Osip Mandelstam biography tare da hotuna

Daya daga cikin mafi ban tausayi yan Shi'ah da aka shirya domin Soviet gwamnatin irin wannan mai girma mawãƙi kamar Mandelstam. Tarihinsa ya ci gaba sosai saboda irreconcilable yanayin Osipa Emilevicha. Ya ba su iya tsayawa da gaskiya, kuma ba ya so ya rusuna a gaban mai iko. Saboda haka, daban a waɗannan kwanaki da shi ba zai iya yi ya faru da shi, da cewa ya na sane da Mandelstam. Tarihinsa, kazalika da ayyukan da babban waƙen, ya koya mana abubuwa da yawa ...

Budushee mawãƙi aka haife shi a Warsaw a Janairu 3, 1891 ƙananan yara da kuma samartaka ciyar a St. Petersburg Osip Mandelstam. Tarihin kansa, da rashin alheri, aka ba da aka rubuta da shi. Amma ya tunanin sune tushen littafin "The surutu na Lokaci." Yana za a iya daukan fi mayar autobiographical. Lura cewa Mandelstam ta tunanin yara da kuma samartaka ne m, kuma ya kange - ya kauce masa zuwa ga bayyana kansu, ba su son yi sharhi a kan duka biyu da shayari da kuma rayuwarsa. Osip aka farkon balaga mawãƙi, ko kuma wajen, ya sami gani. Rigor da kuma muhimmancin bambanta da m hanya.

Mun yi imani da cewa wajibi ne a yi la'akari a cikin daki-daki cikin rayuwa da kuma aiki na mawãƙi, kamar Mandelstam. Brief biography game da wannan mutumin wuya dace. Osipa Emilevicha hali ne da ban sha'awa sosai, kuma aikinsa ya cancanci mafi m binciken. Kamar yadda lokaci ya nuna, daya daga cikin mafi girma Rasha kasida daga cikin karni na 20th ya Mandelstam. Brief biography, gabatar a litattafan, shi ne a fili kasa ga zurfin ilimin da rayuwarsa da kuma aiki.

Asalin da mawãƙi

Ã'a, duhu sautin tinged tare da kadan cewa za a iya samu a Mandelstam ta memoirs game da yara da kewaye yanayi. Bisa ga mawãƙi, iyalinsa ya "da wuya da kuma rikitarwa". A wata kalma, jawabin da aka bayyana tare da musamman karfi. Saboda haka, a kalla, ya yi tsammani Mandelstam. Shi ne mai irin magana "kashi" na iyali. Ya kamata a lura cewa Yahudawa tseren Mandelstam ya tsufa. Tun 8th karni, tun zamanin da Yahudawa haskakarka, ya ba da duniya mashahuri likitoci, lissafin kimiyya, da malamai, masana tarihi na adabi da kuma fassarar Littafi Mai Tsarki.

Mandelstam Aemilius Veniaminovich mahaifin Osip, shi ne a kasuwa da kuma kai-sanar. Ya kasance gaba daya bã tãre da wani ma'ana na harshe. Mandelstam, a cikin littafinsa "The surutu na Lokaci" lura da cewa ya na sosai ba da harshe, shi ne kawai "bezyazychie" da "harshenka-taye". Wani lokaci shi ne Osipovna Flora, uwar da mawãƙi kuma music malami. Mandelstam lura da cewa, ƙamus da shi ya "matsa" da "matalauta", ya jũya monotonous, amma shi ya kasance wani laifin da kuma bayyana, "babban Rasha harshe." Shi ne daga mahaifiyarsa gaji Osip, tare da musicality da wani predisposition zuwa cututtukan zuciya, da daidaito na magana, da wani heightened gabar su mutuniyarsu harshen.

Ilimi a Tenishev kasuwanci makaranta

Mandelstam a cikin lokaci daga 1900 zuwa 1907 ya yi karatu a Tenishev kasuwanci makaranta. An dauke da daya daga cikin mafi kyau masu zaman kansu makarantun na kasar mu. A lokaci daya da shi koya Zhirmunsky, Vladimir Nabokov. A yanayi da cewa rinjaye a nan shi ne ilimi-ascetic. A wannan makaranta horar da akida na jama'a wajibi da siyasa yanci. A 1905-1907 shekaru na farko Rasha juyin juya halin ba zai iya taimaka amma fada cikin siyasa tsattsauran ra'ayi da kuma Mandelstam. Biography of shi a duk hankali alaka da events na zamanin. A bala'i na yaki tare da Japan da kuma juyin juya halin Musulunci lokaci wahayi zuwa gare shi don ƙirƙirar farko stihovtornyh gwaje-gwajen, wanda za a iya daukarsa Student. Mandelstam dauki faruwa kamar yadda na gaisuwa duniya metamorphosis, sabuntawar kashi.

