Rediyoaktif samu na ƙasa da illar

mutum fafatukar sau da yawa sosai adversely rinjayar da duniya a kusa da rai ko maras rai yanayi. A m cin gaban masana'antu, m da aikin noma, sharar gida gudanar da matsaloli - duk wannan tsanani razana Kare Mahalli na duniya. Tare da ci gaba da makamashin nukiliya da kuma kyautata na makaman nukiliya akwai wani matsala - da samu na kasa, ruwa, yanayi.

Ma'ana matsalar

Rediyoaktif samu daga ƙasa - shi wuce shi radionuclide yawa a kan Manuniya na matsakaicin canja kudi saboda mutum aiki.

Gurbata wuraren halin da gagarumin haddi allurai na waje da kuma na ciki daukan hotuna. Don koma zuwa norms na ionizing warkar da International Hukumar radiation Kariya (ICRP), da talakawan shekara-shekara kashi na radiation da aka gabatar da cewa kasa da kuma kankara na 0.25-0.5 microsieverts da shekara (mSv / y). Wannan misali da bayyana adadin radiation ne hadari ga lafiyar dan adam da kuma shi ne sau da yawa m fiye da abin da zai haifar da mutuwar wani rai gabar domin a kara kwanaki 30.

dalilai

Ta yaya ne samu da ƙasa? Sources gurbatawa - kungiyoyin biyu na radionuclides:

• mutum da aka yi;
• halitta.

An sani cewa ƙasa ya ƙunshi halitta radionuclides. Duk da haka, su maida hankali ne muhimmanci ƙãra saboda samar, ajiya na halitta albarkatun kasa, aiki, hadi, su yi, kwal konewa tashi ash amfani matsayin barbarar shuke-shuke ko don yi na kayan gini, da dai sauransu

Saboda da m samarwa da kuma amfani da takin a kowace shekara da adadin radioactively gurbata kasa ƙaruwa. Alal misali, a talauci gane batun na kara maida hankali radionuclides a cikin ƙasa saboda da amfani da potash da phosphate takin.

Artificial radionuclides a cikin manyan yawa fada cikin aka gyara na duniya ta biosphere saboda nukiliya fashe.

Saboda haka, babbar dalilai haddasa samu na ƙasa ne:

• m cin gaban aikin gona ƙasashe.
• manyan masana'antu.
• hako ma'adinai na albarkatun;
• radioactive.
• watsi daga makaman nukiliya radiation;
• gwajin makaman nukiliya.

Rediyoaktif samu daga ƙasa: samu effects

Akwai da yawa illar da ƙasa samu:

• kai tsaye mummunan tasiri na rediyoaktif abubuwa a kan dabbobi, tsirrai da mutane,
• gagarumin rage mata da yiwuwar yin amfani da ƙasa albarkatun domin aikin gona dalilai. Bayan duk kayayyakin da aka samu daga irin wannan mãkirci ne bisa al'ada matakin na maida hankali na rediyoaktif kayan saboda samu na bude kududdufai, da ruwan karkashin kasa, kasar gona wanke daga inda cutarwa mahadi. Mai tsanani samu zai iya kai wa ga rashin iyawa don amfani da sabo ruwa ba kawai don sha da kuma dafa abinci, amma kuma a kan desoldering dabbobi ko ban ruwa na noma ƙasar.

Mutane da yawa malaman jayayya da cewa da shan kashi na radiation yanayi na matsakaici take kaiwa zuwa kammala asarar biogeotsionozov kuma alƙarya. Wannan na faruwa a lokacin da high matakan da gurbatawa. Irin wannan yankunan suna gyarawa a cikin kusanci da babban wurare inda akwai wani saki radiation kuma, a sakamakon, da samu daga cikin ƙasa. Nuclear - wariya zone bayan da hatsari. Sa'an nan daruruwan kadada sun samu karfi kashi na radiation, a sakamakon abin da suka kasance cire gaba daya daga mutum aiki.

muhimmi matakai

A kasar gona mamaye hadaddun dadin jikina na rediyoaktif abubuwa. Bugu da kari, shi Stores su na dogon lokaci.

