Pablo Picasso: ayyuka, fasali na style. Cubism na Pablo Picasso

Yana da wuya cewa akwai mutum a duniyar duniyar da ba ta san sunan Pablo Picasso ba. Wanda ya kafa Cubism da kuma zane-zane da dama da suka hada da karni na 20 akan sana'a na zane-zane ba kawai na Turai ba, amma na dukan duniya.

Artist Pablo Picasso: yaro da shekarun karatu

Daya daga cikin ababuwa artists na karni na 20th, an haife shi a Malaga, a cikin gidan a kan Merced yankin, a 1881, a ranar 25 ga watan Oktoba. Yanzu akwai gidan kayan gargajiya da Fasahar Picasso. Bisa ga al'adar Mutanen Espanya a baftisma, iyaye sun ba da yaron dan kadan, wanda shine madadin sunayen tsarkaka kuma mafi kusa da daraja a cikin dangi. A ƙarshe, an san shi da farko da na ƙarshe. Mahaifinsa Pablo ya yanke shawarar daukar mahaifiyarsa, la'akari da mahaifinsa mai sauƙi. Abin sha'awa da sha'awar zanewa daga yaron ya nuna tun daga lokacin yaro. Darasi na farko da mai mahimmanci da ya ba mahaifinsa, wanda ya kasance mai zane-zane. Sunansa Jose Ruiz. Ya farko zanen da ya rubuta a shekaru takwas - "Picador". Za mu iya amincewa da cewa yana tare da ita cewa aikin Pablo Picasso ya fara. Mahaifin mai aikin kwaikwayo na gaba ya karbi shawara akan aikin malamin a La Coruna a 1891, kuma nan da nan dangin ya koma arewacin Spaniya. A daidai wannan wuri, Pablo an horar da shi a makaranta na makaranta na shekara guda. Daga nan sai iyalin suka koma daya daga cikin birane mafi kyau - Barcelona. Matasa Picasso a wannan lokacin yana da shekaru 14, kuma yana da ƙuruciya don yin karatu a La Loncho (makaranta na zane-zane). Duk da haka, mahaifinsa ya iya tabbatar da cewa an shigar da shi shigar da takardun gwaji a kan wata mahimmanci, wanda ya bi shi da kyau. Bayan shekaru hudu, iyayensa sun yanke shawara su sanya shi a cikin mafi kyawun lokaci na makarantar fasaha - "San Fernando" a Madrid. Yin karatu a makarantar kimiyya ya daɗe da damuwa da matasan matasa, a cikin kullun gargajiya kuma ya ba da umarni ya kasance da damuwa har ma da m. Saboda haka, ya ba da lokaci ga Prado Museum da kuma nazarin abubuwan da ya tattara, kuma a shekara ya koma Barcelona. A farkon lokacin aikinsa ya hada da zane-zane da aka rubuta a 1986: "Kai tsaye" by Picasso, "Farko na farko" (yana nuna 'yar'uwar ɗan wasan kwaikwayo Lola), "Hoton mahaifiyar" (hoton da ke ƙasa).

A lokacin ziyararsa a Madrid, ya fara yi a tafiya zuwa Paris, inda ya yi karatu duk cikin gidajen tarihi da kuma art mafi girma Masters. Daga bisani, zai zo wannan cibiyar fasahar duniya fiye da sau ɗaya, kuma a 1904 zai ƙarshe.

"Lokacin" Blue "

Wannan lokaci lokaci za a iya gani a matsayin wani litmus gwajin, shi ne a wannan lokaci ya fara fito fili a cikin ayyukan Picasso, mutuntakarsa ne har yanzu yiwuwa ga waje tasiri. Gaskiyar sanannen: fasaha na dabi'u mai ban sha'awa yana nuna kanta kamar yadda ya kamata a cikin yanayi mai wuya. Wannan shi ne ainihin abin da ya faru da Pablo Picasso, wanda yanzu an san ayyukansa a ko'ina cikin duniya. Yunƙurin ya fusata kuma ya faru ne bayan rashin jin dadin da ya faru da mutuwar abokinsa Carlos Casagemas. A shekara ta 1901, a wani hoton da Vollard ya shirya, an gabatar da ayyuka 64 na mai zane, amma a wannan lokacin suna cike da hankulansu da haskakawa, rinjayen Imel na jin dadi. A cikin hakkokinsa na doka, lokacin "blue" lokacin aikinsa na hankali ya shiga, yana nuna kansa a matsayin maƙasudin lambobi da kuma asarar girman nau'in siffar, ta guje wa ka'idoji na al'ada. Kullin launuka a kan takalmansa ya zama daɗaɗɗɗa, abin girmamawa shine akan blue. Za a iya fara farkon lokacin "Jaime Sabartes" da hoto na Picasso, wanda aka rubuta a 1901.

