Peat bog: ilimi, shekaru, abubuwan ban sha'awa

Kusan a cikin kowane yanki na gari za ka iya samun irin wannan ban mamaki na yanayi, kamar kullun peat. Yana da kantin sayar da wutar lantarki mai kyau, sabuwar ƙasa mai ban sha'awa da tafkin ruwa da ke samar da kogi.

Bayani

Ana kiran fadar da ake kira wuri na ƙasa tare da ruwa mai laushi da ruwa mai tsabta a farfajiya a cikin shekara. Saboda rashin takaici, ruwa ba zai tsere ba, kuma yankin yana da hankali a kan ciyayi mai dadi. A sakamakon rashin iska da matsanancin zafi, adadin peat ya kasance a saman. Su kauri, a matsayin mai mulkin, ba kasa da 30 cm ba.

Peat shi ne ma'adinai da aka yi amfani da su a matsayin tushen man fetur da ƙwayar taki, don haka labaran suna da muhimmancin tattalin arziki.

Dalilin da aka samu na peat bogs

Tarihin bayyanar su fiye da miliyan 400 ne. Yunkuri na "matasa" na zamani sun kai kimanin shekaru 12,000. Yankin su a duk faɗin duniya shine kimanin 2,682,000 km², wanda 73% shine Rasha. Ana zargin swamps Earsbe da dama dalilai: gumi sauyin yanayi, da wani siffa daga cikin wuri mai faɗi, gaban impermeable ƙasa yadudduka da kuma kusanci da ruwan karkashin kasa.

A sakamakon rashin ruwa mai zurfi a cikin ƙasa, ƙayyadaddun matakai na haifar da haɗuwa da peat. Ruwa a yanayin yanayin yunwa na oxygen suna mutuwa, yankunan suna cike da tsire-tsire maras kyau wanda ya dace da yanayin da ya dace. Duk wannan yana taimakawa wajen kara karawa, wanda yake tare da kamfanonin peat. Lokacin da rashin isashshen oxygen ya kasance, tsire-tsire ba ya rabu da juna, sai su tarawa, suna kirkiro wani nau'i.

Furotin

Yanayin rayuwa masu mahimmanci suna taimakawa wajen ci gaban ƙananan tsire-tsire. Rashin yin musayar ruwa ya haifar da rashin lemun tsami a cikin adadi na peat. Wannan take kaiwa zuwa wani multiplication na sphagnum gansakuka, wanda ba zai iya jure gaban ko da adadi kaɗan na lemun tsami a cikin ruwa.

Tsarin iri na peat bogs sun hada da cranberries, blueberries, cloudsberries, lingonberries, sundew, da kuma fata. Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa ita ce duk suna da siffofin da ke hana asarar ruwa, halayyar tsire-tsire da ke cike da wuraren busassun wuri.

Harkokin gwagwarmaya

Yana da kwayoyin halitta wanda ya ƙunshi abubuwa kimanin 50%. Yana dauke da bitumen, acid humic, salts, da sassa na tsire-tsire waɗanda ba su lalacewa (tushe, ganye, asalinsu).

Rubutun saman da ke rufe kullun peat shine ƙasa mai hydromorphic. An cike shi da invertebrates da microorganisms, yana cike da asali da kuma shiga cikin metabolism tare da phytocenosis. Jigon peat yana ragu sosai - shekara daya da kauri daga cikin Layer yana ƙaruwa ba ta fiye da 1 mm ba. Wannan ya danganta da yawan girma na babban peat tsohon - mashahuran sphagnum.

A hankali, ƙarƙashin rinjayar lakaran da ke kwance a saman katako yana karawa, gyaran sinadaran ya faru a ciki, kuma ɓangaren ɓangaren ya bayyana. An kiyaye aikin nazarin halittu na wannan Layer idan matakin ruwa a cikin fadar mai sauƙi kuma a lokacin rani ya rage zuwa 40 cm.

