikin Tarayyar Soviet, babu amsar.

cizon yatsa

A ƙarfi daga penicillin, wanda aka haka girmamawa sabili likita manyan malaman na lokacin, ba haka ba ne da karfi. Kamar yadda ya juya waje, a kan lokaci, kwayoyin da suka haddasa cutar zama rigakafi da miyagun ƙwayoyi. Maimakon tunani game da wani madadin bayani, da masana kimiyya ya fara ƙirƙira sauran maganin rigakafi. Amma yaudarayya da microbes iya ba to wannan rana.

Ba da dadewa, WHO ta sanar da cewa Fleming yi gargadin game da wuce kima yin amfani da maganin rigakafi, wanda zai iya haifar da da cewa da magani ba zai iya taimaka tare da wani wajen sauki da cututtuka, t. Don. A microbes ne ba a cikin wani wuri da za a ji masa rauni. Kuma a sami wani bayani ga wannan matsala - shi ne aiki na sauran al'ummomi na likitoci. Kuma shi yana bukatar ya nemi a yanzu.