Hotunan "lokaci" blue "

Mahimman kalmomi a wannan lokacin don maigida sun kasance irin kalmomi kamar lalata, tsoro, laifi, zafi. A 1902, ya koma Barcelona, amma ya zauna a ciki kuma ba zai iya ba. Matsayin da ake ciki a babban birnin Catalonia, talauci daga kowane bangare da rashin adalci na zamantakewa suna cike da rikice-rikicen rikice-rikicen hankali, hankali yana rufe ba kawai dukan Spain ba, har ma Turai. Wata kila, wannan yanayin na da tasiri a kan mai zane, wanda a wannan shekara yana aiki da kyau kuma yana da yawa. A gida, manyan kayan aiki na "lokacin blue" an halicce shi: "Mataimaki biyu" ("Tsohon Bayahude tare da Yaron"), "Bala'i" (hoto na zane a sama), "Life", inda kuma akwai hoton Casagemas wanda ya rasu. A 1901 an zana hoton "Mai son Absinthe". Yana zana tasiri na mashahuri a wancan lokaci na sha'awar "haruffa" haruffa, halayyar fasaha na Faransa. Batun absinthe sauti a cikin hotuna da yawa. Ayyukan Picasso, a tsakanin sauran abubuwa, yana cike da wasan kwaikwayo. Mafi mahimmanci a cikin idanu ita ce hannun mace mai karfin zuciya, wanda ta yi kokarin ƙoƙarin kare kansa. A halin yanzu, ana kiyaye "Absinthe Lover" a cikin Hermitage, daga nan ya zo daga wani abu mai ban sha'awa da kuma mai ban sha'awa na Picasso (51 pieces) na SI Shchukin bayan juyin juya halin.

Da zarar damar ya dawo ya koma Paris, mai zane ya yanke shawarar amfani da shi kuma ya bar Spain a cikin bazarar 1904 ba tare da jinkiri ba. Akwai kuma cewa zai fuskanci sababbin bukatu, ji da ra'ayi, wanda zai haifar da sabon mataki a aikinsa.

"Lokacin" Pink "

A cikin aikin Picasso, wannan mataki ya dade har tsawon lokaci - daga 1904 (kaka) har zuwa karshen 1906 - kuma ba cikakken kama ba ne. Yawancin zane-zane na wannan lokaci ana nuna su ta hanyar launin launuka mai launin fata, bayyanar gashin tsuntsu, pearly-gray, sautin launin ruwan ja. Halin bayyanar da rinjaye na sababbin kayan aiki na mai zane-zane-zane-zane, masu wasan kwaikwayon wasan kwaikwayon da masu wasan kwaikwayo, 'yan wasa. Hakika, mafi yawancin kayan da ya ba da Circus Medrano, wanda a wancan lokacin ya kasance a ƙafar Montmartre. Halin yanayi mai kayatarwa, kayayyaki, hali, iri-iri iri kamar dai sun dawo P. Picasso zuwa duniya, duk da haka an canza shi, amma siffofi na ainihi da kundin, sararin samaniya. Hotuna a cikin zane-zanensa sun sake zama rayayye kuma sun cika da rayuwa, haske ya bambanta da halayen "zane" na kerawa.

Pablo Picasso: ayyukan ayyukan "ruwan hoda"

Hotunan da suka nuna farkon wani sabon zamani sun kasance sun fara nunawa a ƙarshen hunturu na 1905 a cikin Serurje Gallery - "Nude Nude" da "Actor". Ɗaya daga cikin manyan mashawartan 'lokaci' ruwan hoda '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' (hoto a sama). Zane yana da ban sha'awa mai girma - a tsawo da nisa fiye da mita biyu. An nuna siffofin circus a kan sararin samaniya, an yarda cewa harlequin a gefen dama shine Picasso kansa. Dukkan haruffa suna cikin ƙayyadaddun hali, kuma a tsakanin su babu dangantaka ta ciki, kowannensu yana da ƙarancin ciki - taken ma'anar dukan "ruwan hoda". Bugu da ƙari, yana da daraja a lura da ayyukan Pablo Picasso: "Mace a wata riga", "Toilet", "Yaro, jagoran doki", "Acrobats. Uwar da Ɗa "," Yarinyar da Gudu ". Dukansu suna nuna darajar ga mai kallo da kuma jin dadi da ya fi dacewa da zane-zane. Wani sabon tasiri a cikin kerawa ya faru a ƙarshen 1906, lokacin da Picasso yayi tafiya ta Spain kuma ya sami kansa a ƙauyen ƙauyen Pyrenees.

