Dindindin juyin juya halin: da definition, da asali ra'ayoyi da mawallafa da kuma magoya bayan. Leon Trotsky

Mene ne Dindindin juyin juya halin? Wanda ya rubuta game da shi? A wadannan da sauran tambayoyi za mu amsa a wannan labarin. An yi imani da cewa wannan lokaci ne ya gabatar da Leo Trotsky. Amma a cikin Rasha harshen, wannan magana zo godiya G. V. Plehanovu, wanda ya rubuta game da "m juyin juya halin" a cikin 12th batun na "Datebook Social-Democrat" (Yuni 1910). Wannan mutumin kafa Social Democratic-motsi a Rasha. A cikin rubuce-rubucen, sai ya yi amfani da kalmar Karla Marksa (1918-1883 shekaru) - mutu juyin juya halin a Permanenz (wanda bai yankẽwa juyin juya halin) cewa shi ya zo sama tare.

bayyanar

Yadda ya yi da kalmar "m juyin juya halin"? A farko Trotsky a 1905 ya rubuta game da "juyin juya halin Musulunci maras iyaka" da "ci gaba da juyin juya halin" ( "The Farko" jarida, Nuwamba 8). A jumlar "m juyin juya halin", sai ya fara amfani da bayan Fabrairu 1917, a lokacin da a cikin mujallar, "Abin da na gaba?" Published a slogan na "m juyin mulki a kan m kashe!". A 1932 ya wallafa littafi game da wannan sabon abu, da kuma sabon wa'adi fara sadarwa kawai da sunan Trotsky.

Kamar yadda sarcasm, da magana yana nufin a shafe tsawon aiwatar da gyare-gyare, canji da sauransu.

ka'idar

Mene ne ka'idar m juyin juya halin? Wannan rukunan da samuwar tsari na 'yan tawayen a cikin underdeveloped da kuma na gefe kasashen. An farko samarwa da Engels, kuma Marx, daga baya bada haske Lvom Trotskim, Vladimir Lenin, Ernest Mendel da sauran akidar Karl Marx akida (ciki har da wadanda Trotskyist mawallafa kamar Dzhozef Hansen, Michael Levy, Livio Majtán).

harshe

Kamar yadda m juyin juya halin da aka fassara ta kafa Markisanci? The sosai image wannan sabon abu da aka bayyana Fridrihom Engelsom da Karlom Marksom a farkon 1840 a cikin "kwaminis Shelar" da "Message na kwamitin tsakiya na kwaminis League." The halitta na Markisanci yi imani da cewa aiwatar da mulkin demokra] iyya-bourgeois juyin juya hali, da ma'aikatan bai tsaya a cimma wata sauki raga.

An sani cewa bourgeoisie neman sauri gama tawaye. Kuma da proletariat zamar masa dole ya yi wannan tsari m muddin mallakan azuzuwan ba za a iya cire daga jirgi har da ma'aikatan bai ci nasara a jihar iko. Friedrich Engels , kuma Karl Marx nace a kan jituwa ta neman sauyi yunkuri na manoma, da kuma proletarian juyin juya halin.

Lenin ta wuri

By da Kalmar "m juyin juya halin" da kuma wani amfani a Lenin. Lenin jãyayya da cewa halin da ake ciki a Rasha bourgeois-demokra] iyya juyin juya halin iya ci gaba a cikin wani gurguzu tawaye. Wannan nuance ne zai yiwu a cikin ra'ayi na musamman yanayi a kasar na jari hujja - samuwar da dual irin bambance-bambance biyu tsakanin samuwar masu tasowa tsarin jari hujja da kuma serfdom sharan gona, da kuma a cikin tsarin da kanta.

A wannan halin da ake ciki, da bourgeoisie da proletariat, karkashin jagorancin juyin juya halin Musulunci jam'iyyar, shi ne wani ci-gaba da karfi na juyin juya halin. Manoma, wanda yake so ya taimake tawaye a cimma burinta, musamman don ya hallaka landlordism, ya jiɓinci da ma'aikata.

