Opening da masu bincike a kudancin Amirka

List of masu bincike a kudancin Amirka ne quite m. Lokacin da suka bude wannan nahiyar? Ko makaranta san cewa shi ne Hristofor Kolumb. Amma ba, ba su da tsanani da masana kimiyya, da kuma akwai shakku a wannan batun. Zai yiwu m explorers farkon tsakiyar zamanai, da Normans, kai tsibirin Greenland da Coast na Arewacin Amirka dogon kafin Columbus. Ko Sin jiragen ruwa suka haye tekun Pacific da kuma cewa matuƙan na Celestial Empire ne mara take explorers na nahiyar. Bugu da kari, da Hristofor Kolumb zuwa karshen rayuwarsa ya kasance tabbata cewa shi ba ya kafa kafar a kan wani sabon nahiyar, da kuma zuwa ga gabar yammacin India. A wannan labarin, za mu yi kokarin fahimtar da yawa explorers Kudancin Amirka. Kowace daga cikinsu ya bayar da gudunmawar ga ci gaban sabuwar nahiyar. Mun kasance majagaba da kuma Rasha masana kimiyya jerin.

A tarihin bayar da damar gudanar hanya West

List of masu bincike a karkashin jagorancin nahiyar Amirka Hristofor Kolumb, kuma wajibi ne a yaba ta yabo. A wancan lokaci, kasashen Turai ya samu matsaloli a cikin kasuwanci sadarwar da India. A hanya can for silks da kayan yaji da aka dade da kuma hatsari. Bisa ga hakan na Duniya zagaye siffar, Columbus hypothesized cewa zuwa India daga Turai iya gudãna, ba motsi zuwa gabas da bi zuwa yamma. Yana yana can, a fadin Atlantic, ya bukaci navigator ya tallafa, Sarkin Spain, shi ne a cinkin ƙasar sandalwood da yaji. Kuma har yanzu ina roƙe kudi ga balaguro kayan aiki. A 1492, Columbus haye Atlantic da kuma bude wani babban Antilles. Wannan nasara da ya yarda da shi to ba biyu mafi expeditions. A 1498 Columbus ya gano tsibirin Trinidad. The ruwa a cikin teku kashe ta Coast matuƙan da jũna overly Salted. Irin wannan insipidity iya kawai gudanar da wani sosai manyan nahiyar kogin - yanke shawarar admiral. Ya jirãge shiga bakin Orinoco da kuma bincika cikin Coast ta Kudu Amurka up zuwa Paria sashin.

Expeditions Amerigo Vespucci

Portuguese mulki, gane nasarar Spanish explorers, a kudancin Amirka, (sai tunani shi ne - da kasashen yammacin tekun na India), ya sanye take ta uku transatlantic balaguro. Su umarci navigator Amerigo Vespucci. Ya bai iyakance kansa ruwa tare da bakin tekun, kuma suka aikata intrepid yin yawo m. A sakamakon haka, ya gano da kuma bayyana Brazilian tsaunuka, da ƙananan Hakika na Amazon kogin da kuma bay, inda yanzu tsaye birnin Rio de Janeiro. Vespucci hankali ya fara azãba shakka. India newfound ƙasa sun quite daban-daban. Ya rubuta zuwa mahaifarsa a 1503, da cewa shi ne - "The sabon bangare na duniya." Kuma cewa suna makale. Arewa da kuma Kudancin Amirka har yanzu ake kira "Indies" da "New World".

Amerigo Vespucci taimako ne invaluable. Shi ne ya yi ya ba da Turawa sanin wanzuwar wani sabon nahiyar. Saboda haka, sunansa ne da aka ba biyu da babban yankin. Tuni a 1507 Cartographer daga Lorraine Martin Waldseemüller christened kudancin nahiyar "America" (Latinized haruffan "Amerigo"). A 1538, da sunan yada zuwa arewacin nahiyar.

