Oscillating kewaye - wannan shi ne ... A manufa na aiki

Oscillating kewaye - a na'urar domin samar (samar) na electromagnetic oscillations. Daga lokacin da aka kafa wa yau shi ne a yi amfani da yawa kimiyya da fasaha jere daga rayuwar yau da kullum ga manyan masana'antu da samar sosai daban-daban kayayyakin.

Na abin da yake kunshi?

A oscillation kewaye hada da wani nada da kuma wani capacitor. Bugu da kari, akwai iya zama ba resistor (m juriya kashi). An inductor (ko solenoid, kamar yadda wani lokacin ake kira) ne sanda a kan abin da windings ake rauni da dama yadudduka, wanda kullum ne mai jan waya. Shi ne wannan kashi halitta oscillations a oscillatory kewaye. A mashaya, located in tsakiyar, sau da yawa ake kira shaƙa, ko cibiya, da kuma nada wani lokacin ake kira da solenoid.

oscillating kewaye nada halitta oscillations kawai idan Adana cajin. Lokacin da wucewa a halin yanzu ta hanyar shi, shi accumulates mai cajin wanda sa'an nan ba su da kewaye a lokacin da ƙarfin lantarki saukad.

nada wayoyi kullum da sosai low juriya, wanda ko da yaushe ya kasance m. A oscillation kewaye kewaye sau da yawa yakan faru canji a irin ƙarfin lantarki da kuma amperage. Wannan canji ne batun wasu ilmin lissafi dokokin:

• U = U ₀ * cos (w * (TT _0), inda
  U - ƙarfin lantarki a lokacin t,
  U ₀ - ƙarfin lantarki a lokacin t _0,
  w - mita electromagnetic oscillations.

Wani muhimmin bangare ne na kewaye shi ne wani lantarki capacitor. Wannan kashi kunshi biyu faranti wadda aka rabu da wani dielectric. A kauri daga cikin Layer tsakanin wayoyin ne kasa da su size. Wannan zane damar zuwa tara a-insulator wutar lantarki, wanda za ka iya sa'an nan ka aika zuwa ga kewaye.

Ba kamar capacitor baturi ne cewa babu wani hira na abubuwa da lantarki, da kuma a can ne kai tsaye jari na cajin a wani lantarki filin. Kamar wancan ne, via da capacitor iya zama manyan isa tara da cajin, wanda za a iya ba, jimla guda. A wannan yanayin, yanzu a kewaye da aka ƙwarai karu.

Har ila yau, oscillation kewaye aka yi sama da daya fiye da kashi: a resistor. Wannan kashi na da juriya da kuma ga iko na yanzu da kuma irin ƙarfin lantarki a cikin kewaye. Idan a wani m ƙarfin lantarki don kara juriya na resistor, yanzu zai ragu da Ohm da dokar ta:

• I = U / R, inda
  I - yanzu,
  U - ƙarfin lantarki,
  R - juriya.

inductor

Bari mu dauki wani kusa look at duk cikakkun bayanai na inductor da kyau zai fahimci ta aiki a cikin resonant kewaye. Kamar yadda muka ce, da juriya da wannan kashi o ƙarin tabbatar da sifili. Saboda haka, a lokacin da aka haɗa a DC kewaye zai faru short-circuiting. Duk da haka, idan nada alaka da AC kewaye, yana aiki daidai. Wannan take kaiwa ga ƙarasawa da cewa, kashi yana da wani jure alternating halin yanzu.

Amma me ya sa wannan yake da faruwa da kuma yadda juriya faruwa a lokacin wani alternating halin yanzu? Don amsa wannan tambaya muna bukatar juya ga sabon abu na kai-inductance. Tare da nassi daga cikin nada halin yanzu a cikin shi akwai wata electromotive karfi (EMF), wanda halitta wani cikas ga halin yanzu canji. The girma na wannan karfi dogara a kan abubuwa guda biyu: da nada halin yanzu da kuma wanda aka samu game da lokaci. Shifran, wannan dogaro da aka bayyana, ta lissafi:

• E = -L * I '(t), inda
  E - EMF,
  L - inductance darajar da nada (ga kowane nada shi ne daban-daban da kuma dogara a kan yawan windings na coils da su kauri)
  Ina '(t) - lokaci wanda aka samu da na yanzu (yanzu canji rate).

DC Power a kan lokaci ba ya canja, sai ta juriya lokacin da fallasa su tashi.

Amma a AC duk da sigogi ake kullum canja a sinusoidal ko cosine dokar, haddasa electromotive karfi, wanda ya hana wadannan canje-canje. Irin tsayin dakan da aka kira shigar da kuma lasafta ta da dabara:

• X = _L w * _L, inda
  w - mita oscillation kewaye,
  L - inductance na nada.