tafiye-tafiye a kasashen waje

Makaranta diploma ya samu May 15, 1907 Bayan da cewa mawãƙi kokarin fara yakar kungiyar SRs a Finland, amma a kan farkon yara ba a karɓa a can. Iyaye suna da damuwa game da makomar ɗansa, gaggãwa zuwa aika shi daga zunubi zuwa karatu kasashen waje, inda Mandelstam tafiya sau uku. A karo na farko da ya zauna a Paris daga Oktoba 1907 zuwa lokacin rani na 1908. Sa'an nan kuma, nan gaba mawãƙi je Jamus, inda Jami'ar Heidelberg karatu Romance Philology (daga kaka na 1909 zuwa spring of 1910). A Yuli 21, 1910 zuwa tsakiyar watan Oktoba, ya yi zama a cikin Zehlendorf, Berlin unguwar. Up har sai mafi yawan 'yan ayyuka a Mandelstam ta waqe sauti da amsa kuwwa na sani da yammacin Turai.

Ganawa da Anna Akhmatova da Gumilev, halitta acmeism

Ganawa da cũtar Ahmatovoy da Nikolai Gumilev ayyana fitowan matsayin mawãƙi Osipa Emilevicha. Gumilyov a 1911, na Abyssinian balaguro koma zuwa St. Petersburg. Ba da da ewa su zama uku sau da yawa gani a kan wallafe-wallafen maraice. Bayan shekaru da dama da ban tausayi taron - harbi na ENU a 1921 - Osip rubuta Akhmatova, Nikolayu Gumilevu cewa kawai gudanar da fahimta da shayari, kuma ya har yanzu yayi Magana da shi, shi ne tattaunawa. Game da yadda za Mandelstam, Akhmatova bi da, la'akari da matsayin da magana: "I - wani zamani na Akhmatova." Kawai Osip Mandelstam (a hoto na shi tare da cũtar Andreevnoy gabatar a sama) zai iya shaida wannan a lokacin Stalin gwamnatin, a lokacin da Akhmatova ya zargi mawãƙi ne.

All uku (Mandelstam, Akhmatova da Gumilev) acmeism zama kafa da kuma mafi shahararren wakilan wannan sabon Trend in wallafe-wallafe. Malaman tarihi sun bayyana cewa, tsakanin farkon na gogayya tashi saboda Mandelstam ya irascible, umarci Gumilyov da Akhmatova capricious.

A farko tarin waqe

A 1913 da ya halitta ta farko da tarin waqe-waqe da Mandelstam. Biography da kuma aiki da shi ya riga an alama ta da yawa muhimmanci events da kuma rayuwa kwarewa da shi ya riga fiye da isa. A mawãƙi ya bayar da wannan tarin nasa kudi. Farko, yana son ya kira littafinsa "Shell", amma sai ya zaɓi wani sunan - "Stone", wanda ya kasance quite a cikin ruhu na acmeism. Its mambobi son gano duniya, sãbuwa, ba dukan wani m da kuma share sunan hana kuma elegiac m shãmaki, kamar Symbolists. Rock - m da m halitta abu, madawwami a hannun wani master. A Osipa Emilevicha ya shi ne na farko gini tubalan na ruhaniya al'adu, ba kawai da abu.

Osip Mandelstam a 1911 ya zama Krista, sanya wani "shift a Turai da al'adunsu." Ko da yake ya yi masa baftisma a cikin Methoddist Church (a Vyborg May 14), da farko ãyõyin tarin kama da babbar sha'awa na Katolika theme. Mandelstam kama a Roman Katolika pathos duniya shirya ideas. Ƙarƙashin mulkin Roma, da hadin kai na Kirista duniya na West zo daga ƙungiyar mawaƙa daga cikin jama'a, da disparate. A wannan "dutse" na babban coci da aka yi sama da duwatsu, su "mai tsanani mugu" da "tsarin labyrinth."

