Rasha steppe ajiye: jerin

A cikin zamani, mu sau da yawa manta game da kewaye yanayi, neman ƙara da shi a kowace shekara. Girma birni, sabon motorways aka gina, wuce rayuwarmu halitta da kuma kyawawan wurare. Da muhimmancin da adana halitta Flora da fauna Kanmu musamman yankuna - reserves. A kasar mu, mun halitta fiye da dari kare yankunan, yanayi reserves da daji Rasha zauna da muhimmanci wuri a cikin wannan tsarin.

Mene ne a ajiye?

Reserve zaci wani rabo a nan kusa (ko ruwa), a cikin abin da aka adana duk halitta hadaddun a cikakken da na halitta nau'i.

Masana tarihi yi imani da cewa na farko da yunkurin kare muhalli sun kasance baya a III karni BC, a Sri Lanka. A can da aka buga da sosai farko a duniya da dokar a kan kariya daga namun daji,. A farko yankin da kiyayewa matsayi bayyana a cikin XIII karni a Ifriqiya, a lokacin da daular Hafsid ban a kan farauta a cikin kusanci da daya daga cikin tabkuna.

Daga hangen zaman gaba na zamani da Rasha dokar, Rasha jihar halitta reserves - ne na musamman kimiyya cibiyoyin kafa don adana da kuma nazarin da na halitta matakai da muhalli a tsarin.

Goals da Manufofi

All Rasha kare yanayi reserves kafa da kansu guda manufofin:

1. Tanadin na gene pool na Flora da fauna.
2. A adana halitta kunsa mutunci.
3. Rike da bambancin da shuka da dabbobi al'ummomi.
4. Aiwatar da bincike a vivo.

All kasa Parks a Rasha, kuma ba kawai a Rasha, gina a kan wannan manufa. A cikin tsarin za a iya raba uku main zones:

• Tsare da zuciyar;
• buffer (SF) zone.
• kare zone (miƙa mulki tsakanin ainihin ajiye da kuma m unprotected yankunan).

Kuma manyan reserves na Rasha da kuma kananan da irin wannan tsari. Wadannan uku zones ne halayyar Tsarin daban-daban daraja da kuma size.

A tarihin Rasha yanayi reserves

Kusan duk Rasha reserves, wanda su ne sunayen za ka ga a wannan labarin, ko ta wani hanya, da dogon tarihi na asalin.

A farko wannan zone a Rasha da aka kafa a 1917. Yana Barguzinsky ajiye a Buryatia. Daga baya cikin jerin kasar kare yankunan da aka sani kawai, uwa. Irin manyan reserves na Rasha a matsayin Astrakhan, Caucasus da kuma Ilmensky kuma za a iya dangana ga mafi tsufa. Dukan su bayyana a cikin 20s karni na ashirin da. Amma ƙarami za a iya daukan ajiye "Utrish", wadda aka kafa a 2010. Bugu da kari, a lokacin har zuwa shekarar 2020 shi ne ya shirya don ƙirƙirar wani m 11 sabon kare yankunan a Rasha.

Reserves na Rasha: jerin steppe reserves

Kamar yadda na 2014 a Rasha Federation akwai 103 yanayi reserves. Su duk zauna a total yanki na 340.000 murabba'in kilomita. Wannan ne mai babbar yanki da za a iya kwatanta ta da yankin na kasashen Turai, kamar Finland.

Wannan lambar, 11 yanayi reserves za a iya dangana ga steppe. Mun jera wadannan reserves na Rasha. List of yi kasa:

• Astrakhan,
• "Belogorye"
• Voroninsky,
• Voronezh,
• White-naped,
• Gabas-Ural,
• "Galichya Mountain"
• Orenburg,
• Rostov,
• "Volga steppe"
• "Black Duniya".

All Rasha reserves, sunayen da aka jera, sanya wa ma'aikatar albarkatun kasa da muhalli. Biyu na su - da Gabas-Urals da kuma "Yankan Mountain" - batun da sauran hukumomin.

The sabon abu na Rasha steppe

Rasha steppe - shi ne na musamman da kuma na musamman na halitta sabon abu. Rasha steppe reserves, da su daji ciyawa da garwaya silvery gashin tsuntsu ciyawa, kama wani doki ta mane.