A halin yanzu tsanani a cikin solenoid linearly qara da kuma rage-rage bisa ga daban-daban dokokin. Wannan yana nufin cewa idan ka dakatar da kwarara daga yanzu a nada, shi zai ci gaba don wani lokaci ya ba da cajin a cikin kewaye. Kuma idan wannan abruptly soke kwarara daga yanzu, akwai za a harbe daga gaskiya cewa cajin zai yi kokarin fita da za a rarraba nada. Wannan shi ne - mai babbar matsala a cikin masana'antu samar. Wannan sakamako (ko da yake ba duka alaka da oscillation kewaye) za a iya lura, misali, a lokacin da cire toshe daga soket. A wannan yanayin skips da tartsatsi cewa a kan irin wannan sikelin ba zai iya cutar da wani mutum. Shi ne saboda gaskiyar cewa Magnetic filin ba bace nan da nan, amma sannu a hankali dissipated, inducing igiyoyin a cikin wasu conductors. A wani masana'antu sikelin yanzu ƙarfi ne, sau da yawa ya fi girma fiye da mu saba 220 volts, don haka katsewa a samar sarkar iya haifar da tartsatsi da irin wannan karfi da cewa zai sa mai yawa cutar da duka biyu da shuka da kuma mutumin.

Nada - ne kafuwar cewa daga abin da oscillation kewaye ne. Inductor hada solenoids sequentially kara. Next, mun dauki kusa look at duk cikakkun bayanai na tsarin cewa kashi.

Mene ne inductance?

Inductance nada oscillating kewaye - shi ne wani mutum da siga da cewa shi ne numerically daidaita da electromotive karfi (a volts), wanda ya auku a wani rangadi a lokacin da na yanzu bambancin da 1 A for 1 biyu. Idan solenoid an haɗa zuwa DC kewaye, ta inductance bayyana makamashi na Magnetic filin, wanda aka halitta da wannan halin yanzu da dabara:

• W = (L * I ²⁾ / 2, inda
  W - Magnetic filin makamashi.

inductance coefficient dogara a kan da yawa dalilai: da lissafi na solenoid, Magnetic halaye na da zuciyar da kuma na yawan coils na waya. Wata sifa ta wannan nuna alama shi ne cewa shi ne ko da yaushe m, saboda canji kan abin da ya dogara, ba zai iya zama korau.

A inductance kuma za a iya bayyana a matsayin mallakar wani shugaba tare da wani halin yanzu kantin sayar da makamashi a wani Magnetic filin. An auna a Henry (mai suna bayan da American masanin kimiyya Dzhozefa Genri).

Bugu da ƙari solenoid oscillation kewaye kunshi wani capacitor, wanda za a tattauna nana.

Electric capacitor

Capacitance ne m da oscillator kewaye capacitance lantarki capacitor. Its bayyanar da aka rubuta a sama. Yanzu Bari mu bincika kimiyyar lissafi na matakai da faruwa a shi.

Tun da capacitor faranti ake yi na wani shugaba, to, zai iya daga ƙarƙashinsu lantarki a halin yanzu. Duk da haka, tsakanin biyu faranti ne cikas. Insulator (za su iya zama iska, itace, ko wani abu da high juriya Saboda gaskiya cewa cajin ba zai iya motsawa daga daya karshen da waya zuwa wasu, akwai wani jari da shi zuwa ga capacitor faranti haka qara Magnetic da wutar lantarki. gonakin da suke kusa da shi. Saboda haka, a ƙarshe na cajin fitowa duk wutar lantarki tara a kan faranti, ta fara da za a daukar kwayar cutar zuwa da kewaye.

Kowane capacitor yana da wani rated ƙarfin lantarki, mafi kyau duka domin ta aiki. Idan ka dogon to amfani da kashi a wani irin ƙarfin lantarki mafi girma fiye da maras muhimmanci, da rayuwa ne ƙwarai rage. A capacitor da oscillatory kewaye ne kullum shafi igiyoyin da haka a lokacin da aka zaba ya kamata sosai da hankali.

Bugu da kari da na al'ada capacitors, wanda aka tattauna, akwai kuma lantarki biyu Layer capacitors. Wannan shi ne mafi hadaddun kashi: shi za a iya bayyana a matsayin mai giciye tsakanin wani baturi da wani capacitor. Yawanci, da dielectric a lantarki biyu Layer capacitors ne kwayoyin abubuwa, tsakanin wanda shi ne wani electrolyte. Tare da suke haifar da wani lantarki biyu Layer, wanda damar zuwa tara a cikin wannan zane a sau fiye da makamashi fiye da wata al'ada capacitor.

