Sarki Harmajanas. Sarki na Moscow da kuma All Rasha Harmajanas

Saints a Rasha tun zamanin da, da kuma zama masu tsoron Allah maza, da sauki manoma da kuma m yan kasuwa, da kuma sosai halin kirki mãsu kyautatãwa mata, da kuma Mabayyani shugabanni. Rasha Orthodox al'umma reveres ya zama majiɓinci Allah, dõgara a cikin kariya daga sama tsarkaka, ya nẽmi kuma sami a su goyon baya a kan nasu ruhaniya hanya.

Brief biography serene Iyayengiji

Kiristanci a Rasha yana da yawa mai girma tsarkaka na kare. Sarki Harmajanas ne babu shakka daya daga cikin mafi muhimmanci mutane na Rasha tarihin Kiristanci. Yawa a cikin tarihin rayuwar mutumin ba cikakken gane. Har yanzu, masana tarihi ne m muhawara game da gagarumin turakun na rayuwarsa da kuma makoma.

Biography sarki Harmajanas cike da guesswork. An sani cewa da aka haife shi a Kazan, aka mai suna sunan Ermolay. Ainihin ranar bayyanar da haihuwa ne ba a sani ba, masana tarihi nema shi zuwa 1530. A social asalin sarki tabbatacce data ba su da samuwa. A cewar daya daga version, Harmajanas nasa ne da HALITTAR Rurik-Shumsky, a kan sauran - ya zo daga Don Cossacks. Masana tarihi sun fi karkata zuwa ga imani da cewa nan gaba St. Harmajanas, sarki na Moscow da aka har yanzu a commoner, mafi kusantar da shi shi sauki da 'yan qasar "na mutane."

A farko matakai a Orthodoxy Harmajanas

Ermolai ya sabis fara a Kazan Ceto-Transfiguration sufi talakawa malamin. Parish firist na coci na St. Nicholas Kazan, ya zama a cikin 1579, ya halarci bikin na samun fuskar Kazan Uwar Allah, kuma ya rubuta "The Tale of sabon abu da kuma narkewa abubuwan al'ajabi image na Kazan Uwar Allah" aiko baya ga Tsar Ivan da Munin.

A 'yan shekarun baya Harmajanas daukan zaman zuhudu da da ewa ba ta zama ta farko mazaunin, sa'an nan Archimandrite Kazan Ceto-Transfiguration sufi. Harmajanas erection na wani bishop da kuma nada Lardi Kazan kuma Astrakhan da aka gudanar a watan Mayu 1589.

A wannan rawa na dogon lokaci, da kuma shi ne kusan shekaru 18, da haihuwa, Harmajanas aiki tukuru. Tare da taimako, halitta kabarin gida limaman, shi ne rayayye yada da (sau da yawa m) na Kristanci cikin al'ummai na Volga. Sabobin tuba dukan iyalan da aka Hijira a musamman ƙauyuka karkashin kulawa na Rasha Orthodox.

Kiristanci da aka yada a Rasha, ya sa shi mai laushi, ba sosai m da m wajen, ga m "Majusawa" da aka yarda a yi amfani da jiki azãba, gammaye da kuma kurkuku, cikin kurkuku. A shatan, kwanan rana Janairu 1592, Metropolitan Ayuba sarki buga nema da cewa a duk Orthodox majami'u da aka kafa ambaton Kirista shahidai da kuma sojojin da suka shar'anta kawunansu a Kazan kariya a 1552.

Uba Harmajanas dauki bangare a cikin bikin canja wuri na mai tsarki relics Germana Kazanskogo daga babban birnin kasar da birnin Sviyazhsk, wanda ya faru a 1592. Labarin da sarki Hermogen ba zai zama cikakken ba tare da ya ambaci da babbar gudunmawar da yi a ƙasa Kazan Orthodox majami'u da kuma gidajen lama, game da sa hannu a cikin sa kambi Borisa Godunova da jama'a, tare da sa hannu na wata babbar lamba na mutane addu'a a bango na Novodevichy Convent.

Formation na sarki

A 1605 da Rasha kursiyin taƙaice dauki arya Dmitry I - dan damfara, bayyanar da cewa ya zama Prince Dmitry, kuma su ne a gaskiya suka tsere daga Chudov sufi Irena Grishkoy Otrepevym. Metropolitan Harmajanas aka kira nouveau "sarki" da kotun aiki a cikin sahu na Sanata, amma aka hõre wulãkanci saboda gaskiyar cewa Yaren mutanen Poland farka bukaci baftisma Lzhedmitriya Mariny Mnishek kafin "sarki" ya aure ta.

May 17, 1606, bayan wani gajeren mulkinsa, arya Dmitry aka hambarar daga Rasha kursiyin da wuri da aka dauka na karshe daga cikin irin Rurik - Vasiliy Shuysky. Daya daga cikin na farko yanke shawara aka hambarar da sarki Ignatius (af, tsohon Yaren mutanen Poland protege) da kuma gina Lardi na Kazan kuma Astrakhan zuwa ga daraja da sarki na All Rasha. Sarki na Moscow da kuma All Rasha, da cikas ga wannan shawara da aka ba gyara. A wannan wuri, sarki Harmajanas an aiki coci da kuma siyasa da ayyukan da nufin karfafa Orthodoxy a Rasha jihar.

