Middle Ages: da timeframe a Rasha

Kalmar "tsakiyar zamanai" shigar da kimiyya da juyin juya halin a Renaissance, haka masana falsafa-tausaya wajama'a jaddada dangane da lokacin da ya tsufa: daga "zinariya shekaru" na bil'adama, suna rabu a wasu talakawan, da rikon lokaci, "duhu shekaru daban-daban", kamar yadda ya kira su Petrarch. Daga baya ajalin, ba shakka, rasa ma'anarsa, amma a historiography matsayin kullum yarda da ra'ayi kiyaye da sunan "tsakiyar zamanai", wani lokaci, wanda yake rufe lokaci daga 5th karni zuwa farkon 16th karni. Wadannan iyakoki ne dangi da kuma bambanta a cikin tarihi na daban-daban jihohi.

taron gunduma na Chronology

Chronology da periodization - zumunta sharudda, artificially gabatar da masu bincike, amfani domin saukaka nadi na wani lokaci, gwama events a kasashe daban-daban, da sauransu. N. Wannan cikakken shafi lokacin da ake kira "Middle Ages", na sarari, boko ikon yinsa, daga abin da yake a a hanyoyi daban-daban gaskata cikin gida da kuma kasashen waje masana tarihi. Kamar yadda gaskiya da nuna A. Ya. Gurevich, da mutane na tsakiyar zamanai, kazalika da tsoho ko zamani, ba su ba da sunan shekaru, bai gane cewa suna rayuwa ne a cikin lokacin da tsakiyar zamanai. By raba da tarihi tsari a shekara-shekara jinkiri masana kimiyya suna shiryar da wasu asali halaye, ingancin halaye muhimmi ga wani musamman epoch.

periodization

Kamar yadda historiographical hadisin wakiltar Yammacin Turai tsakiyar zamanai? Lokaci frame (karni) - tare da V a. kafin farkon na XVI karni. A cikin wannan kusan dubu-shekara lokaci yawanci bambanta da wadannan matakai:

• V-XI cc. kira Early tsakiyar zamanai (ko "duhu shekaru daban-daban", kamar yadda wannan lokaci a cikin tarihi na wayewar dan adam ne da akalla karatu saboda da paucity na gani a kafofin). Yana fara bayan fall na Roman Empire. Daya daga cikin mafi daukan hankali mamaki - babban hijirarsa na al'umma, da ci da Kiristoci na Yaren Kasar Larabawa (da ake kira Reconquista), da heyday na Byzantine Empire, da Frankish jihar.
• XI-XIV cc. - wani classic (ko High) tsakiyar zamanai. Babban taron - da m girma na yawan a Yammacin Turai, kusan duniya baza Kristanci, da Jihadi, da ci gaban birane da kuma urbanization, fitowan da kuma ci gaban mulkin gargajiya tsakaninsu.
• XIV-XVI ƙarni. ake magana a kai marigayi tsakiyar zamanai (wasu masu bincike zaton wannan lokaci da farkon zamani). Wannan ne lokaci na bala'i, da yunwa, da annoba, da shekara ɗari da 'War da Mongol-Tatar mamayewa, wanda tsanani lalatar yammacin Turai. Duk da haka, wannan lokaci da Church of canji, babban Gwargwadon binciken, ci gaban kimiyya, qirqire, nasarori maganin gargajiya.

Middle Ages: da timeframe for Rasha

A ƙasa shagaltar da Slavic kabilai, da kafa mulkin gargajiya jihar shi a hankali fiye da a West saboda da yawa masana tarihi nema farkon na da zamanin zuwa IX. Wani sabon lokaci fara a ƙarshen XVII karni. tare da Bitrus I. cikin zamanin mulkin kasaftawa raba lokaci:

• IX-XII ƙarni. - kasancewar wani Karkasa Kyivan jihar.
• XII-XIII ƙarni. - farkon mulkin gargajiya fragmentation da kuma shigar azzakari cikin farji na ƙasar a ƙarƙashin mulkin Mongol-Tatar karkiya.
• XIV-XVII ƙarni. - da kafa da kuma ci gaban da Rasha jihar tare da cibiyar a Moscow.

Halaye na shekaru

Tun tsakiyar zamanai ya dubi jerin baƙaƙe, lokaci frame alaka da abubuwan da ke haifar da komowar canje-canje. V a karshen. jahili hordes fashe a Roma - babban karfi na zamanin d wayewa a wannan lokaci, da kuma a farkon na VI. daina wanzuwa karshe tsoho makaranta na falsafa.

A key siffa daga cikin Early tsakiyar zamanai - wannan bazuwa na tribal dangantakar a cikin jahili kabilan Turai da kuma samuwar mulkin gargajiya, cewa nan da karshen zamani da zai kai ga samuwar na Karkasa jihohin da dauloli. Halin canza jigon huldar cinikaiya a tsakiyar zamanai. Sarari, boko ikon yinsa, daga cikin zamanin ake karfi da alaka da yaduwar addinin Kirista ne, wanda shi tunani a kan m jirgin sama na feudalism matsayin kafirci ya zarar halayyar zamantakewa tribal tsarin.

In mun gwada Slavic kabilan duk na sama siffofin da ake gani a cikin tarihi a fili ne kawai tare da IX., Lokacin da kafa jihar na faruwa a tare da cibiyar a Kiev. A game da wannan lokaci a kan Rasha ƙasa iya shiga daga Byzantine Kiristanci Eastern (Orthodox) yanka, kuma ta nuna na Millennium yakan mallaki halin wani na aikin addini.

gargajiya tsakiyar zamanai

High tsakiyar zamanai (. Timelines XI-XIV ƙarni) zai fara a Yammacin Turai tare da samuwar Karla Velikogo da jihar ne halin da tabbatarwa daga cikin mukamai na cocin Katolika, ta gagarumar rawar a dukkan matakai na mutum aiki - daga siyasa zuwa rayuwar yau da kullum. A tsarin ilimin mamaye da fatawowi da rukunan, akidar da kuma kayan al'adun su ne warai addini.