Radionuclides a cikin ƙasa ne halin da:

• Properties na chemically aiki jinsunan.
• dũkiyarsu da kuma abun da ke ciki na kasar gona da kanta.
• Properties na radionuclides fallout.
• climatic sigogi.
• fasali na wuri mai faɗi.

Radionuclides ciyar da uwa da ƙasa surface a cikin abun da ke ciki na aerosols, ma'adanai, particulate man fetur, da dai sauransu Matsakaicin masakin narkewa kasarun adadi a duniya fallout na 30-90%. A mafi adadi daga cesium da strontium. Yadda za a nuna hali radionuclides a nan gaba - ba wanda ya sani. Dynamic ma'auni qara da ragewa solubility na depositions. Ƙasa mai narkewa kwayoyin abubuwa da kuma musamman acidification na yanayi rinjayar da kara hijirarsa na radionuclides cewa an amfani da manufar da ta tsarkakewa.

The motsi na rediyoaktif samu dogara a kan:

• mineralogical abun da ke ciki.
• kasancewa a cikin ƙasa geochemical shingen.
• barbashi size rarraba .
• Properties humus.
• dauki matsakaici.

Takamaiman redistribution na radionuclides

Don hango ko hasashen zai yiwu effects na ƙasa samu da matukar muhimmanci a san halaye na da hijirarsa daga radionuclides.

redistribution na radionuclides a cikin ƙasa na faruwa a kwance, kuma a tsaye kwatance a wani halitta hanya da kuma ga dalilai na ayyukan mutane.

Takamaiman hijirarsa ne saboda:

• aeolian kai (da sunan zo daga sunan Allah Aeolus iska).
• zube floodwater ke haifar mafi m samu nisin da dausayi.
• dabba sharar gida (earthworm, daji Boars, moles da sauran "digging");
• zirga-zirga.
• girbi makiyãyã a fadamun gurbata.
• gandun daji gobara, wadda ne sosai iko isotopes canja wurin factor.

Mafi qarancin kwance hijirarsa lura a cikin gandun daji coenoses, kuma matsakaicin - a agrocenoses da haske kasa. Takamaiman redistribution, a daya hannun, rage matakin ƙasa samu tare da rediyoaktif nuclides, a kan sauran - fadada yankin da suka rarraba.

karkata zuwa ga gaskiya hijirarsa

Amma a tsaye redistribution, sa'an nan a duk gona da iri, shi ne jinkirin. Ƙirgar gudun da tsari ne daga 'yan tenths zuwa biyu santimita a kowace shekara. Ƙasa a cikin wannan hali abubuwa a matsayin biogeochemical shãmaki. Nazarin a chernobye zone nuna cewa mafiya yawa daga cikin radionuclides a saura a cikin saman Layer na kasar gona (game da 10 cm) na dogon lokaci. Kuma a cikin katakai na wannan sashi na rediyoaktif abubuwa tara a cikin zuriyar dabbobi (ganye, needles) da kuma ƙananan Layer na kasar gona (game da 1-2 cm).

Tsaye hijirarsa na radionuclides dogara a kan irin dalilai:

• volcanic eruptions.
• ruwan sama, danshi canja wurin dake kwarara da kuma danshin.
• canja wuri da shuka tushen tsarin.
• mutum aiki - noma, ban ruwa.

A mafi gurbata yankunan a duniya

A duniya, akwai daruruwan radioactively gurbata yankunan. A tsanani hadari ne hanford yanki a Jihar Washington, USA. Ga gwarzon hadaddun, mukamansu farko a duniya nukiliya ci gaban da aka gina a tsakiyar karni na karshe. A sakamakon ayyukanta a gurbata yankin 518 square mita. km.

Kasa a Somalia an yi amfani da doka zubar da sharar nukiliya. Semipalatnsky site a Kazakhstan inda nukiliya gwaje-gwaje da aka za'ayi, shi ne daya daga cikin mafi radiation-m yankunan a duniya. A garin Maili-Suu, Kyrgyzstan, uranium hakar ma'adinai da aka gyara a cikin kungiyar tarayyar sikelin, sakamakon musamman high yawa na rediyoaktif isotopes a gundumar mahakar.