Abin sha'awa, da ra'ayin samar da irin wannan kare yankunan samo asali shi a cikin steppe. Fice gona masanin kimiyya da agronomist Vasily Dokuchaev yi magana game da wannan bukatar, shẽkara ɗari da suka wuce. Duk da haka, babu ajiye bai wanzu a Rasha a cikin steppe sashi na har zuwa 90-ies. Na farko shi ne Orenburg steppe ajiye, wanda aka shirya a kan shirin na Alexander Alexandrovich Chibilova a 1989.

Steppe ajiye "Orenburg"

Bayyana a cikin May 1989, a yau ta maida hankali ne akan wani yanki na kan 21 dubu kadada.

Steppe ajiye "Orenburgsky" ya hada da hudu raba yankunan:

• Talovskaya steppe
• Burtinskaya steppe
• Aytuarskaya steppe
• Aschisayskaya steppe (mafi girma a ƙasar yankin na 7.200 kadada).

A cikin wannan yanki za ka iya ganin ba kawai untouched steppe. Akwai mutane da yawa da archaeological Monuments VII-III karni BC. Wannan Mounds Sarmatian al'adu.

A sauyin yanayi - bushe da nahiyar. Average shekara-shekara zafin jiki ne 2.5 digiri centigrade, da kuma talakawan shekara-shekara ruwan sama ne negligibly kananan - daga 250 zuwa 350 mm. By mataki na wetting yankin za a iya amince dangana ga Semi-hamada.

Na ajiye Flora ne bambancin: akwai 14 jinsunan fungi, 150 jinsunan lichen, 8 jinsunan gansakuka da kuma 1.350 jinsunan jijiyoyin bugun gini shuke-shuke. Babu kasa mai arziki da kuma fauna daga yankin: 48 jinsunan dabbobi masu shayarwa, 193 jinsunan tsuntsaye, 6 jinsunan kifaye, 526 jinsunan beetles da 184 jinsunan gizo-gizo. A ƙasa ne shagaltar da kagaggun ciyawa-sod steppe, a kan gangara na tuddai kuma kafa m steppe da kuma a kan Saline gona - hamada gidaje da kuma al'umma.

A ajiye akwai game da biyu da dozin shuke-shuke da aka jera a cikin Red Littãfi daga Rasha. Dabbobin da yawa Rasha ajiye "Orenburg" ne ma da Red Littãfi. Daga cikin su steppe kudan zuma, tsuntsu dutse curlew, Balaban, zinariya mikiya, steppe mikiya, bustard da stilt da kuma Turai dabbar beaver.

"Belogorye"

Rasha steppe reserves - shi ne mai real taska na kasar mu. Daya yanayi ne ajiye "Belogorye" a cikin Belgorod yankin, wanda Dates baya ga 1924. Sai ya kira da "Forest na Vorskla River," da kuma, a 1999 aka sake tsarafa cikin sabon kariya na ƙasa a karkashin ta ba sunan.

Wannan kare yankin ne mai kimiyya da kuma muhalli da ilimi da wuraren na tarayya muhimmanci. Its manufa - don adana da kuma cikakken nazari da na halitta matakai da kuma mamaki a cikin gandun daji-steppe zone, kazalika da kiyayewa da mutum jinsunan da al'ummomi daga Flora, fauna da kuma musamman kunsa a kudu na tsakiya Rasha Upland.

A ƙasa na yanayi ajiye "Belogorye" ya hada da biyar raba sassan, wanda aka located in uku gundumomi na yankin. Yana mãkirci:

• Forest a kan Vorskla,
• Izgorya bango,
• M Hills,
• Yamskaya Steppe,
• Ostrasevy ravines.

A total yanki na "Belogoriya" shi ne 2131 kadada.

A cikin ajiye, masana kimiyya Akwai 149 daban-daban jinsunan tsuntsaye, kazalika da game da 370 jinsunan jijiyoyin bugun gini shuke-shuke. Fauna da aka wakilta 50 nau'o'in dabbobi masu shayarwa, 15 jinsunan kifaye, jinsunan dabbobi masu rarrafe, 6 da kuma 9 iri amphibious dabbobi.