Peat wani ma'adinai ne da aka yi amfani da su a masana'antu da noma da dama. Yana aiki a matsayin abu mai mahimmanci don ƙirƙirar m, amma mai karfi yadudduka. Ana samar da kayayyakin launi daga peat. Hanya na peat don shawa danshi yana ba da damar amfani dashi a matsayin kwanciya ga dabbobi. Bugu da ƙari, wannan kyakkyawan taki ne mai kyau.

Muhimmancin peat bogs

Hanyoyin magunguna na swamps sun haifar da barazana ga ɓacewarsu gaba daya. A shekara ta 1971, an sanya Yarjejeniyar a Ramsar, dalilin da ya sa mahimmancin wuraren da ake kiyayewa. A yau, kimanin kasashe 60 (ciki har da Rasha) sun shiga cikin wannan, waɗanda suke damuwa sosai game da matsalolin da suka ɓace.

Kowane fadin ruwa ne na tafki. Tare da su sau biyar sun fi ruwa fiye da dukkan koguna a duniya. Peat bogs suna cikin samar da abinci ga koguna. Mafi yawancin su suna iya dakatar da wutar daji. Suna shayar da iska a sararin samaniya kuma suna zama takamaiman takarda. A wannan shekara, 1 hectare na faduwa yana shafe daga yanayin har zuwa 1500 kilogiram na carbon dioxide, yana saki fiye da 500 kilogiram na oxygen. Peat hakar sau da yawa take kaiwa zuwa ga halaka da Marshes, kuma a sakamakon, zama m kogin, kafa ta yashewa, akwai wani canji na wuri mai faɗi.

A cikin kullun ana kiyaye su sosai don dubban shekaru ragowar shuke-shuke, pollen, tsaba, ta hanyar da za ku iya nazarin tarihin duniyarmu. Nemo a cikin peat bogs ya taimaka, alal misali, masana kimiyya su tabbatar da cewa wasu nau'in dabbobi suna jira a can don canja yanayi.

Ruwa shi ne mafi yawan abin da ya shafi ilimin halitta na yaduwar dan Adam, saboda haka yana da hadari mai kyau ga shuke-shuke da dabbobin da ke cikin Red Book. A nan girma m berries, irin su cloudberries, cranberries, cranberries.

Mulkin aljannu

Zuwa kwanakinmu sun zo da yawan labaran labaru da labaru masu dangantaka da swamps. Sun dade da sha'awar mutane da asirin su kuma a lokaci guda suka firgita su. Wannan ba abin mamaki ba ne, saboda binciken da aka gano a wasu lokuta a cikin peat bogs, ya haifar da tsoro. Alal misali, a cikin mahaukaci, dake Norway da Dänemark, an sami ragowar kimanin mutane bakwai da suka rayu a cikin shekaru da suka wuce. An shayar da muhalli mai tsabta ba tare da raguwa da kansu ba ko tufafin da aka yi musu a cikin wannan lokaci.

Babu wani abu mai ban tsoro, a cikin tsohuwar kwanakin, akwai wani abu mai ban mamaki, wanda aka saba gani sau da yawa a cikin fadin. Na farko, babban kumfa yana cikewa a kan fuskarsa, to, sai ta yi ta da murya, kuma rafi na ruwa da laka ya tashi sama. Mutane sun yi la'akari da wannan mummunar kallon don bayyanar da ruhohin ruhohi, ruhun ruhu wanda yake zaune a cikin kumburi. A gaskiya ma, wannan batu, ba shakka, yana da bayanin kimiyya. A sakamakon lalata na fadama shuke-shuke generated methane gas, wanda aka tara a karkashin Layer na sludge a kasa na fadama. Tare da tarin yawa daga cikin shi, irin wannan fashewa ya auku. Hakanan, wannan iskar gas ta zo ne a cikin kwantar da hankali a cikin nau'i na kananan kumfa.

Sabili da haka, mafi munin mummunan abin da ake yi a cikin kullun yana da haɗari shine yiwuwar ƙonewa, wanda sau da yawa yakan faru bayan ragowar su.