Midbrain: aiki da kuma tsarin. The ayyuka na midbrain da cerebellum

A kan aiwatar da nazari da yadda kwakwalwa canja a cikin shakka daga juyin halitta, shi ne wajen samar da ra'ayoyi game da kasancewar ta uku matakan. A farko daga cikin wadannan (mafi girma) ne agara. Yana hada muhimmi muhimmi ganglia, cerebral bawo, diencephalic Front olfactory kwakwalwa. Middle Sashen nufin da talakawan matakin. A nasa ne da ƙananan raya sashen wanda kunshi da medulla oblongata, cerebellum da pons.

A talakawan kwakwalwa aiki da tsarin da za mu yi la'akari a cikin daki-daki, ɓullo yafi a ƙarƙashin rinjayar da na gani tsoka mai amsa sigina a cikin shakka daga phylogeny. Saboda haka, mafi muhimmanci daga cikin samuwar su ne innervation na ido.

Yana kuma kafa ji cibiyoyin a nan gaba, tare da Cibiyoyin overgrown da kuma kafa tudun 4 midbrain rufin. A tsarin da shi, za mu tattauna a kasa. A aiki na tsakiya na kwakwalwa da aka bayyana a cikin rabi na biyu na wannan labarin.

A ci gaba da midbrain

Kayayyakin da auditory cibiyoyin da suke da shi, ya zama subcortical, tsaka-tsaki, sau daya a wani zama ƙarƙashin matsayi da fitowan da mutane kuma mafi girma dabbobi da cortical ƙarshen gani da auditory analyzers a forebrain bawo. Development a cikin mutane kuma mafi girma dabbobi masu shayarwa da forebrain ya nufi da cewa tafarkin da cewa connect da bawo tare da kashin baya karshen, ya fara wuce ta tsakiyar kwakwalwa, wanda ayyuka sun canza wani abu kaɗan. A sakamakon haka, da karshen ne:

- subcortical auditory cibiyoyin;

- gani subcortical cibiyoyin, kazalika da jijiya nuclei cewa innervate tsokoki na ido.

- duk sauko da kuma hawa tafarkin da cewa connect da laka da kuma cerebral bawo ratsa tsakiyar sufuri.

- daure na fari al'amari a haɗa da midbrain tare da daban-daban sassan na tsakiya m tsarin.

tsarin

A talakawan kwakwalwa aiki da tsarin da ba mu interested in, shi ne mafi kawai gina da kuma karami sashen (a cikin hoto sama shi ne alama a ruwan kasa). Akwai da wadannan biyu main sassa:

- kafafu, inda mafi yawan su ne tafarkin da;

- subcortical cibiyoyin hangen nesa da kuma ji.

midbrain rufin

The rufin midbrain, dorsal part, boye a karkashin ayyukan marubuta callosum (da raya karshen). An subdivided cikin 4 shirya pairwise tudun ta biyu GROOVES (mai gangara kuma a tsaye) mikawa crosswise. A saman biyu tudun - subcortical cibiyoyin da hangen nesa, da kuma kasa guda biyu - ji. Tsakanin babba protuberance a cikin tsagi ne lebur pineal. Rike tudun directed laterally, zuwa sama da kuma anteriorly, zuwa ga matsakaiciyar kwakwalwa. Yana wuce kõwane tudun ƙasa. A rike da babba tudun ne karkashin matashin kai na thalamus a cikin shugabanci na kaikaice geniculate jiki. Ƙurma kasa vuya a karkashin da tsakiya geniculate jiki. Geniculate jikinsu, aka ambata a sama, ba su kasance a tsakiyar da kuma zuwa ga matsakaiciyar kwakwalwa.

kwakwalwa kara

Ci gaba da bayyana da talakawan mutum kwakwalwa aiki da tsarin. Abu na gaba shi domin su zauna a - ƙafafunsa. Mene ne wannan? Wannan ventral kashi, wanda ya ƙunshi dukan tafarkin da zai kai ga forebrain. Lura cewa kafafu biyu ne semicylindrical lokacin farin ciki farin tufka, da bamban ta kwana daga gefen gada da kuma a nutsa cikin yammancin duniya.

Mene ne rami na midbrain?

Mutane da yawa sharuddan za a iya samu a cikin wannan sashe, a matsayin haltta na midbrain. A tsarin, ta ayyuka na bukatar da bayanin irin tsaurara kimiyya daidaito. Mun tsallake rikitarwa Latin sunayen bar kawai da ainihin sharuddan. Domin na farko sani isa.