Halayen wajen juyin juya halin

A lokacin daga 1911 zuwa 1917, a Jami'ar St. Petersburg, a kan Romano-Jamus reshe, Mandelstam koya. Tarihinsa a wannan lokaci da aka alama ta bayyanar da farko tarin. Wuya ya kasance da shi da alaka da fashewa daga cikin juyin juya halin a 1917. Scandal kuma gazawar ƙare duk wani yunkurin Osipa Emilevicha sami wani wuri a cikin sabon Rasha.

tarin Tristia

Ayoyi lokaci na juyin juya halin da kuma yaki a Mandelstam dokoki wani sabon tarin Tristia. Wannan "Littafi na baƙin ciki" da aka buga a karon farko a 1922 ba tare da sa hannu na marubucin, sa'an nan, a shekarar 1923, karkashin lakabi "The biyu littafin," Aka sake buga shi a Moscow. Yana cements jigo na lokaci, da ya kwarara daga tarihi, wanda aka nufi ga ta rasuwar. Up zuwa kwanaki na arshe na wannan topic za a giciye-yanke a mawãƙi ne. Wannan tarin alama wani sabon ingancin Mandelstam lyrical gwarzo. Ga shi, akwai daina wani sirri, wadanda ba sa hannu a cikin general kwarara daga lokaci. Lyrical murya za a iya ji kawai kamar yadda amsa kuwwar da hayaniyar da zamanin. Abin da ke faruwa a cikin babban tarihi, ya gane shi a matsayin wreck da kuma gina "Haikali" na kai.

Tarin Tristia da kuma nuna wani gagarumin canji a cikin style na mawãƙi ne. Dimbin yawa irin zane ne motsi more wajen zane, "duhu" darajar, na ginin jumla shift m harshen shanyewar jiki.

Wanderings a Rasha

Osip Mandelstam a farkon 1920s. Ina yawo mafi yawa a kudancin Rasha. Ya ziyarci Kyiv, inda ya sadu da nan gaba matarsa, N. Ya. Hazinoy (hoton sama), na jima a Voloshin a Koktebel, sa'an nan ya tafi zuwa ga Feodosia, inda Wrangel counterintelligence kama shi, kan zargin leken asirin. Sa'an nan, bayan da ya saki, ya tafi zuwa Batumi Osip Mandelstam. Tarihinsa da aka alama ta wani sabon kame - yanzu a kan wani ɓangare na da Coast Guard na Mensheviks. Osipa Emilevicha ceto daga kurkuku T. Tabidze kuma N. Mitsishvili Jojiyanci kasida. A karshen, musamman maras nauyi kamarsa ba, sai ya koma zuwa Petrograd Osip Mandelstam. Tarihinsa ya ci gaba da abin da ya rayu a lokacin da a cikin House of Arts, sa'an nan suka koma zuwa kudu, sa'an nan kuma zauna a Moscow.

Duk da haka, ta hanyar da tsakiyar 1920s, wani alama na tsohon ma'auni na fatan da damuwansu a fahimtar abin da ke faruwa. Sakamako ne sauya poetics na Mandelstam. "Dark" yanzu ƙara sarari marasa shi. A shekara ta 1925, akwai wani gajeren fashe da kerawa cewa an nasaba da sha'awar Olgoy Vaksel. Bayan haka, mawãƙi da dama shiru na shekaru 5 zuwa shekaru.

Mandelstam ga 2nd rabin na 1920s - wani lokaci na rikicin. A wannan lokacin, da mawãƙi ya yi shiru, bai buga sabon waqe. Babu daya aiki Mandelstam ba ya bayyana a cikin shekaru 5.

Roko ga litattafan

A shekara ta 1929, Mandelstam yanke shawarar juya zuwa litattafan. Ya rubuta wani littafi "The Fourth litattafan". By girma, shi ne kananan, amma shi ne cikakken splashed Mandelstam raini ga marubuta na opportunists, da suke mambobi na Massolit. Na dogon lokaci a cikin mawãƙi ta rai kopilas wannan ciwo. The "Fourth litattafan" sa da harafin Mandelstam - m, m, m. Sauqi Osip yin yadda makiya, ya bai rufe Umarnansa da kimomi. Ta hanyar wannan Mandelstam ko da yaushe, kusan duk post-neman sauyi shekaru, da aka tilasta wa rayuwa a cikin matsananci yanayi. ya kasance a 1930 a jira na sananne mutuwa. Mandelstam Raya Makon na talanti ɗaya daga cikin abokansa ya ba sosai ba, amma su har yanzu sun.

rayuwa

Halayen tafiyar da rayuwa ta hanyoyi da yawa ya bayyana da siffar mutum kamar Osip Mandelstam. Biography, ban sha'awa abubuwa game da shi, wani mawãƙi hade tare da ta musamman dangane da shi. Osip aka ba dace don wani zaunar da rai, zuwa rai. Ga shi, manufar masu garu gidan, wanda yana da matukar muhimmanci, misali, Bulgakov bai hana kome ba. A dukan duniya gida ce da shi, kuma a lokaci guda Mandelstam ya rasa gidajensu a cikin wannan duniya.