A shahararre ƙasar El Dorado

Wahayi zuwa gare ta nasarar da Portuguese explorers, a kudancin Amurka, wanda jiragen ruwa koma, loaded tare da zinariya, a cikin shekaru 1522-58 zuwa New World kuma kai Spanish explorers. A karkashin inuwar na lura da gida kabilan ga bangaskiyar Kirista, suka fara kame ƙasar. Wannan ci (a cikin Spanish "Conquista") tare da kisan kare-dangi na mutane a kan wuta, looting da kuma sauran tashin hankali. Turawa yi imani da cewa wani sabon nahiyar - Golden Land, El Dorado. Amma tare da conquistadors da addini yan ta'adda a kudancin Amirka zo da real masu bincike, da linzaman taswira, ta kwatanta a baya ba a sani ba jinsunan tsirrai da dabbobi, da karatu da kwastan da al'adu na gida kabilu. Ta hanyar Isthmus of Panama da kuma Spain tsinkãyi gabar yammacin kasar. Expeditions Andagoya P. (1522), F. Pizarro (1527), D. Almagro (1537), P. Valdivia (1540s), Ladrilero H. (1558), P. Pedro Sarmiento de Gamboa (1580) sun ci gaba a fadin Pacific kamar yadda ya zuwa yanzu kudu a matsayin Chile.

Discoverers da explorers ta Kudu Amurka

Ba wai kawai da Spain da kuma Portuguese dauki bangare a cikin mamaye na sabon asashe. Jamus bankers Ehinger, Welser da sauransu samu a 1528 da Sarkin sarakuna Charles na biyar izinin kafa mulkin mallaka da arewa-maso-gabashin tekun na Kudancin Amirka, da ke da iyaka da Caribbean Sea. Faransa da Netherlands ne ma "ware" kansa a kan wani yanki na sabuwar ƙasar. J. Birtaniya sailors. Davis, R. kuma J. Hawkins. Strong bude Falkland Islands. A Yaren mutanen Holland Schouten W. kuma J. Lemaire a 1616 taso keya Cape Kakakin. Zari janyo hankalin da Spanish conquistadors m. A search na almara zinariya mine suka haye Northwest Andes da kuma saukar zuwa da Amazon yankin. Spanish da Portuguese explorers da matafiya a kudancin Amirka, suka shiga kogin Rio de la Plata tasa, ya bayyana Parana, da Gran Chaco, Paraguay. Da farko haye nahiyar daga Pacific zuwa cikin tekun Atlantic balaguro F. Orellana a 1541.

Kimiyya masu bincike a kudancin Amirka da kuma su binciken

Babban manufar duk da manufa aka ambata a sama da aka kama sabon asashe. Kimiyya da bincike (Taswirar, bayanin abin da ya gani a kan hanya) da aka za'ayi kawai saboda ya taimaka inganta conquistadors tawagar. Amma tare da zuwan da haske burin majagaba canza. A farko tsanani kimiyya masu bincike a kudancin Amirka yi imani da Jamusanci Aleksandra Gumboldta da Aimé Bonpland Faransa. Shekaru biyar (daga 1799 zuwa 1804.) Su ciyar a kan babban yankin, tara tarin shuke-shuke, da dabbobi da kuma ma'adanai. Bayan da cewa Alexander von Humboldt ciyar da shekara talatin rubutu game da grand 30-girma aiki "Journey ga equinoctial (watau Equatorial) New World ƙasar."

sauran bincike

M maps of nahiyar mu bashi da Turanci balaguro R. Fitzroy da kuma F. Sarki. A cikin karni na sha tara, a lokacin da arewacin Amurka nahiyar an ƙware, kudancin - saboda m jungles kuma high duwãtsu - zauna unexplored. Kuma da "Terra incognita" ishãra masana kimiyya daga kasashe daban-daban. A cikin XIX karni da aka sani masu bincike irin wannan babban yankin kudancin Amurka, da Jamus W. Eschwege K. Stein, Faransa Jean Saint-Hilaire kuma A. curls, Austrians da Bavarians J. Natterer, J. Paul, I. kuma K. Martius Magana, Birtaniya J .. Wells, W. Chandless, G. Bates kuma A. Wallace. An invaluable taimako ga nazarin sabuwar ƙasar kawo Charles Darwin. Yana yanayi ne na kudancin Amirka, ya sa masana kimiyya yi tunani game da juyin ci gaban rayuwa a duniya.

Rasha balaguro zuwa ɓangaren duniya

A ziyararsa ta farko da ya faru a 1822-28, bi da bi. Rasha ilimi hadaddun balaguro jagorancin GI Langsdorf. Its mambobi karatu ciki yankuna na Brazil. A wannan binciken kimiyya a nahiyar ba ƙare. Irin wannan Rasha explorers ta Kudu Amurka a matsayin A. S. Ionin, N. M. Albov, G. Manizer, A. I. Voeykov bayyana labarin kasa, da sauyin yanayi, al'adu, kabilu, Flora da fauna na Tierra del Fuego. Halittu, NI Vavilov ziyarci nahiyar a 1932-33. da kuma gano asalin daban-daban m shuke-shuke.