Bari mu ce 'yan kalmomi game da tsakiyar kwakwalwa kogo. Shi ne kunkuntar hanya da ake kira mains ruwa. A tashar aka liyi tare da ependyma, shi ne kunkuntar, a tsawon 1.5-2 cm. Brain bututu haɗu da hudu zuwa na uku ventricle. Taya kafafu ya takaita ta ventral da dorsal - rufin midbrain.

Sassa na midbrain a giciye-bangaranci

Mun ci gaba da labarin mu. Features na da talakawan mutum kwakwalwa za a iya fi gane ta la'akari da shi, kuma a giciye-sashe. A wannan yanayin, da wadannan uku main sassa aka bambanta a cikinta:

- murfin farantin.

- hula.

- ventral sashen, wato, da tushe kafafu.

A nuclei na midbrain

Ƙarƙashin rinjayar da na gani tsoka mai amsa sigina bisa matsayin ci gaba midbrain nuclei ne daban-daban a cikinta. The ayyuka na midbrain nuclei kasance a cikin innervation na ido. M colliculus a ƙananan vertabrate ne yafi wani wuri inda na gani jijiya ƙare, kazalika da asali na gani cibiyar. A cikin mutane da kuma dabbobi masu shayarwa tare da kai a cikin forebrain na gani sadarwa cibiyoyin sauran tsakanin babba tudun, da na gani jijiya, shi ne muhimmi ne kawai domin reflexes. Da tsakiya geniculate jiki, kazalika a core daga cikin ƙananan tudun karbi fiber ji madauki. midbrain rufin ta haɗu da kashin baya dangantakar kasashen biyu. Farantin daga cikin rufi za a iya daukan wani reflex nufi ga ƙungiyoyi wanda ke faruwa, yafi a ƙarƙashin rinjayar auditory da na gani samuwar kasashe.

cerebral wandararre

An kewaye da tsakiyar m abu, a cikin ayyuka alaka da autonomic tsarin. A karkashin ta ventral bango na taya a cikin kwakwalwa kara, suna da biyu core girman kwanyar mota jijiyoyi.

A tsakiya na oculomotor jijiya

Ya kunshi da dama sassa daban daban na innervation na extraocular tsokoki. Posteriorly kuma ya juya daga tsakiya daga shi aka located kadan karin sabo vegetative tsakiya da kuma tsakãtsaki ce unpaired. Unpaired tsakãtsaki ce da ƙarin core innervate tsokoki na ido, wanda suke involuntary. Mu koma ga wannan ɓangare na oculomotor jijiya da parasympathetic tsarin. Rostral to (sama) da oculomotor jijiya nuclei located a cikin kwakwalwa kara taya tsaye tsakiya katako core.

kwakwalwa kara

Sun kasu kashi tushe kafafu (ventral) da kuma taya. Black abu hidima a matsayin iyaka therebetween. Its launi aka daure su melanin - black pigment, wanda aka dauke a cikin jijiya Kwayoyin cewa dokoki da shi. Tegmentum - yana da na shi, wanda shi ne tsakanin substantia nigra da kuma rufin. Yana fita daga tsakiyar tegmental hanya. Wannan downward tsinkaya na tsarin jijiya hanya, wanda aka located in tegmentum (tsakiyar ɓangare). A da tsarin - zaruruwa cewa tafi daga ja tsakiya, globus pallidus, da reticular samuwar kwakwalwa da kuma thalamus zuwa tsakiyar zaitun da reticular samuwar medulla oblongata. Wannan hanya ne wani ɓangare na extrapyramidal tsarin.

The ayyuka na midbrain

Ya taka sosai muhimmiyar rawa a cikin samuwar da shigarwa na gyara reflexes cewa yin yiwu tafiya da tsayi. Bugu da kari, cikin tsakiyar kwakwalwa aiki ne da wadannan: shi shirya tsoka sautin, ya ƙunsa ta rarraba. A wata bukata kafun ga hadewa ƙungiyoyi. Wani aiki - godiya ga shi, akwai tsari da wani yawan vegetative matakai (hadiya, daukan taban, numfashi, jini). Saboda tsare auditory da na gani reflexes, kazalika da kara sautin na flexor midbrain (a cikin hoto sama shi ne ya haskaka a ja) shirya jiki don tabbatar da cewa amsar da bayyana ne kwatsam hangula. Statokinetic kuma a tsaye reflexes ake gane a kan ta matakin. Tonic reflexes samar rebalancing, hali, wanda aka karya saboda canje-canje a matsayi. Sun bayyana lokacin da matsayi na da kai, kuma jiki a sarari aka canza saboda da zumudi na proprioceptive da tactile rabe dake a cikin fata. Duk wadannan ayyuka na midbrain da shawara cewa shi taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin jiki.