Lenin ta ra'ayi ne quite sabon abu. Ya yi imani da cewa jigon escalating da bourgeois-demokra] iyya juyin juya halin cikin gurguzu sojojin ne gyara daga cikin tsarin da aiki aji a kusa da ƙarshen mulkin demokra]-bourgeois juyin juya halin. Ya bayar da hujjar cewa idan da mulkin demokra]-bourgeois proletariat tawaye faruwa a ƙawance da duk growers, sa'an nan nan da nan wuce zuwa gurguzu juyin juya halin da ma'aikata dole ne kawai tare da karkara da kuma sauran talakawa, da raunana abubuwa. Democratic-neman sauyi mulkin kama karya na ma'aikata da manoma daure su dauki tsari na gurguzu mulkin kama karya na proletariat.

A ra'ayi na canji na bourgeois-demokra] iyya tawaye a gurguzu aka halitta a 1905 ta Lenin a cikin ayyukansu "mulkin demokra] iyya neman sauyi mulkin kama karya na ma'aikata da manoma", "Biyu rawar daji na zamantakewa dimokuradiyya a mulkin demokra] iyya tawaye" da sauransu. Lenin daukarsa gurguzu da kuma bourgeois-demokra] iyya da juyin juya halin da sassa biyu na daya sarkar. Bugu da ƙari, cikin biyu tawaye bi da su kamar yadda guda shakka.

Da begen duniya tawaye

Ka'idar juyin juya halin m - mai matukar ban sha'awa da koyarwa. An sani cewa samuwar Lenin contemplated kungiyar 'yan tawayen a cikin mahallin na kabilanci neman sauyi a harkokinta. Ya ga cikakken shiri na gurguzanci shi ne ta hanyar da duk duniya anti-imperialist hanya.

A kowane daga cikin ayyukansa na Vladimir Ulyanov shigar da Oktoba juyin juya halin a neman sauyi duniya mahallin. Ko da yake, kamar yadda Trotsky rubuta a yawan ayyukan game da Soviet Jamhuriyar matsayin duniya na juyi kagara.

Social Democrats duba

A ra'ayin na dindindin juyin juya hali, da Mensheviks sun kuma sha'awar a Rasha da kuma kasashen yammacin Social Democrats. A cikin view nuna da ra'ayin cewa aiki ajin a cikin hukumar na gurguzu tawaye resists duk ba proletarian azuzuwan, ciki har da 'yan adawa ga peasantry.

Domin wannan dalilin ga babban rabo na gurguzu tawaye, yafi a Rasha, bayan da yi na bourgeois-demokra] iyya juyin juya halin dole dauki lokaci mai tsawo har da yawan da yawan ba juya zuwa proletarians kuma ma'aikatan ba su kasance masu rinjaye a jihar. Idan ma'aikata ne bai isa ba, wani m tawaye yana wanzuwa ga gazawar.

Trotsky ra'ayi

A wani juya da kansa ra'ayi na hange na dindindin tawaye, Trotsky ya bayyana, ya riga ya shirya a 1905, wani sabon fassarar shi. Daya daga cikin mafi muhimman sassa na manufar juyin juya halin shi ne ka'idar hade ci gaba. Marxists kafin 1905 aka bincikar ta aiwatar da gurguzu tawaye a ci-gaba jari hujja kasashen.

A daidai da Trotskii, a wani fiye ko žasa m kasashe irin su Rasha, wanda ya kwanan nan fito gaba daya proletariat aiwatar ci gaba da kuma masana'antu, shi yiwuwa a yi juyin juya hali saboda tarihi Socialist rashin ƙarfi bourgeoisie yi mulkin demokra-Bourgeois bukatun.

A cikin rubuce-rubucen, Leon Trotsky rubuta cewa siyasa gazawarsa na bourgeoisie aka kai tsaye ƙaddara da hanyar da dangantaka da peasantry da proletariat. Ya da'awar cewa marigayi Rasha tawayen ba kawai matsala na Chronology, amma kuma da jin kwanda na ginin zamantakewa na al'umma.