Mene ne damar da capacitor?

Capacitance na capacitor ne rabo na capacitor cajin wani irin ƙarfin lantarki a wadda take. Lissafta wannan darajar iya zama mai sauqi qwarai da taimakon wani ilmin lissafi dabara:

• C = (e ₀ * S) / d, inda
  e ₀ - dielectric akai na dielectric abu (tabular darajar)
  S - yanki na capacitor faranti,
  d - da nisa tsakanin faranti.

A dogara da capacitance na capacitor da nisa tsakanin wayoyin da aka bayyana da sabon abu na electrostatic shigar da shi ne kasa da nisa tsakanin faranti, da karin da suka shafi juna (coulomb), da girma da cajin wayoyin da kasa danniya. Kuma a lõkacin da ƙarfin lantarki darajar da damar ƙaruwa, tun da shi kuma za a iya bayyana ta da wadannan dabara:

• C = q / U, inda
  q - da cajin a coulombs.

Shi ne ya yi magana game da raka'a ji wannan yawa. Capacitance aka auna a farads. 1 farad - isasshe manyan darajar, don haka data kasance capacitors (ba supercapacitors) sun mai capacitance auna a picofarads (daya trillionth farad).

resistor

A halin yanzu a cikin resonant kewaye kuma ya dogara da juriya na kewaye. Kuma baicinsu biyu da aka bayyana abubuwa da yin up wani oscillating kewaye (nada, capacitor), akwai wani na uku - a resistor. Shi ne da alhakin samar da ja. Resistor bambanta daga wasu abubuwa a cewa yana da wani babban juriya, wanda za a iya bambanta a wasu model. A resonant kewaye shi aikin da ikon kula da aikin na Magnetic filin. Yana yiwuwa a gama da dama resistors a jerin ko layi daya, game da shi kara da juriya na kewaye.

Da juriya da wannan kashi kuma ya dogara da yawan zafin jiki, don haka kula ya kamata a dauka don ta aiki a kewaye, tun lokacin da aka kona a lokacin da nassi na yanzu.

Da juriya da aka auna a ohms, kuma da darajar za a iya lasafta ta yin amfani da dabara:

• R = (p * l) / S, inda
  p - abu resistivity resistor (auna a (ohm * mm ²⁾ / m).
  l - tsawon na resistors (a mita).
  S - bangaranci area (a cikin square millimeters).

Yadda ƙulla wani madauki sigogi?

Yanzu mun zo kusa da kimiyyar lissafi na aiki na oscillatory kewaye. A kan lokaci da cajin a kan capacitor faranti ya canjãwa bisa ga biyu-domin bambanci lissafi.

Idan ka shirya wannan lissafi, yakan haifar da wasu ban sha'awa dabarbari kwatanta matakai da faruwa a cikin kewaye. Alal misali, a cyclic mita za a iya bayyana cikin sharuddan capacitance da inductance.

Duk da haka, mafi sauki dabara da damar yin lissafi da yawa unknowns - Thomson lissafi (mai suna bayan da Birtaniya likita William Thomson, suka kawo ta a cikin 1853):

• T = 2 * f * (L * C) ^1/2.
  T - tsakanin electromagnetic oscillations,
  L kuma C - daidai da, da inductance na oscillating kewaye nada da kuma a capacitance kewaye kashi,
  n - yawan pi.

ingancin factor

Akwai wani muhimmanci yawa characterizing da kwane-kwane na aikin - da ingancin factor. Domin ya fahimci abin da shi ne, ya kamata ka koma ga wannan tsari kamar yadda wani rawa. Wannan sabon abu, a cikin abin da mawadãta zama matsakaicin ikon a akai darajar, wanda shi ne mai lilo goyon baya. Rawa iya bayyana tare da wani sauki misali: idan ka fara tura lilo zuwa kidan na mita, su za a kara, da kuma "mawadãta" zai kara. Amma idan ba ka tura kidan, za su rage gudu. A rawa, sau da yawa ya lullube dukkanin makamashi mai yawa. Domin a iya yin lissafi da darajar hasara, mun ƙirƙira siga kamar da ingancin factor. Yana da wani coefficient daidaita da rabo daga makamashi, dake a cikin tsarin, to asarar faruwa a lokacin daya sake zagayowar a cikin kewaye.

kewaye ingancin factor da aka lasafta bisa ga dabara:

• Q = (w ₀ * W) / P, inda
  w ₀ - rawa kusurwa mita na oscillations.
  W - makamashi adana a cikin fašakarwar tsarin.
  P - ikon masha'a.

Wannan siga - dimensionless tun zahiri nuna makamashi rabo: Adana ga ɓatar na dũkiya.