cerebellum

Mu a yanzu ci gaba da shawara na cerebellum. Mene ne wannan? Wannan na baya tsarin. An kafa a yanayin halitta na juya na cerebral rhombic mafitsara (ta dorsal bango). An hade da daban-daban ƙungiyoyin juyayi tsarin da iko mu ƙungiyoyi. Its raya daukan wuri a kan hanyar inganta dangantakar da laka, kazalika da weakening na vestibular tsarin.

Research Luidzhi Lyuchiani

The ayyuka na midbrain da cerebellum karatu Luidzhi Lyuchiani, wani Italian likita. A 1893 ya sanya gwaje-gwajen a dabbobi da gaba daya, ko partially cire cerebellum. Ya kuma gudanar da wani bincike na ta bioelectric aiki, rijista da shi a lokacin ruri da kuma a sauran.

Sai ya juya daga cewa sautin na extensor tsokoki da aka inganta a lokacin da cire rabin na cerebellum. Miƙa wata gabar jiki na dabba, jiki ne lankwasa da kuma shugaban da aka deflected a sarrafa gefe. Akwai motsi a da'irar ( "ɗakin taro motsi") a cikin sarrafa gefe. Aka bayyana cuta hankali smoothed, amma wasu ƙungiyoyi discoordination kiyaye.

Idan ka cire duk da cerebellum, akwai pronounced motsi cuta. Su smoothed fitar hankali saboda gaskiyar cewa bawo da aka kunna (ta motor yankin). Duk da haka, dabba ne har yanzu a take hakkin daidaituwa. Akwai m, m, gaggarumar motsi, staggering Gait.

Gudunmawar Academician Orbeli

A shekara ta 1938, Academician Orbeli gano cewa cerebellum ma musababin da tsoka mai amsa sigina na'ura, vegetative tafiyar matakai. Bugu da kari, akwai ta dangane da jihar na tsokoki na ciki gabobin. Canje-canje a cikin abun da ke ciki na jini, jini wurare dabam dabam, numfasawa, narkewa, wanda ke faruwa a ƙarƙashin rinjayar da cerebellum, ana nufin tabbatar (trophic) aiki a kwarangwal tsoka.

Academician Orbeli cerebellum an dauki ba kawai a matsayin mataimakin na cerebral bawo a cikin tsari na tsoka sautin kuma motsi, amma kuma a matsayin Na'urar-trophic cibiyar. A wannan rawa, yana da wani tasiri a kan duk sassa na kwakwalwa ta hanyar da juyayi tsarin (da m sashe). Kamar wancan kayyade metabolism, da kuma tsakiya m tsarin adapts muhalli da yanayi. An gano cewa na ayyuka na cerebellar bawo ne inextricably nasaba da cerebral hemispheres da ya zo karkashin ta iko.

ƙarshe

Saboda haka, za mu takaice ta dauki cerebellum da midbrain mutum. Su ayyuka da aka bayyana. Yanzu da ka san abin da muhimmiyar rawa da suka taka. Jikinmu ake kullum tsara don haka da cewa duk da gawarwakin yi aikinsu, su ne duk wajibi ne. The ayyuka na medulla da midbrain, kazalika da sauran sassa na jiki, ya kamata ka sani.

Kuma a karshe, 'yan kalmomi. The kwakwalwa - wani hadadden naúrar kunshi biliyoyin kwayoyin jikinsu aiki tare. Yana goyon bayan m da kuma musamman rayuwa, amma wannan hanya da yake iya amsa su canza ihisani, da shiriya da hali bukatun. Amma ga rayuwar mu tafi jariri don yara, sa'an nan zuwa ga matasa, balaga da kuma tsufa, kamar yadda na yi da mu da jikin mu. Haka kuma, a cikin kwakwalwa ya canjãwa. Ya kamata, a hannu daya, da wuya-masu lamba juyin da kuma raya ci gaban alamu na ci gaba. Amma a daya hannun, yana da ikon daidaita da canje-canje a cikin hulɗar tsakanin yanayi da kwayoyin.