Saboda haka, mun riga gano cewa Trotsky - wani mai goyon bayan ka'idar m juyin juya halin. Very da sauri ya fara samar da shi bayan da Oktoba tawaye na 1917. Trotsky musanta gama da gurguzu hali na yi tawaye, ya bayyana hakan ne kawai a matsayin wani mataki na farko a kan hanyar zuwa gurguzu tawaye a kasashen yamma da kuma a duniya. Ya ce cewa gurguzanci zai iya lashe a Soviet Rasha kawai a lokacin da gurguzu fitina ya zama dindindin, da aka shiga a cikin babban kasashen Turai, inda da proletariat ne lashe na West zai taimaka da Rasha ma'aikacin shirya a yaki da tsaurin ya azuzuwan, sa'an nan kuma zai yiwu a gina kwaminisanci da gurguzanci a kan wani duniya sikelin. Ya ga wannan sakamako tawaye saboda da kananan yawan Rasha proletariat da na zama a Rasha wata babbar taro na tausayin bourgeois da yanayi da hatsi growers.

Rawar da yankunan karkara mazauna

Sau da yawa da ka'idar m juyin juya halin na Trotsky soki ga cewa marubucin wai underestimates rawar da peasantry. A gaskiya ma, ya kasance sosai a cikin rubuce-rubucen da ya ce, ma'aikatan ba za su iya gudanar da wani gurguzu tawaye, ba tare da goyon bayan manoma. Trotsky shelanta cewa, kasancewa kawai wani karami ɓangare na Rasha al'umma, aiki ajin iya kai wani tawaye ga emancipation na peasantry kuma game da shi kafin su sami yardar manoma a matsayin wani ɓangare na juyin juya hali, a cikin goyon bayan da za su dõgara.

A daidai wannan lokaci da proletariat saboda sirri bukatun da su inganta yanayin zai nemi su yi irin wannan juyin juya halin Musulunci canje-canje, wanda zai ba kawai cika da aiki na wani bourgeois juyin juya hali, amma kuma kai ga samuwar na aiki iko.

A lokaci guda, Trotsky shelanta cewa proletariat za a tilasta yin aji adawa a kauyen, don haka da cewa zai zama wani take hakkin da cewa al'umma na amfani, wanda shi ne haƙĩƙa samuwa ga duk manoma, amma a gwada kunkuntar kewayo. A ma'aikata da a cikin na farko lokacin da sarautar, to ka nemi taimako a cikin adawa na yankunan karkara kauyukan arziki, aikin gona proletariat - hlebopasheskoy bourgeoisie.

Hukuncin ka'idar a cikin Tarayyar Soviet

Saboda haka, ka riga ya san cewa marubucin ka'idar da m juyin juya halin a Rasha - Trotsky. A Tarayyar Soviet, ya koyar da aka hukunta a gun cikakken zaman taron na tsakiya Control Hukumar na RCP (B) kwamitin tsakiya da ƙuduri na Trotsky ta magana, wadda aka soma a shekara ta 1925, a Janairu 17, kazalika da a cikin "theses a kan ayyuka na Rasha jam'iyyar kwaminis (Bolsheviks) da kuma Comintern", soma 14 th zaman na RCP (b) "a fronderskom kungiyar a CPSU (b)." Similar mafita da aka soma a duk Semi-hukuma kwaminis jam'iyyun, kasancewa memba na Comintern.

Policy wannan shiri a kasar Sin ya kai tsaye dalilin tallace sanarwa na Trotsky ta rukunan m juyin juya halin da kuma zargi da Stalinist fassarar da "matakai na neman sauyi motsi." Shi ne a cikin wannan kasar, Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta Sin a kan umarni na Moscow kokarin haifar da wani ƙawance da bourgeoisie Mutane - na farko tare da jagorancin Kuomintang (shugaban Chan Kayshi), amma bayan da Shanghai da kisan kiyashin da na shekara ta 1927, wanda ya faru saboda laifi, - Van Tszinveyem ( "Hagu jam'iyyar Guomindang").

al'amurra da Tarayyar Soviet

Kamar yadda m juyin juya halin zai iya shafar ci gaban Tarayyar Soviet? A definition da wannan tsari ya sa mutane da yawa zuwa ga tunani. Magoya bayan m tawaye aka dauke da gina gurguzanci a guda Rasha "mutane daya-gefe", a tashi daga cikin muhimman hakkokin ra'ayoyi na proletarian Solidarity.

