Paparoma Innocent 3rd: biography, labari sa

A duniya , Paparoma Innocent 3 da aka fi sani da Lothario de Segni. Ya aka haife shi a kusa da garin Anagni. A daidai ranar haihuwa ba a san pontiff. Wannan shi ne ko dai 1160 ko 1161. Mahaifinsa Trazimono haifa da lakabi na Count, kuma uwarsa wata Roman patrician na HALITTAR. Lothario aka alakanta da zumuntarku da sauran biyu popes. Clement III ya kawu, kuma Gregory IX zo zuwa dan dan'uwansa.

matasa

A nan gaba shugaban cocin Katolika Innocent 3 daga wani matashi, aka bambanta da fice iyawa ta hankali. Ya yi karatu dokar a Bologna da tauhidin a Paris. A shekara bayan da an kashe Thomas Becket Lothario tafi a kan aikin hajji a Canterbury.

A 1190, shekaru 30 da haihuwa Italian ya zama Cardinal. Celestine III, amma, kiyaye shi daga yanayi. Saboda haka, da ikon na Cardinal dauki up wallafe-wallafen aiki. Ya rubutun "A da raini ga duniya, ko game da kuri'a na mutum insignificance," sayar da gagarumin yawa. Lothario son mambobi ne na Curia. A 1198, bayan mutuwar Celestine suka zabe shi da sabon Paparoma, shan sunan Innocent III.

Pontiff da Empire

Daga farko kwanaki a wani sabon for kansa a matsayin Innocent yawa sa'a. Riga na dogon lokaci da papacy a rikici da na sarki ikon Ruhu Mai Roman Empire. A 1197 da monarch Henry VI ya rasu, sai gwamnatin da aka mired a ciki rikice-rikice Ghibelline da Guelph. Jamus da kuma duk aka shiga cikin yakin basasa. Duk wannan ne kawai ƙarfafa matsayi da cewa suna shagaltar da Innocent 3. biography na farkon rayuwar da aka nasaba da wani iri-iri na kasashen Turai wanda ya ziyarci saboda koyo da kuma aikin hajji. Yanzu a matsayin shugaban Katolika Innocent ya lamba tare da wadanada dukkan wadannan jihohi.

Inna na na sarki ikon yarda Paparoma sake samu iko da Papal States, fadada gẽfunanta ga Adriatic Sea bayan shiga Maris na Ancona, kuma Spoleto. Lokacin da Celestine Madawwami City ta sha wahala daga rashin tsari saboda rikice-rikice aristocratic ƙungiyõyin. Innocent kansa ya patrician masu juna biyu da kuma yin amfani da iyali sadarwa, ya iya sulhunta sani. Siyasa nasarorin shugaban cocin Katolika a Italiya da aka lashe tare da ganin cewa ya zama regent na mulkin Sicily, located in kudu da sashin. Gab da mutuwarsa, ya regent Constance tambayi pontiff zama mai kula da ta jariri dan Frederick har farko na tsufa. 3 Innocent yarda da tayin.

Fourth jihadi

Ba haka m ya Paparoma a yaki da Musulmi. Wadannan da magabata Innocent 3 kokarin kwato Urushalima daga kãfirai da wannan karshen ya sa albarka Fourth jihadi. A 1198 a hukuncin da aka bayar, bisa ga abin da kungiyar na soja yakin da aka saka haraji na 2.5% na kudaden shiga daga cikin coci. Money tattara shekaru da dama, amma sun kasance ba su isa ba. A karkashin shirin, 'Yan Salibiyya ya haye Bahar Rum zuwa Venetian jiragen ruwa. Duk da haka, bayan da ya isa a fatauci jumhuriya, sarakuna, da Knights kasance bã su iya biya da ake bukata adadin su (84 dubu azurfa alamomi).

Enterprising Doge na Venice, Enrico Dandolo samarwa da 'Yan Salibiyya don su taimake shi kama birnin mallakar Hungary Zara a Adriatic Coast. A musanya ga goyon bayan da shekaru siyasa yi wa'adi ga har yanzu gudanar da sojojin so ya tafi zuwa Palestine. A sakamakon haka, Zara aka kama da kuma washe. A fall na gari a cikin zuciya na Kirista Turai aka tare da looting da kuma kashe fararen hula.