Ƙarfafu Osip farkon 1920s, a lõkacin da ya samu wani daki a cikin House of Arts a Petrograd (kazalika da yawa wasu marubuta da kuma kasida), KI Chukovsky lura da cewa akwai wani abin da zai yi zama na Mandelstam, fãce taba. Lokacin da mawãƙi karshe samu wani Apartment (a 1933), B. Pasternak, wanda yake a cikin wani ziyarar da ya ce barin, shi ne a yanzu zai yiwu a rubuta wakoki - wani Apartment akwai. Osip zo daga wannan tsananin sauti. O. E. Mandelshtam, wanda biography ne alama ta da yawa aukuwa na intransigence, la'ane ya Apartment, kuma ko da ya miƙa don samun ta dawo zuwa ga waɗanda aka mai yiwuwa nufin: portrayer, gaskiya cin amanar. A da tsoro na sanin biyan bashin da ake bukata na ta.

Aiki a "Moskovsky Komsomolets"

Taba mamakin abin da ya ci gaba da hanyar rayuwa na mawãƙi, a matsayin Mandelstam? Biography kwanakin smoothly kusata da 1930s a cikin rayuwarsa da kuma aiki. Bukharin, ya zama majiɓinci na Osipa Emilevicha a gwamnatin da'irori, shirya shi a nuna na 1920-30-ies a cikin jaridar "Moskovsky Komsomolets" corrector. Wannan ya ba da mawãƙi da matarsa akalla m, abũbuwan rãyuwã. Amma Mandelstam ki yarda da "dokokin wasan" na Soviet marubuta suka yi aiki yanayin. Ya matsananci impulsiveness da emotionality ƙwarai wuya dangantakar Mandelstam da takwarorina. Ya kasance a tsakiyar abin kunya - mawãƙi aka zarge plagiarism a cikin translation. Domin kare Osipa Emilevicha daga cikin sakamakon da abin kunya a 1930, Bukharin shirya mawãƙi ya ziyarci Armenia, wanda haifar da wata babbar alama a kan shi, amma kuma nuna a cikin aikinsa. A sabon ayoyi a fili ji da kuma na karshe m tsõron manly yanke ƙauna. Idan Mandelstam a litattafan kokarin tserewa daga game hadari shi, amma a yanzu ya karshe ya kwashi rabo.

Wayar da kan jama'a na da bala'i na rekõdinsa

Wayar da kan jama'a na bala'i da kansa makoma, ya zabi ne wata ila don sun karfafa Mandelstam ya ba da gagarumin, ban tausayi pathos na sabon ayyukansu. Yana da yake a cikin adawa na free hali na mawãƙi, "karni-dabba." Mandelstam ji tir da aka azabtar, kadan mutumin a gaban shi. Ya ji daidaita shi. A cikin waka 1931 "Ga thundering mazakuta na zamanai masu zuwa", wanda aka kira a cikin iyali da'irar "Wolf", Mandelstam da annabta zuwa gudun hijira a Siberia, da kuma kansa mutuwa, kuma poetic rashin mutuwa. Yawa da mawãƙi gane baya fiye da wasu.

M waka game da Stalin

Mandelstam Nadezhda Yakovlevna, da gwauruwa ta gaske na Osipa Emilevicha, bar mijinta biyu littattafai na memoirs, wanda ya gaya na hadaya heroism wannan mawãƙi ne. Gaskiya Mandelstam sau da yawa kẽwayesu a kan bakin wake. Alal misali, a watan Nuwamba 1933, ya rubuta game da Stalin sharply satirical waka, wanda ya karanta mai yawa da abokaina, ciki har da Boris Pasternak. Boris Leonidovich ya firgita daga cikin rabo na mawãƙi kuma ce cewa waka - ba a wallafe-wallafen gaskiya, ba abin da wasu, kamar yadda "wani aiki na kunar bakin wake," to amince da cewa ya iya ba. Pasternak ya shawarci shi ba don karanta more a cikin wannan aiki. Duk da haka, ba ya iya zama shiru Mandelstam. Biography, ban sha'awa facts daga abin da muka yi kawai aka nakalto, daga wannan lokacin ya zama da gaske ban tausayi.