Reserve "Voroninsky"

Manyan reserves Rasha janyo hankalin manyan yawan masu yawon shakatawa da kuma naturalists. Wata irin wannan Voroninsky ajiye located in gandun daji zone Tambov yankin. Yana da aka halitta a shekarar 1994 don kare gandun daji steppe tsarin Jamhuriyar Rasha. A duka yankin - fiye da 10,000 kadada, da yanayi ajiye aka located a cikin 40 kilomita na Crow Valley River.

Structure Voroninsky ajiye hada biyu babban gungu - gandun daji "Inzhavinskaya" da "Kirsanovsky" da kuma goma more delineated karami yankin.

A ra'ayin na samar da wannan wuri kiyayewa yankin mallakar wani VP Semenov Tian-Shanskii sani Rasha labarin kasa. A farkon karni na ashirin, ya miƙa don tsara nan da ake kira "uromny Park" (uremia - musamman ambaliyar bayyana gandun daji). Shi ne da nazari, da kuma maido da wannan gandun daji ne babban aiki na zamani ajiye.

Duk da haka, da real m aiki a kan ci gaban ajiye ra'ayi fara kawai a cikin marigayi 80-ies na XX karni. A babban taimako ga kungiyar na ajiye da Voroninsky masana Regional Museum da Tambov Pedagogical Cibiyar.

A ranar, da ajiye ta ɓullo da uku yawon shakatawa hanyoyi: "Inzhavino-Barska Mountain", "Kare Lake" da kuma "Kare hanyoyinsa."

Daya daga cikin mafi kyau jan hankali Voroninsky ajiye shi ne abin da ake kira m Mountain - kome kamar spur na Volga Uplands. Gore yana da dangi tsawo na game da 50 mita. Kuma ko da a yau da dutsen da aka rufe tare da wucin gadi gandun daji plantations, kafin ta gaske "m", sabili da haka rike sunan. Af, cewa wannan dutse shi ne wata alama ce Inzhavino kauyen.

Wani janye daga ajiye - na musamman da Willow ɗan kurmi kusa da kauyen Semenovka. Ta shekaru - fiye da 150 shekaru. Duk da haka, ba kawai wannan sanannen Willow ɗan kurmi, saboda shi aka zare da zarar wani sananne artist Mstislav Dobuzhinsky. Kuma yanzu da hoton da aka adana a cikin Museum of London. Abin baƙin ciki, a yau kawai saurã daga wannan Willow Garka - mutane da yawa itatuwa da aka lalata a lokacin yaki, da kuma a sakamakon da dabbanci ayyuka a cikin 90s.

"Rostov"

Gigice da fascinate tare da kyau steppe reserves na Rasha! A shekarar 1995, a cikin Rostov yankin na Rostov Reserve da aka kafa, ko da yake preconditions domin ta kungiyar da ke a cikin marigayi XIX karni. A ra'ayin don ƙirƙirar nan a steppe ajiye sa'an nan ya nuna masanin kimiyya Vasily Dokuchaev, wanda ya ciyar da mai yawa lokaci da kuma kokarin nazarin gida steppe shimfidar.

Rostov Reserve yana tarayya matsayi da kansa gwamnati. Ya qunshi hudu raba yankunan, jimlar yanki na fiye da 9 kadada.

A cikin ajiye, masana kimiyya kidaya 410 jinsunan jijiyoyin bugun gini shuke-shuke - kagaggun hatsi, legumes, Asteraceae da kuma albasa. Ga za ka iya samun 4 iri Peas, da dama jinsunan gashin tsuntsu ciyawa, raƙumi ƙaya. Girma a cikin ajiye da jinsunan da aka jera a cikin Red Littãfi: da Tulip Schrenk, Dwarf Iris, gashin tsuntsu ciyawa da sauran jinsunan.

"Black Duniya"

Babbar reserves buga Rasha da ta sikelin da kuma unspoilt ƙasar budurwa shimfidar. Daya daga cikin mafi girma a kasar ne a Muciya Reserve da wani sabon abu da sunan "Black Duniya", a cikin abin da aka adana da musamman yankunan da Kalmyk steppe.