Koyo game da aukuwar lamarin, Paparoma Innocent 3 ya husata. Ya excommunicated duk mahalarta na yawon shakatawa. Ba da da ewa, duk da haka, ta shãmakace a harkokin siyasa. Universal zamani haramun nufi a karshe yaƙin neman zaɓe a gazawar, wanda zai iya har yanzu a ajiye. Bugu da kari, shugaban Kirista ba zai yi jãyayya da mulkin gargajiya iyayengiji daga ko'ina Turai. Bayan yin la'akari da dukan ribobi da fursunoni, da pontiff soke zamani haramun ne, la'ana barin kawai initiators na kai hari a kan Zara, Venetians.

Fall na Konstantinoful

Mummunan, duk da haka, ya basu fito ba. Yan Salibiyya kafa lamba tare da hambararren Byzantine sarki Alexios, tambayar su don su taimake shi a sake samu daga kursiyinsa. A musayar, da mai saka suna yi wa'adi ga tallafawa Katolika a su yaki a kan Musulmi reinforcements da kuma kudi. Ya kuma amince da biyaya da Girkanci Church of West. Riya tayin juya Yan Salibiyyar da tsare-tsaren da kuma Venetians. A 1204, suka kama, suka sace daya daga cikin mafi girma da biranen tsakiyar zamanai, Konstantinoful. A kango na Byzantine Katolika Latin Empire, da ikon wanda mallakar Franks da aka kafa.

Paparoma Innocent 3 kokarin dakatar da mulkin gargajiya iyayengiji, aika zuwa Konstantinoful. Shin, don haka, ya yi nasara ba. Haka kuma, babu jam'iyya majami'u ba ya faru. A tsaga tsakanin Katolika da kuma Orthodox yi kawai m. Duk da haka Innocent 3, a takaice dai biography na wanda shi ne wani misali pontiff nonstop ke bi yayi ridda ba daidai ba, kuma ba su rasa amincewa a tashin Salibiyya yadda ya dace.

Da yaki da Litattafansu

Back a farkon XI karni akwai wani Kirista darikar na Albigenses (a kimiyyar zamani suka kira Cathars) a Faransa lardin Languedoc. Sun ƙaryata game da sharu ɗ na Church, tsarki images da kuma tsarkaka da kansu. Mafi yawa daga cikin Cathars mayar da hankali a kudu maso yammacin Faransa. Suka taimaka da wasu disgruntled coci umarni na bishops da kuma gida arziki aristocrats.

Ya koma zuwa ga papal kursiyin, Innocent sa game da kawar da ridda. Shi ne m cewa ga wani tashi, sai ya aika da tsaida shawara ga Litattafansu, tsakanin wanda aka St. Dominic da mazaunin sieve. A 1209 yunkurin diflomasiyya bayani kasa, da kuma pontiff sanar da ƙaddamar da wani sabon jihadi, wanda dade a karshen muddin shekara ashirin.

Legend na Franciscans

A 1209 ba kawai fara wani jihadi a kan Albigenses, amma kuma na farko mai girma mendicant an halitta ta cikin Franciscans. A tarihin da ya faru shi ne tushen da m na da Legends. Wa'azi Frantsisk Assizsky kawo Roma mabiyansa, fata samu daga Paparoma ga izinin haifar da wani sabon addini domin. Wannan mutumin bai da wani haxi a cikin sama echelons na Church. Duk da haka, da shahararsa a tsakanin talakawa da kuma nasu baiwa taimake shi shawo Katolika bishops don tsara wani taro tare da pontiff matafiyi.

A cewar labari, Innocent 3 Franciscans kafa kawai bayan ya yi mafarki a cikin abin da St. Francis da hannunsa rike da Lateran Basilica. Kafin wannan, ya alamu m da ba a sani ba itinerant wa'azi wanda a Italiya a wannan lokaci akwai wata babbar iri-iri. Da yawa daga cikinsu ba su sãɓã ba daga jãhilai da kuma tashe-.

Francis aka ba kamar sauran da ƙarya almasihan cewa wa'azi austerity, soyayya na makwabcin da bege domin talauci. Mabiyansa zama da aka sani da suna "kananan 'yan'uwa". 3 Innocent ya kafa Franciscan domin kawai bayan shakku aka dispelled da sufi mafarki. Duk da haka, idan alamar ya, ya juya a kira su da annabci. Order da sauri ya zama Popular. Amfani da angarorin na cocin Katolika, da ya consistently ƙara bayar da membobinsu. Kawai goma shekaru daga baya da shi ya riga 3000 mutane, wanda a wancan lokacin ya kasance wani babba adadi.