Mene ne manufa oscillating kewaye

Domin mafi fahimtar da matakai a cikin tsarin kimiyyar lissafi je sama tare da abin da ake kira manufa oscillating kewaye. Wannan shi ne ilmin lissafi model wakiltar kewaye a matsayin tsarin da sifili juriya. A cikinsa akwai undamped masu jituwa oscillations. Wannan model damar zuwa samu wani m dabara lissafi kewaye sigogi. Daya daga cikin wadannan sigogi - jimlar makamashi:

• W = (L * I ²⁾ / 2.

Irin wannan simplification ƙwarai hanzarta lissafin da kuma ba da damar kimanta kewaye halaye da saiti halaye.

Yaya ta yi aiki?

All oscillating kewaye aiki zagayowar za a iya kasu kashi biyu. Yanzu za mu gani daidai matakai faruwa a kowane bangare.

• A lokaci na farko farantin capacitor, cajin gaskiya ma, ya fara sallame, Rendering na yanzu a cikin kewaye. A wannan lokaci, na yanzu ke daga mai kyau zuwa ga wani mummunan cajin, yayin wucewa ta cikin nada. Saboda haka, electromagnetic vibrations faruwa a cikin kewaye. Yanzu wucewa ta cikin nada, shi motsa zuwa wani biyu farantin karfe kuma zarginta da shi gaskiya ma (alhãli kuwa da farko lantarki, wanda yanzu aka tafiya, barnatar da cajin).
• Na biyu lokaci faruwa kai tsaye gaban tsari. A halin yanzu ya wuce daga m farantin (wanda a farkon ya korau) zuwa korau, wucewa sake ta cikin nada. Kuma duk da zargin fada cikin wurin.

A sake zagayowar an maimaita muddin capacitor da aka caje. A wani manufa resonant kewaye da wannan tsari ne iyaka, da kuma real ikon asarar ne makawa saboda daban-daban dalilai: dumama cewa ya auku saboda kasancewar da juriya a kewaye (Joule zafi), da kuma kama.

Embodiments kewaye zane

Bugu da kari ga sauki haihuwarka "da nada-capacitor" da "nada-resistor-capacitor", akwai wasu zažužžukan, ta amfani da a matsayin tushen oscillation kewaye. Wannan, misali, a layi daya kewaye wanda aka halin a cewa akwai wani kashi kewaye (saboda kamar yadda ya wanzu shi kadai, zai zama wani jerin kewaye da abin da aka tattauna a cikin labarin).

Akwai kuma sauran iri yi, ciki har da daban-daban lantarki aka gyara. Alal misali, yana yiwuwa haɗi zuwa cibiyar sadarwa transistor wanda zai bude da kuma rufe kewaye da mita daidaita da oscillation mita na kewaye. Saboda haka, tsarin zai shigar undamped oscillations.

Ina da oscillation kewaye da ake amfani?

A mafi saba mana da amfani da aka gyara na da kewaye - shi electromagnets. Su, bi da bi, ana amfani da wayar teleho na cikin gida tsarin, Motors, na'urori masu auna sigina, kuma da yawa wasu kasa al'ada yankunan. Wani aikace-aikace - oscillator. A gaskiya, shi ne yin amfani da kewaye ne sosai saba mana: a cikin wannan tsari, shi ne amfani a cikin obin na lantarki don ƙirƙirar taguwar ruwa a cikin mobile kuma mara waya ta sadarwa a aika da bayanai a kan wani nesa. Duk wannan shi ne saboda gaskiyar cewa oscillations na electromagnetic taguwar ruwa za a iya shigar wanda ke aiki a irin wannan hanyar da zai yiwu a aika da bayanai a tsawon nisa.

Inductor kanta za a iya amfani da a matsayin wani kashi na gidan wuta, biyu coils tare da lambar daban na windings iya wuce ta cikin electromagnetic filin da cajin. Amma kamar yadda solenoids halaye ya bambanta, kuma a halin yanzu Figures a da'irori biyu, wanda aka haɗa ta biyu inductance zai bambanta. Saboda haka, wanda zai iya maida ƙarfin lantarki zuwa yanzu, sai ka ce 220 volts a halin yanzu tare da wani irin ƙarfin lantarki na 12 volts.

ƙarshe

Mun daki-daki da manufa na oscillating kewaye da kowane bangare dabam. Mun koya da cewa oscillating kewaye - a na'urar tsara don samar da electromagnetic taguwar ruwa. Duk da haka, wannan shi ne kawai da kayan yau da kullum na hadaddun makanikai da wadannan, ga alama sauki abubuwa. Žara koyo game da intricacies na kewaye da aka gyara na iya zama daga musamman wallafe-wallafe.