Trotskyists ce cewa idan a nan gaba bayan da Oktoba tawayen a West fi juyin juya halin na aiki aji a cikin Tarayyar Soviet a fara "maimaitawa jari hujja."

Trotsky jãyayya da cewa Tarayyar Soviet ta fito daga Oktoba juyin juya halin a matsayin aiki iko. Re-sayar da kamfanonin da nufin samar da wani zama dole yanayin ga gurguzu ci gaba. Yana bude yiwuwar m girma na m sojojin. The na'urar aiki a halin yanzu kasar ta juya a cikin wani makami na komai haqqinsa tashin hankali a kan aiki aji, kuma mafi - a cikin wani kayan aiki don ɓarna da gangan da tattalin arziki. Okazonivanie wani ya zama ruwan dare da kuma koma-baya kasa aiki da canji na burokrasi cikin wani dukkan-m galihu caste ne mafi kalubale ma'ana m gurguzanci a guda ƙasar.

Trotsky ayyana cewa Soviet gwamnatin ne, saboda haka, na mugayen rikici. Amma har yanzu ya kasance a degenerated ma'aikata 'kasa. Wannan ne zaman jama'a ra'ayi. The siyasa labari yana da multivariate hali: ko dai burokrasi sunã taimakon da kasar baya ga tsarin jari hujja, yin karan kan sabon iri na dukiya, ko da proletariat halaka da burokrasi da zai bude hanya ga gurguzanci.

Juyin Halitta daga koyarwar

Ta yaya ne da ci gaban da ka'idar bayan yakin duniya na II? Wannan koyaswar ci gaba wajen samar da yawa bar akidar Karl Marx theorists a cikin kasashen na kudu maso gabashin Asiya, yammacin Turai, ta Kudu da kuma Arewacin Amirka, inda akwai Trotskyist samuwar. A tsakiyar karni XX akwai wani tashin anti-mulkin mallaka. A wannan mataki na hudu International bincika juyin halitta daga cikin neman sauyi ƙungiyoyi a duniya masu tasowa, musamman a cikin Cuban da kuma Algeria juyin.

A daya daga cikin congresses na hudu International a shekarar 1963 shi soma wani ƙuduri "muhimmancin duniya juyin juya halin a yau." Its mawallafa sun Ernest Mandel (shugaba na Belgium naúrar) da kuma Dzhozef Hansen (memba na management Amurka Socialist Ma'aikata 'Party).

A yanke shawara ya bayyana cewa, uku rinjaye sojojin na duniya juyin juya halin - siyasa haddin shari'a cikin maras kyau ma'aikata 'iko, da mulkin mallaka tawaye da kuma proletarian tawaye a jari hujja kasashen - samar da wata muhawarar jam'iyya. Kowace daga cikin wadannan sojojin rinjayar da sauran, kuma a cikin sama sami wani iko impetus ga ta nan gaba cin ko braking. Da bata lokaci ba na proletarian tawayen a cikin bourgeois iko, ba shakka, ya hana mulkin mallaka juyin juya halin zo ka hau kan gurguzu hanya haka sane da sauri kamar yadda zai yiwu a karkashin matsin lamba na Kawasaki ma'aikata a raya ƙasashe ko da nasara juyin juya halin Musulunci tawaye. Wannan jinkiri ma ya hana a ci gaba da siyasar tawaye a cikin Tarayyar Soviet, ciki har da saboda gaskiyar cewa Soviet ma'aikata ba gani kafin shi da misali na multivariate zuwa ga halittar gurguzanci.