Jumla Mandelstam, abin mamaki, an mika saukar da taushi isa. A wannan lokacin, an kashe mutane da kuma a kan wani da yawa kasa gagarumin "aibu". Stalin ta ƙuduri karanta kawai: "ware amma kiyaye". Mandelstam aka aiko zuwa gudun hijira a arewacin kauyen Cherdyn. Ga Osip, wahala daga shafi tunanin mutum da cuta, har ya so ya kashe kansa. Abokai sake taimake su ba. Riga rasa tasiri Bukharin karshe rubuta zuwa Comrade Stalin, cewa kasida ne ko da yaushe dama, cewa tarihi ne a kan su gefe. Bayan da cewa Osipa Emilevicha aka canjawa wuri zuwa Voronezh, a kasa mai tsanani yanayi.

Hakika, rekõdinsa aka shãfe haske. Duk da haka, a 1933, mai tsanani azãbta ta nufi zuwa tallata wani waka game da Stalin, kuma haka jũna a shirya sirri scores da mawãƙi ne. Kuma shi, lalle, dã ba su cancanta ba da Stalin, "mahaifin na al'umma". Stalin san yadda za a jira. Ya san cewa duk lokaci. A wannan yanayin, ya aka yi tsammani da Great Firgitar na 1937, a cikin abin da Mandelstam aka ƙaddara, tare da dubban daruruwan sauran mutane untraceable bace.

Shekaru na rayuwa a Voronezh

Voronezh tattarã Osipa Emilevicha, amma tattarã shi da rashin jituwa. Duk da haka, ba ta gushe ba to ku yi yãƙi tãre fargaba, ya rika zo da shi, Osip Emilevich Mandelshtam. Tarihinsa na wadannan shekaru alama ta da yawa matsaloli. Ya da wani, abũbuwan rãyuwã da ka sadu da shi ya tsere, da aka ba share masa abin rekõdinsa. Mandelstam dukan kasancewarsa ji kamar kama up tare da "shekaru-dabba." A ziyarar da shi a cikin zaman gudun hijira Akhmatova shaida cewa a cikin dakin alternately "a kan wajibi nasu Muse." Sun unstoppable ayoyi suka nema saki. Memoirs nuna cewa Mandelstam da zarar ya gudu zuwa biya waya da kuma karanta binciken, wanda aka sa'an nan a haɗe, su sabon ayyukansu. Ya ce cewa akwai wani daya don karanta more. Bare jijiyoyi sun mawãƙi, a shayari, ya splashed ya zafi.

Voronezh daga 1935 zuwa 1937, uku "Voronezh Littafin Rubutu" da aka halitta. Na dogon lokaci da wannan sake zagayowar ayyukansu ba a buga. Siyasa da tattalin arziki da suka ba za a iya kira ba, amma ya gane a matsayin kalubale ga har ma da "tsaka tsaki" waqe kamar yadda suka kasance shayari, unstoppable da kuma rashin. Kuma ga ikon ne ba kasa da haɗari, domin shi ne, bisa ga J. Brodsky, "tana da dukan hanyar rayuwa" da kuma ba kawai a tsarin siyasa.

Koma zuwa babban birnin kasar

Feeling kusa mutuwa imbued tare yawa waqe wannan lokaci, kamar yadda a cikin dukan ayyukansu na Mandelstam 1930s. Term Voronezh links kare a watan Mayu 1937. A shekara Osip ciyar a cikin kusanci da Moscow. Ya so ya samu izinin zama a cikin babban birnin kasar. Duk da haka, mujallar Editocin flatly ƙi ba kawai don buga shi da shayari, amma kuma magana da shi. Mawãƙi bara. Ya ya taimaka a wannan lokaci, abokai da kuma acquaintances: Boris Pasternak, Shklovsky, V. Kataev, Ilya Ehrenburg, dã sun yana da wuya lokaci da kansa. Anna Akhmatova rubuta daga baya game da shekara 1938, shi ne "apocalyptic" lokaci.

Kama, hijira kuma mutuwa

Ya zauna quite a bit magana game da irin wannan kasida a matsayin Osip Mandelstam. Taqaitaccen Tarihin ya alama ta wani sabon kama shi, abin da ya faru May 2, 1938. Ya aka yanke masa hukumcin shekaru biyar naƙudarta. Saboda haka sai ya tafi Far East. Ya bai kõma ba, daga can. Disamba 27, 1938 kusa Vladivostok, a sansanin kogi na biyu, da mawãƙi fyauce da mutuwa.

Muna fatan za ka so ya ci gaba da sani da babban waƙen, kamar Mandelstam. Biography, photos, m hanya - duk wannan ya ba da wasu ra'ayin shi. Duk da haka, kawai ya juya zuwa ga Mandelstam ayyukan, za ka iya fahimtar wannan mutumin, jin da ikon yi masa hukunci.