Dominican da Teutonic Order

A Trend zuwa fitowan da kuma fadada sabon Katolika umarni a lokacin da Innocent kadai Franciscans ba iyakance. A cikin lokaci a Toulouse akwai wata al'umma, na St. Dominic. Sai ya zama tushen wani tsari. Innocent basu da lokaci zuwa albarkace ya halitta domin ya kwatsam mutuwa. Maimakon haka, 1216 aikata gaje Honorius III. Dominican Order ya ilimi - ya sufaye aka tsunduma a tauhidin karatu a gidajen lama da kuma jami'a birane a fadin Turai.

A 1199 Innocent bayar da wani bijimin, wanda bã cin gashin zuwa wani al'umma kare mahajjata a Palestine. Wannan shi ne farkon da Teutonic Order, daga baya ya koma zuwa ga Baltic, inda ya Knights yi yaƙi tare da al'ummai da Rasha na da wani m sarauta. Organization ƙarƙashin ba kawai shugaban da coci, amma kuma da na sarki iko.

Teutonic Order da Paparoma Innocent 3 hada kai domin shekaru masu yawa. Pontiff patronized Valpotu Henry - na farko Grand Jagora na al'umma. A 1215 Innocent qaddamar da wani jihadi a kan Prussians. Tuki da karfi na yakin ne daidai da Teutonic Order. Eastern siyasa na Innocent ba a iyakance ga yaki da Majusawa. Back a 1204, ya samarwa Volyn prince Roman Mstislavovich yarda Katolika da kuma samu title na King of Galicia. Wadannan tattaunawar sa a kõme ba, saboda Rurik bai so su canja addini.

Bull Venerabilem

Muhimmanci domin ta zamanin papal bully Innokentiya 3 diplomasiya bayyana Sahaban da Holy See ta matsayi a kan key addini da siyasa al'amurran da suka shafi. Mafi shahara da irin wannan daftarin aiki da cewa pontiff ya Venerabilem, da aka buga a 1202. Bull ƙunshi abstracts a wadda shugaban coci a rubutun ya bayyana ra'ayi wajen fadar mulki.

A Venerabilem Innocent ya tabbatar da dama na Jamus sarakuna zaben sarki. A Mai Tsarki Roman Empire, shi wanda ya yi ya zama sarki. A lokaci guda don ta shafe da kuma gyara shi iya kawai baba. Idan ya dauke bai dāce da wani dan takarar da lakabi na sarki, da shugabannin suka zabi wani mutum. Innocent ya bayyana gata cewa Ikilisiyar ya ko da yaushe bukatar wani wadanda mutane ya zama majiɓinci, kuma m. A taron na gazawar da sarakuna don zaben cancantar dan takarar pontiff tanada dama domin sanin m sabon sarki. Ba da da ewa ya yi amfani da wadannan iko.

castling sarakuna

Bull Venerabilem zama na gaba mataki a cikin gwagwarmayar da wadanda mutane da kuma ecclesiastical ikon a Yammacin Turai. Innocent ya nemi a dakatar da girma da tasiri na sarakuna, ciki har da manne ga dũkiyõyinsu na mulkin Sicily. Sa'an nan da'awar gadon sarautar matasa Frederick II, amma ba zai iya ba kai kursiyin kamar yaro. A halin yanzu, rabin na Jamus sarakuna so zama sarki Philip na Swabia, da sauran rabin goyon Ottona Braunshveygskogo. A kan takarar na karshen tsaya da Innocent 3. Paparoma sarki ne naɗaɗɗe Otto a 1209.

Duk da haka, ya samu ikon, sabon sarki ƙi yin biyayya da Paparoma ta siyasa. Ya fara mayar da tasiri a cikin fadar haramta a gare shi ya Italy da kuma Sicily. Sa'an nan Innocent excommunicated Otto daga coci. A 1212, shugaban Kirista yi musu wa'adi da na sarki mutunci girma-Frederick (wanda ya zama Sarkin sarakuna a shekaru takwas, bayan rasuwar majiɓinci, kuma waliyyinsa).