The ajiye da aka kafa a watan Yuni 1990. Babban aiki - domin ajiye steppe da kuma Semi-hamada shimfidar wurare, kazalika da kariya na saiga yawan jama'a. A duka fannin kare yankin - fiye da 120 dubu kadada. Abin lura shi ne cewa a shekarar 1993 da "Black Land" samu matsayi na biosphere ajiye ta UNESCO.

The ajiye ta Flora aka wakilta a matsayin steppe da kuma hamada jinsunan shuke-shuke. Saboda haka, a cikin m yankunan iya saduwa da raƙumi ƙaya, lyme ciyawa, yashi sagebrush. A tsibirin na lake Manichev-Gudilo da matakan da gashin tsuntsu Lessing. Girma a nan da kuma rare jinsunan shuke-shuke: cornflower Taliev da Tulip Schrenk.

A fauna ne ma wakilta steppe da kuma Semi-hamada jinsunan. Ga saba irin gada, babban-eared bushiya, kananan gopher, jerboa. Samu a cikin "black ƙasar" bandaging da haske polecat. A cikin 'yan shekaru, kara kerkẽci yawan jama'a a cikin ajiye.

Gurbi a kan ajiye wani babban yawan waterfowl. Wannan bebe swan, Goose, Dalmatian kwasakwasa, daji duck, m duck, pochard da sauransu. Kare nan kuma hankula steppe jinsunan tsuntsaye: bustard, Lark, kadan bustard, steppe mikiya da ungulu.

"Volga steppe"

"Volga steppe" - wani hali ajiye a cikin Penza yankin, wanda ya hada da 5 raba yankunan:

• Poperechenskaya steppe
• Ostrovtsovskaya steppe
• Kuncherovskaya steppe
• Pine Forest a ranar Kadadah,
• Verhnesursky gandun daji yankin.

An located a cikin steppe sashi na tsakiya Volga. The ajiye da aka kafa a shekarar 1989 don kare arewacin matakan da gandun daji. Yana maida hankali ne akan a yau wani yanki na 8326 kadada. "Volga steppe" - shi ne ba wai kawai wata halitta kiyayewa yankin. The ajiye aka kuma nasarar tsunduma a kimiyya, bincike, ilimi da kuma wasanni ayyuka. Duk da haka, babban maƙasudin na "da Volga steppe" ne kariya daga Flora da fauna, kazalika da mutum wakilan da kuma dukan al'amarin.

A "da Volga steppe" Akwai game da 860 jinsunan jijiyoyin bugun gini shuke-shuke zuwa kwanan (wannan, ta hanyar, 55% na nau'in abun da ke ciki na Penza yankin Flora). Daga cikin wadannan, 70 jinsunan ne bukatar musamman kariya, har ma da tara iri da aka jera a cikin Red Littãfi daga Rasha. Wannan nau'I hudu na Stipa (gashin tsuntsu ciyawa, da kyau, opushennolistny da gashin tsuntsu Zaleski), Fritillaria Rasha, Iris leafless, Cephalanthera rubra, epipogium leafless da neottianta cucullata. 58 jinsunan shuke-shuke na ajiye ne ma kunshe a cikin Red Littãfi daga cikin filin.

An ban sha'awa abu ne mai Pine gandun daji ajiye a Kadadah, ko abin da ake kira "Borok", kusa da kauyen na Shatkino. Plot yanki na Pine gandun daji a kan bankunan na kogin Kadadah - kusan 400 kadada. Boron ne a hadaddun na wucin gadi Pine Lambuna da itacen oak gandun daji. Mafi yawa daga cikin yankin da aka shagaltar da wani abu da alder swamps.

Wannan labarin ya bayyana da ya fi shahara Rasha reserves. Photos of wadannan m sassa na kasar mu kuma za a iya samu a nan. A kasar mu, mun halitta fiye da dari kare yankunan, wanda shine su kare kewaye yanayi, da kariya na halitta shimfidar wurare, sabuntawa da kuma adana wasu dabbobi da shuka iri. Bugu da kari, kare yankunan da gudanar da wani karin ilimi da kuma ilimi da aiki da dasa mutane a Rasha soyayya ga yanayi. Mafi yawa daga cikin reserves kuma yana da manyan wasanni da kuma yawon shakatawa m, da kuma wasu daga cikinsu ma kokarin aiwatar da shi ta hanyar tasowa musamman yawon shakatawa hanyoyi da muhalli en.