Menene kayyade saitin belts masu girma? Girman ƙananan Caucasus

Tsarin gine-gine mai girma na Caucasus shi ne ya fi dacewa da kwatanta da sauran duwatsu na Rasha. A cewar UNESCO World Heritage Sites, yankin yana da ban sha'awa ga ilimin jinsin, halittu da jinsunan, ya ƙunshi sassan manyan tsaunukan tsaunukan tsaunuka masu ban mamaki a Turai. Ka yi la'akari da misalin wannan dutse mai girma, wanda ya dogara da saitin ƙananan belts. Bari mu ga yadda mutane amfani da yanayi da kuma albarkatun da kowace daga cikin tsaye zones.

Girman tsaunuka a kan duwatsu

Tsarin zane-zane - ko zonality mai zurfi - yanayin da yake nunawa a cikin canji na al'ummomin shuka daga ƙananan tuddai har zuwa tuddai. Ya bambanta da canjin wuri na yankuna a kan filayen, wanda hakan ya haifar da raguwar adadin hasken rana daga ragowar zuwa kwakwalwa. A cikakken sa na high-tsawo zones da aka gabatar a high duwãtsu, wanda aka located a cikin Equatorial kuma wurare masu zafi da zones. Mun lissafa dukkan wuraren da za a iya daidaitawa (daga kafa zuwa sama):

1. Rigar Equatorial gandun daji (up zuwa tsawo na 1200 mita).
2. Gidan tsaunuka.
3. Babban gandun daji mai girma (har zuwa 3000 m).
4. Ƙananan girma, itatuwan tayi, shrubs (har zuwa 3800 m).
5. Gudun duwatsu masu girma (har zuwa 4500 m).
6. Dutsen gandun daji na dutse, dutsen baƙaƙe.
7. Snow, dutse glaciers.

Menene kayyade saitin belts masu girma?

Ana bayyana wanzuwar belts mai tsawo ta hanyar rage yawan zazzabi, matsa lamba da zafi tare da karuwa. An sanyaya iska ta kusan 6 ° C lokacin hawa sama da kilomita 1. A kowace mita 12 na tsawo, akwai karuwar a matsa lamba na 1 mm Hg.

A cikin tsaunuka, waɗanda suke a nesa daban-daban daga mahadin, zane-zane na musamman yana da bambanci. A wannan latitud kamar yadda wani lokacin akwai daban-daban na halitta tsarin.

Bari mu tantance abin da aka saita na belts mai girma ya dogara ne, wane yanayi ne ke haifar da kafawarsu:

• Yanayin gefen duwatsu. Ƙarin kusa da mahaɗin, ƙananan wurare masu yawa.
• Kasashen da ke cikin ƙasa suna shagaltar da su ta hanyar al'ummomin da ke mamaye filin.
• Tsawan duwatsu. Mafi girma su ne, mafi kyawun saitin belts. Mafi nisa daga dumiyar dumi da ƙananan duwatsu, ƙananan yankuna (a Arewacin Urals akwai kawai 1-2 daga gare su).
• Halin da ke cikin teku da tekuna wanda siffofin iska mai dumi da sanyi.
• Yanayin ruwan sanyi mai sanyi ko iska mai iska mai zuwa daga nahiyar.

Canji na yanayi na yankuna a tsaunuka na yammacin Caucasus

Akwai belin kaya mai girma na Caucasus, wanda ke da alaƙa da nau'i biyu na zane-zane na tsakiya: nahiyar da na bakin teku (bakin teku). Na biyu an wakilta a duwatsu na yammacin Caucasus, yana fuskantar tasiri na Atlantic, iska mai iska mai iska.

Mun lissafa manyan belin masu girma daga tuddai har zuwa tuddai:

1. Gudun daji, da katsewar bishiyoyi, katako, ash (har zuwa 100 m).

2. belin daji.

• Gudun tsaunuka masu tsabta (har zuwa mita 600 m). Lokaci-lokaci coniferous itatuwa (spruce, da ake samu a wannan yankin Caucasian fir). Wasu shafuka suna kama da tsire-tsire-tsire-tsire masu tsire-tsire tare da tsire-tsire masu tsire-tsire, inda suke girma da inabi, boxwood, yew, laurel ceri.
• Belt na gandun daji mai gauraye (sama da 1200 m).
• Dark bishiyoyin daji.