Yankin Afirka na kerawa

Tare da zane-zane na Afirka, P. Picasso ya fara ziyartar wani zane na dandalin Trocadero. Ya kasance da sha'awar gumakan arna na tsohuwar tsari, masoya da siffofi masu ban mamaki, suna nuna girman ikon yanayi kuma suna janye daga mafi kankanin bayanai. Mahimmancin mawallafin ya dace da wannan sako mai karfi, sabili da haka, ya fara saukakar halayyarsa, yana maida su kamar dutse, da mahimmanci da kuma kaifi. Duk da haka, na farko da aikin a cikin shugabanci na style bayyana a cikin 1906 - wani hoto da Pablo Picasso na marubuci Gertrude Stein. Ya sake sake hotunan sau 80 kuma ya rasa bangaskiya gaba daya a cikin damar da za ta saka hotonta a cikin al'ada. A wannan lokacin za a iya kiran sa a matsayin tsaka-tsakin daga bin yanayin zuwa lalata irin wannan tsari. Ya isa yayi la'akari da irin wa] annan tarurruka kamar "Nude Woman", "Dance with Veils", "Dryad", "Abokiyar", "Bust of a Sailor", "Hoton kai".

Amma watakila mafi kyawun misali na aikin Afrika na aikin Picasso shine hoton "Avignon 'yan mata" (wanda aka kwatanta a sama), wanda ubangijin ya yi aiki na kimanin shekara daya. Ta daukaka wannan mataki na aikin kwaikwayo na zane-zane kuma ya ƙaddara yawancin fasaha a gaba ɗaya. A karo na farko da zane ya ga haske a cikin shekaru talatin kawai bayan da aka rubuta shi kuma ya zama kofa bude ga duniya na gaba-garde. Ƙungiyar bohemian na Paris a zahiri ya raba cikin sansani guda biyu: "don" da "da". A lokacin da ake zane zane a cikin Museum na Modern Art na birnin New York.

Cubism a cikin aikin Picasso

Matsalar bambanci da daidaituwa na hoton sun kasance a farkon wuri a cikin al'adun zane na Turai har sai lokacin da Cubism ya fashe a ciki. Dalilin da ake dashi don bunkasa shine la'akari da mutane da yawa don zama tambaya tsakanin masu fasaha: "Me yasa zana zana?" Hoton abin da kuke gani a farkon karni na ashirin shine za'a iya koyar da kusan kowacce, kuma a zahiri akan hotunan akwai hoton da yayi barazana ga gaba daya Sauran. Kayayyakin hotunan bazai zama ba ne kawai ba, amma har ila yau, sauƙin sauƙaƙe. Pablo Picasso Cubism a cikin wannan yanayin yana nuna bambancin mahaliccin, ya ki amincewa da hoto mai ban mamaki na duniyar waje kuma ya buɗe duk sababbin hanyoyi, iyakokin fahimta.

A farkon ayyukan sun haɗa da: "A tukunya, gilashi da littafi," "Bathing," "A furen furanni a cikin launin toka," "Gurasa da gilashi da 'ya'yan itace a kan tebur," da dai sauransu. A cikin ɗakunansu, wanda zai iya ganin yadda yadda zane-zane ya canza kuma ya sami Ƙarin fasalolin da suka dace da ƙarshen zamani (1918-1919). Alal misali, "Harlequin", "Masu Musamman Uku", "Duk da haka Rayuwa da Guitar" (hoton da ke sama). Ƙungiyar masu kallo tare da kerawar maigidan tare da abstractionism bai dace da Picasso ba, yana da muhimmanci ga sakon tunanin da ke cikin hotuna, ma'anar ɓoye. A ƙarshe, salon da ya kirkiro, Cubism, da hankali ya daina yin wahayi zuwa ga mai zane da sha'awa, yana buɗe hanya don sababbin hanyoyin da ke tattare da kerawa.

Na zamani

Shekaru na biyu na karni na 20 yayi wuya ga Picasso. Don haka, 1911 an rubuta shi da tarihin da aka sace daga cikin Louvre, wanda ya sa mai zane a cikin mummunan haske. A shekara ta 1914 ya nuna cewa ko da bayan da ya rayu shekaru da dama a kasar, domin Picasso, Faransa ba ta da shirin yin yaki a yakin duniya na farko, wanda ya saki shi da abokai da yawa. Kuma a shekara ta gaba, ƙaunatacciyar ƙaunatacciyar marcel Umber ya mutu.