Sanannun nuclear zone - mai matattu zone, inda da yawa daruruwan kilomita ƙasa samu faru. Nuclear - shi ne ba kawai da duniya ta nukiliya ikon tashar, inda akwai wata nukiliya masifa na duniya sikelin. Similar faru a Fukushima, Japan. A nan, da girgizar kasa da kuma tsunami a watan Maris na 2011 ya sa wani hatsari a shuka, wanda ya sha wahala a sakamakon babbar ƙasa.

Masana'antu hadaddun "mayak" a Rasha a cikin m birni "Chelyabinsk-40" kusa da garin Kyshtym shafi cikin hatsari a shekarar 1957. Its sakamakon ya zama rediyoaktif samu na 25 000 kadada na arable ƙasar. Irin wannan catastrophic halin da ake ciki a kusa da OJSC Siberian Chemical Hada a Tomsk Oblast, Rasha.

Features na yin amfani da gurbata yankunan

A ƙasa yafi tara radionuclides tare da dogon rabin lalata: promethium-147, Cerro-144, cesium-137, Ruthenium-106 da kuma 103, strontium-90. A mafiya hatsari ga rayayyun kwayoyin halitta ne strontium-90. Saboda haka, a cikin filayen kamu da radiation, hali agrochemical, agro-fasaha da sauran ayyuka, wanda suke iya rage motsi na m mahadi daga ƙasa zuwa shuke-shuke. A saboda wannan dalili kuma yanke topsoil da jana'izata.

An tasiri awo ne zuriyar wasu iri na shuke-shuke da jinsunan, wanda aka halin da m matakin na radionuclide jari. Kowa ya sani cewa a cikin dabba fattening, yi amfani ne kawai da tsabta feed. Sorbents ake amfani da musamman Additives cewa hana nassi na rediyoaktif abubuwa a cikin madara.

Reclamation aiki da nufin rage ci daga radionuclides a cikin shuke-shuke. Don yin wannan sa ƙasa sorbents, kamar vermiculite, zeolite, ma'adinai da kuma Organic Additives, lemun tsami. A noma da rage jari a tsire-tsire na faruwa ta wajen radionuclides noma ayyuka. Ku ciyar Plantage noma, tare da samuwar yawa. Wannan namo dabara take kaiwa zuwa wani zurfafa na rediyoaktif samu. Saboda wannan jari na abubuwa a cikin shuke-shuke da aka rage ta 24 sau. A noma, ya kamata canja tsarin na amfanin gona juyawa. Shi ne mafi alhẽri a fara zuwa girma masana'antu albarkatun gona da ba a yi amfani da abinci.

An madadin Hanyar yin amfani da gurbata yankin ne kau da wani takamaiman sakamako. Alal misali, za ka iya ƙirƙiri musamman reserves. A alama bango radiation a shafin kamuwa da cuta dasa gandun daji, yafi Pine.

matakan tsaro

Matakan tsaro a yankunan inda akwai rediyoaktif samu na kasar gona, an directed a rage illar da radiation. Za'ayi irin wannan ayyuka:

• inganta aiwatar da dabaru domin yin amfani da kayayyakin da ƙasa na kasa, ko kuma matakin kasa da kasa, dangane da irin nisan da gurbatawa da yuwuwar hadarin samu na kewaye yankunan.
• reclamation, agro-fasaha da matakan.
• sinadaran da disinfection.
• amfani na sorbents.
• ƙuntatawa na ayyukan mutane.
• da sanar da jama'a game da yiwu hatsarori.
• iyakance fitarwa na wani samfurin daga hatsari yankin.

A lokacin da tushe daga wadannan hani dogara da farko a kan da yawa daga gurbacewa. Bugu da kari, kula da daukan hotuna kashi na radiation. Wannan lokaci na iya wuce daga makonni da dama ga dama da suka gabata. Kamar wancan ecologists rage samu daga ƙasa, kuma ta effects.