3. Krivolese mai tsayi da tsire-tsire ciyawa (a tsawon 2000 m).

4. A low-ciyawa mai tsayi fadamun, arziki karrarawa, hatsi da kuma laima shuke-shuke.

5. Nival yankin (a tsawon 2800-3200 m).

Kalmar Latin kalmar nivalis a fassara shine "sanyi". A cikin wannan bel ɗin, ban da dutsen, dusar ƙanƙara da glaciers, akwai tsire-tsire masu tsire-tsire: man shanu, primroses, plantain da sauransu.

Zalancin Alkawari na Gabashin Caucasus

A gabas, an yi la'akari da ƙananan belts na launi na Caucasus, wanda ake kira da tsarin na Continental ko Dagestan na zane-zane a tsaye. Ana rarraba albarkatun ganyayyaki a cikin tuddai, wanda bishiyoyin busassun bushe suke tare da yawan ciyawa da wormwood. A sama suna da tsire-tsire masu tsire-tsire masu tsire-tsire, tsire-tsire masu gandun daji. Next mai tsayi halitta zone wakilta dutsen jeji, makiyayar da hatsi. A kan gangarawan da ke karɓar ɓangare na iska na Atlantic, akwai gandun daji daga nau'i mai launi (itacen oak, hornbeam and beech). A Caucasus na Gabas, an maye gurbin belin gandun daji da tsire-tsire masu tsayi da tsire-tsire masu tsire-tsire masu tsire-tsire a kusan kimanin 2,800 m (a cikin Alps iyakar wannan bel ɗin yana da tsawon 2,200 m). Ƙasar tazarar ta ƙara a tsawo na 3600-4000 m.

Daidaita zonality mai girma na Eastern da Western Caucasus

Yawan adadin kudancin Caucasus na gabas ya kasa da na Caucasus na Yamma, wanda shine saboda tasiri akan kafa wuraren da ke cikin tsaunuka na iska, da sauran kayan aiki. Alal misali, iska mai sanyi da iska mai sanyi bazai shiga zuwa gabas ba, an tsare shi ta babban ɗaki. A lokaci guda, iska mai sanyi ba ta shiga cikin yammacin Caucasus.

Babban bambance-bambance a cikin tsari na ƙananan ɗakunan kudancin Caucasus na gabas daga yammacin:

• Gabatarwa a ƙananan duwatsu na ƙauyuka.
• Ƙarƙashin ƙananan ƙyallen busassun bushe;
• Ƙungiyar gandun daji ta yanki;
• Matosai na bishiyoyi masu tsire-tsire a ƙananan ƙananan belin gandun daji;
• Babu wani bel na gandun dajin coniferous
• Tsomawa a tsakiyar sassan duwatsu;
• Ƙara fadin belin dutse;
• Mafi girman wuri na snow da glaciers.
• Ciyayi daji kawai a cikin kwaruruka;
• Kusan babu duhu bishiyoyin bishiyoyi.

Yanayin tattalin arziki na jama'a

Abinda ke ciki na yankuna na Caucasus yana haifar da canji a cikin matakan hawa a cikin tsaunin dutse daga kafa zuwa saman, kuma daga yamma zuwa gabas. Bayan an tabbatar da shi, wanda aka saita da ɗakunan tsaunuka masu girma, ya kamata a lura cewa yankin yana da yawan yawan yawan mutane, musamman ma a bakin tekun bakin teku. Kudancin kudancin Ciscaucasia sun kusan tsabtace su kuma suna da kwarewa don shuka hatsi, kayan fasaha da kuma guna, gonaki, gonakin inabi. Ƙaddamar da aikin gona mai zurfi, ciki har da noma shayi, citrus, peaches da walnuts. Kudancin koguna suna da manyan wuraren samar da makamashin lantarki, ana amfani dasu don ban ruwa na yankunan ruwa maras ruwa. Tsire-tsire, yankuna masu noma da gonaki suna zama wuraren shakatawa. A cikin belt na gandun daji, an girbe katako.

Dukkan belin da ke cikin tsaunuka na Caucasus suna da dama ga yawon shakatawa. Tsarin tsaka-tsalle masu tsayi da tsaunuka, wanda aka rufe da gandun daji, glaciers da dusar ƙanƙara, yana janyo hankalin magoya bayan tsalle-tsalle da kankara. Hanyoyin da ke kan hankalin kankara, dusar ƙanƙara, dutsen dutse. Tsabtaccen iska na gandun daji, da kyawawan wurare, bakin teku - manyan kayan wasan kwaikwayon na Caucasus.