Kirista da kuma kayyade Rasha tsakiyar zamanai, wanda timeframe kamar yadda taron-lokaci abun ciki, sosai daban-daban daga kasashen yammacin. By da XII karni. Orthodoxy ya ba kawai na aikin addinin jihar: karshe Majusawa, muminai a cikin tsohon Slavic abũbuwan zauna ba fãce a cikin m gandun daji yankunan da ba su gabatar da wata barazana ga wanzuwar wani Karkasa jihar. Amma da mulkin gargajiya jayayya da ya girgiza fiye ko žasa da kowane jihar a tsakiyar zamanai (lokacin firam a Rasha -. XII-XIII ƙarni), ya raunana Kievan jihar, da kuma sanya shi mai sauki ganima su zo daga gabas nomadic rundunar 'Mongol-Tatars. Saboda haka, karfafa ikon Church ya bayar da gudunmawar da waje barazana a fuskar dan hanya kabilanci da addini, ma'ana invaders.

A rarrabe fasali na Turai da kuma Rasha lokaci

Babban bambancin a cikin wannan lokaci a cikin tarihi na Rasha daga yammacin Turai ne bayyananne: daular Karla Velikogo ne lokacin da na matsakaicin flowering na al'ada, da kafa da canonical image na tsakiyar zamanai, a Gabashin Turai a duk duniyoyin rayuwa wulãƙanci hade da nauyin adawa m Asian abokin gaba.

Bayan da kifar da Mongol-Tatar karkiya ba zai yiwu ba don mayar da mutuncin tsohon Kievan Rus 'yammacin kasashe suka sõyayya a Galicia-Volyn sarauta, da kuma a gabas duk mafi girma da tasiri samu Muscovite sarakuna.

A karshe shekarun da suka gabata na zamanin da High tsakiyar zamanai

A ƙarshen West High tsakiyar zamanai dangantawa da yunwa da buga yawa na ƙasar a farkon na XIV karni., Annobai na annoba, baƙauye tawayen da kuma da shekara ɗari da 'War. Duk wadannan masifu entailed zahiri nau'i nau'i na rabin na yawan, Saboda haka da dakushe duk duniyoyin rayuwa.

A daidai wannan lokaci na Rasha tsakiyar zamanai, wani lokaci frame XIV-XVII ƙarni., Ya fara zamanin da samuwar kuma karfafa jihar kusa da Moscow. Rasha da aka karfi isa a wannan lokaci don taimaka da nauyin da karkiya daga cikin Golden taro. Haka kuma, da yawa m masu bincike suna karkata zuwa ga a cikin sabon Rasha jihar bisa ga Vladimir-Suzdal tarihi da al'adu, halayyar fasali na Renaissance. Wannan flowering na al'ada, gine-gine, da zanen, kuma fitowan na adabi ayyukan da mayar da hankali a kan mutum da ji maimakon al'amuran addini.

A farkon da XVII karni. a kan gadon sarautar ke Romanov daular, wanda mambobin mulkin kasar kafin kifar da daular mulkinsu a 1917

A marigayi tsakiyar zamanai da miƙa mulki ga sabon lokaci

Wannan mawuyacin halin ra'ayi na yadda marigayi tsakiyar zamanai, lokacin firam da kuma kasashen rufe a cikin hanyoyi daban-daban: wani wuri mafi fili ya nuna ta hanyar fasali na wannan zamanin, kuma a wasu wuraren gargajiya mulkin gargajiya hanyar rayuwa ne kiyaye. A jihohin Yammacin Turai akwai wani motsi ga gyaranta na coci fãra juyin juya halin masana'antu da aka canza falsafa da kuma zama na gaba a kan duniya. Kuma a Moscow mulki kusan karni biyu, duk abin da ya kasance da gaske canzawa: tun tsakiyar zamanai a Rasha (. Timelines IX-XVII ƙarni) ƙare yawa daga baya.

Yammacin Turai tsakiyar zamanai, wani lokaci, kammala da kusan shekaru dubu, tana nufin ƙarshen XV - farkon XVI karni. Masomin dauki aka gano Amirka da ta Columbus mafi sau da yawa a cikin 1492

A Rasha, da cikakken lokaci na tsakiyar zamanai ya yiwu ne kawai wa Bitrus I da wani yawan m kuma sau da yawa mutane suke so ya gyara aikinsa, a cikin marigayi XVII karni.

Karshe: tsakiyar zamanai na yammacin Turai da kuma Rasha

Saboda haka, lokacin da firam na tsakiyar zamanai a Rasha da kuma yammacin Turai ne sosai daban-daban, amma jigon da lokaci shi ne mafi kama al'amurran da suka shafi. Wannan mamayar na Church da kuma addini a duk duniyoyin rayuwa, da kuma karfafa mulkin gargajiya, dangantakar da m samuwar na daular mulkinsu, wanda zai zama a cikin New Times.

A karshen tsakiyar zamanai ya fara bayyana fasaha ci gaba - ƙirƙira tsãwa Tanderu, wani firearm, a bugu latsa. Wannan mas'ala ta ilimi. Ci gaba a hankali bayyana a dukkan duniyoyin rayuwa. A cikin 'yan shekarun da suka gabata, marigayi tsakiyar zamanai ya fara da m flowering na art.