Bukharin

Kalmar "m juyin juya halin" Bukharin kuma sha'awar. A kasida kishin Oktoba juyin juya hali, a farkon 1918, ya rubuta cewa fall na imperialist gwamnatin shirya duk gabata neman sauyi tarihi. Ya bayar da hujjar cewa wannan ƙi, kuma da rabo na aiki aji, da goyan bayan da karkara, da nasara, wanda ya bude a lokaci daya da marasa iyaka sãsanni da na dukan duniya, ba farkon Organic zamanin. A Rasha proletariat tamkar sharply kamar yadda abada, da aiki na kasa da kasa da juyin juya halin. A dukan hadaddun na dangantakar, ya samo asali a Turai, abu don makawa karshen. Saboda haka, m juyin juya halin a Rasha canza kama zuwa wani Turai juyin juya halin na proletariat.

Ya yi imani da cewa foda keg na Turai jefa jini haihuwa mika wutar Rasha Socialist tawaye. Shi bai mutu ba. Ya bunƙasa. Yana yana faɗaɗa. Kuma shi zai babu makawa ci tare da babban rabo tawaye na duniya proletariat.

A gaskiya ma, Bukharin ya da nisa daga gurguzu tsarin a wani sarki kasar. Kowa ya sani cewa shi ne babban sharhi na yakin da Trotskyism, an tarke su cikin yaƙi da manufar m juyin juya halin. Amma a baya, a lokacin da magma neman sauyi tawayen ya ba da lokaci su kwantar more, Bukharin, shi dai itace ba ya nema ya kimanta da juyin mulki daban-daban wording fiye da daya a kan abin da shi ne a cikin 'yan shekaru da zuwa yakar.

Bukharin ta kasida da aka yi da jam'iyyar kwamitin tsakiya, "Surf." Babu wanda ya ayyana shi karkata. A akasin wannan, duk gan shi ba a undisputed da hukuma magana ra'ayi na Majalisar Tsakiya ta jam'iyyar. Kasida a wannan nau'i Aka sake buga shi sau da dama a kan shekaru masu zuwa, kuma tare da wani ɗan littafi sadaukar da Fabrairu tawaye, a karkashin general suna "Daga rushewar autocracy zuwa faduwar bourgeoisie", da aka fassara a cikin Faransanci, Jamusanci, Ingilishi da kuma sauran harsuna.

A cikin shekaru 1923-1924, mutane da yawa suka yi muhawara da Trotskyism. Wadannan rigingimu halakar da yawa daga abin da aka gina ta Oktoba juyin juya halin, leaked zuwa ga karatu da dakuna, dakunan karatu, jaridu da kuma binne m yawan takardun da suka shafi cikin mafi girma epoch a cikin ci gaban da juyin juya halin da kuma jam'iyyar. Yau, wadannan takardun da sake gina yanki da yanki, mu tuna da tsohon kwanaki.

yi

Saboda haka, ku sani, cewa da hange na duniya juyin juya halin shi ne riya. A yi, da rukunan da m juyin mulki mallaki peculiar look. Sukar da ka'idar Trotsky, Radek (Soviet siyasa) shiga ta kuma "dabara, wanda ya bi daga gare shi." Wannan ne mai matukar muhimmanci Bugu da kari. Open tattaunawa na 'Trotskyism' a kan wannan tambaya prudently iyakance rukunan. Amma Radek bai isa ba. Ya aka fada a kan Bolshevik diplomasiyya layi a kasar Sin. Ya o ƙarin bata wannan hanya da ka'idar m zãluncinsu, kuma shi yana bukatar ya tabbatar da cewa wannan rukunan a baya gudana ba daidai ba dabara line.

Radek masu karatu ne m. Zai yiwu bai san tarihin juyin juya halin, wanda ya taba aka hannu da kaina. Amma ya fili bai dame su duba tambaya a kan takardun.

Tarihi ba ya je da wata mike layin. Wani lokacin ta samun shiga daban-daban matattu iyakar.