Otto ma rasa ya monarchical tasiri bayan a 1214 aka ci a yakin Bouvines, a lokacin da ya ci nasara a kan Faransa King Filipp Ii Avgust. Bayan 'yan watanni, ya yi murabus daga muƙamin na sarki. Bayan rasa da goyon bayan da masu za ~ e, da kuma pontiff Otto IV mutu saboda dysentery buge shi a 1218. A duk wannan gwagwarmayar siyasa da ta share Turai a farkon XIII karni, akwai bayyananne halayyar Paparoma Innocent 3. A lokacin da ya papacy Cibiyar cikin ganiyarsu ta da tasiri a kan wadanda mutane wadanada na Old World.

Rigingimu da John Landless

Wuya a wannan lokacin su ne dangantakar da Ruhu Mai Duba tare da England. A 1207, Innocent nada Stefana Lengtona sabon Archbishop na Canterbury. Turanci Korol Ioann Ingila ki gane yar tsana na Roma. Domin wannan da shugaban cocin duniya ta sanya a kan kasar a dokar ba, sunã hani daga rike addini da sabis a cikinsa. A mayar da martani, John bayyana duk coci dukiya a Ingila, ta haka ne tsiwirwirinsu wani m adadin dubu 100 fam. Yana da jũna da cewa rikici da iko na ruhaniya ya tafi kawai amfani.

Kamar yadda labari Innocent 3, bisa ga mafarki ya yanke shawarar amince da kafuwar Franciscan Order, amma a hakikanin siyasar da shugaban Kirista da aka shiryar da a yanke shawara yafi haƙiƙa dalilai. Ganin kula da taurinkan da Turanci monarch, da Paparoma excommunicated shi. Birtaniya bishops aikin ya tafi gudun hijira.

A rikici tsawon shekaru da dama. A karshe, a 1213 ya yi yaƙi ma tare da su mulkin gargajiya iyayengiji Yahaya ya shaida wa Innocent. Bayan haka, Dad fara kare sarki. Ya haramta Faransa monarch Philip II Augustus Ingila don bayyana yaki a kan da'awar Normandy. Bugu da ƙari, Paparoma Innocent 3, wanda biography aka hade da tsohon aikin hajji a Canterbury, da Church excommunicated da barons suka yi kokarin hana gwamnatin sa hannu kan "Magna Carta" Ioanna Bezzemelnogo.

Fourth Lateran da mutuwa

A culmination na pontificate na Innocent III na huɗu Lateran Council. Yana bude a watan Nuwamba 1215. A wani alama taron zo 400 archbishops da bishops, kazalika da da dama daga cikin biyun nan da Eastern Ikklisiya. A daidai wannan lokaci ba a nan cikin Greek matsayi. Ko bayan shekaru goma sha tsõro da looting Konstantinoful firgita Rumawa daga duk wani hadin gwiwa tare da Katolika.

A babban coci da aka buga fiye da saba'in canons tafiyad da batutuwa da dama da suka shafi cikin rayuwar addini. Alal misali, ya haramta Kiristoci su yi ciniki dangantakar da Yahudawa. Nuna Bambanci da Yahudawa ya da wani fasalin na zamanin, kuma da Innocent da ayarinsa aka mutane suka kawo su lokaci.

Paparoma bari ba kawai da shawarar da Lateran Cathedral da Bull, amma kuma dubban haruffa. Mutane da yawa daga cikin su sun sadaukar da al'amurran da suka shafi doka: kamar yadda aka sani, da pontiff an yi fice na da lauya. The asali tarin ya rubutu ya samu ajiye a Jami'ar Bologna.

Innocent 3 photo na da hotunan da suka nuna shi ne har yanzu quite wani saurayi, ya rasu ranar 16 ga Yuli, 1216, a Perugia da shekaru 55 da shekaru. A sabili da farkon mutuwa na pontiff fara da zazzabin cizon sauro. Innocent ya kamu da wani m cuta a kan hanyar zuwa arewacin Italiya, inda ya tafi bayan da Lateran Majalisar domin shiri na rigingimu tsakanin Pisa da Genoa. Paparoma fatan taimakawa biyu jamhuriyoyin a cikin sabon shiri na biyar jihadi. Aka binne shi a Perugia. Innocent ragowar da aka canjawa wuri zuwa Roma a 1891.