Don sake dawowa da haɓakawa a ayyukan Pablo Picasso, wanda ayyukansa suka cika da sabon karatun, alamu da kuma fasaha na fasaha, abubuwa da yawa daga waje sun rinjayi. Ya hada da tafiya zuwa Roma, inda aka haife shi da fasaha na zamani, har ma sadarwa tare da kamfani na Diaghilev da kuma masani da mai suna Olga Khokhlova, wanda ya zama matar ta biyu na zane-zane. Za a iya ganin farkon wannan sabon zamani ta hoto na 1917, wanda a wasu hanyoyi ya kasance daga yanayin gwaji. Ballet Rasha Pablo Picasso ba wai kawai ya yi wahayi zuwa ga sabon sabbin kayan aiki ba, har ma ya ba dansa ƙaunatacciyar ɗana. Abubuwan da suka fi shahara a wannan lokaci: Olga Khokhlova (hoto a sama), Pierrot, Duk da haka Life tare da jug da apples, Ma'aikatan barci, Iyaye da Yara, Mata suna Tafiya a kan Tekun, Guda Uku .

Surrealism

Ƙaddamarwar kerawa ba kome ba ne sai dai marmarin saka shi a kan rafuka kuma yada shi a cikin harsunan (stylistic, temper). Duk da haka, da aikin na Pablo Picasso, shahara zane-zane wanda ƙawata mafi kyau gidajen tarihi da kuma galleries na duniya, irin wannan fuskanta za a iya kira wani sosai sabani. Idan ka bi tsarin lissafi, to, lokacin lokacin da mai zane ya kasance kusa da surrealism, ya fadi a 1925-1932. Ba abin mamaki bane a kowane mataki na aikin mai kula da wannan aikin ya kasance mai amfani, kuma lokacin da O. Khokhlova yake so ya gane kansa a cikin tasharsa, sai ya juya zuwa neoclassicism. Duk da haka, mutane masu kirki suna da kyau, kuma nan da nan rayuwar Picasso tazo a cikin matasan da kuma kyakkyawar kyakkyawan Mary Teresa Walter, wanda a lokacin da ta san shekaru 17 yana da shekaru. An ƙaddara ta ne don aikin maigidan, kuma a shekarar 1930 dan wasan ya sayi wani gini a Normandy, wanda ta zama gida, kuma a gare shi - wani taron. Maria Theresa ya kasance aboki mai aminci, tare da jimrewar ci gaba da kwarewa da ƙauna ga mahaliccin, yana riƙe da sakon zumunci har zuwa mutuwar Pablo Picasso. Ayyukan lokaci na surrealism: "Dance", "Mace a cikin kujera" (a cikin hoton da ke ƙasa), "Bather", "Nude a bakin rairayin bakin teku", "Dream", da dai sauransu.

Yakin yakin duniya na biyu

Jin tausayin Picasso a lokacin yakin Spain a 1937 ya kasance 'yan Republicans. Lokacin, a cikin wannan shekara, Italiyanci da Jamusanci suka hallaka Guernica, cibiyar siyasa da al'adu na Basque, Pablo Picasso, birni na rushewa, wanda aka nuna a kan wani babban hoto mai suna a cikin watanni biyu kawai. An kama shi da gaske saboda tsoro da barazanar da ta rataye a kan dukan Turai, wanda ba zai iya rinjayar aikin ba. Ba a bayyana motsin rai a kai tsaye ba, amma an yi shi ne a cikin jiki, da baƙin ciki, haushi da sarcasm.

Bayan da yaƙe-yaƙe ya mutu, kuma duniya ta zo ga daidaitattun dangi, ta sake dawo da duk abin da aka rushe, aikin kirki na Picasso kuma ya sami launuka masu farin ciki da haske. Ayyukansa, wadanda aka rubuta a 1945-1955, suna da dandano na Rum, suna da kyau kuma suna da kyau. A lokaci guda, ya fara aiki tare da kayan zane-zane, samar da kayan ado mai yawa, kayan abinci, kayan faranti, siffofi (hoto an gabatar da shi a sama). Ayyukan da aka halitta a cikin shekaru 15 da suka gabata na rayuwa ba su da kyau a cikin ladabi da kuma inganci.

Ɗaya daga cikin manyan masu fasaha na karni na 20 - Pablo Picasso - ya mutu yana da shekaru 91 a cikin gidansa a Faransa. Ya binne kusa da castle na zuwa gare shi Vovenart.