Great protege na bangaskiyar Kirista, shi kadai da wani dukan rundunar makiya Rasha, sarki Harmajanas, a takaice biography wanda ba iya saukar da bayanin da ransa, manyan abubuwa, farkon, babbar unshakable imani da Allah, ya impregnable ƙarfi a yarda dasu, an mai suna a dama masana tarihi 'tukuru lu'u-lu'u' da kuma 'sabon annabi "na Rasha ƙasar.

A halin da ake ciki siyasa a Rasha

Sarki Harmajanas, photo icons haske:

A halin da ake ciki siyasa a jihar Rasha a lokacin da aka sosai m. Kursiyin shige daga hannu daya zuwa wani, tare da catastrophic gudun. Muddin daya daga cikin dare da rana a watan Mayu 1606, mafi girma boyars, jagorancin Vasiliya Shuyskogo (wakilin daya daga cikin manyan 'ya'yan sarakuna ba iyalansu, zuriyar daga cikin sarakunan Suzdal, na karshe wakilin irin Rurik) babu tsari hadin kai.

Manufar shi ne kifar da Rasha kursiyin da na ƙarya Dmitry na da sarautarsa Vasiliya Shuyskogo. Don kammala wannan aiki daga dukkan Metropolitan casemates asirce saki fursunoni da aka ba su makamai, da kuma a cikin farkon safe na Moscow echoed gangami ƙararrawa, sukan gayyaci mutanen zuwa Red Square.

Rasha mutane, na gaji da zalunci na Yaren mutanen Poland, taron suka zuba hawa kan tituna da jiran makamai tare da boyars. A wancan lokaci, yayin da babbar, mashaya jini taron garzaya da kisan kiyashin da Dogayen sanda, kashin bayan 'yan maƙarƙashiya, kai da Shumsky, ya karya a cikin Apartments na sarki da kuma kisan gilla da arya Dmitry I. 1 Yuni 1606 Shuya hukumance dauki kursiyin a mika wuyansu da goyon bayan da Rasha Orthodox Church. Domin shawo mutanen da daidaitar wannan shawara, da sarki na Moscow da kuma All Rasha, ya ba da izni ga fitarwa na Uglich zuwa babban birnin kasar na sauran kaya daga cikin Tsarevich Dmitry, wanda aka fallasa da janar review Yuni 3 na wannan shekarar.

troublous sau

Duk da haka, wannan awo ba sarrafa dace sakamakon. Kasa da watanni uku bayan abubuwan da suka faru da aka bayyana, biyu a Rasha ya fara yada jita-jita game da banmamaki ceto Dmitry, cewa ya yi zargin gudanar ya tsere daga hannun 'yan maƙarƙashiya. Sake ruri da fushi da Rasha ƙasar. Sojojin taru a arewacin jihar ƙi yin biyayya da sarki. Sarki Harmajanas kadai a cikin firgita lokaci domin Rasha ƙasar da aka kusa da shafaffu da Allah, sarki na Basil.

A halin da ake ciki a kusa da sabon Rasha sarki zama ƙara m, da yawa goyon bayan Shuisky kafin boyars da limaman sun jũya baya daga gare shi, kuma kawai Harmajanas, sarki na Moscow, wanda sau da yawa an hõre harin da wulãkanci, stoically ci gaba da tsare sarki. An misali ne da ya faru da cewa ya faru a cikin hunturu na 1609, lokacin da lokacin da yunƙurin Shuisky shaida taron suka garzaya zuwa Kremlin lallashe da boyars cire sarki Basil, sarki Harmajanas aka kama da kuma dauka zuwa wurin kisa.

Kuma ko da a yanzu, a tsakiyar bugãwa taron da haihuwa mutumin da aka ƙoƙarin kwantar da kalmar Allah ta mutane salihai, to shawo "ba to rakumi da shaidan lalata." Wannan lokaci, da juyin mulkin kasa, sun fi mayar saboda da hikima da ƙarfi na magana, da sarki ya ce. Duk da haka domin na ɗari uku da mutane gudanar ya tsere mayaudara a wani sabon encampment a Tushino ƙãƙalen faɗarsa.

A sauyi a Rasha matsaloli

A halin yanzu, a jihar ya fara faruwa events cewa taimakawa wajen canje-canje a cikin kwarara daga cikin matsaloli. Daya sanyi hunturu kwana a watan Fabrairu 1609 Vasiliy Shuysky shiga cikin wata kwangila tare da Swedish m Charles IX. Yaren mutanen Sweden detachment sojoji da aka aika zuwa Novgorod da kuma sanya karkashin umurnin sarki dan mahukunta Skopin-Shumsky.

United haka Rasha da kuma Yaren mutanen Sweden sojojin nasarar farmaki da sojojin Tushino ƙãƙalen faɗarsa, fitar da su daga arewa maso yammacin Rasha. Shiga Shumsky da Charles IX na kwangila da shigarwa zuwa Rasha ƙasar Sweden sojoji ba impetus zuwa farkon bude soja kaddamawar na Yaren mutanen Poland King Sigismund a Rasha. A cikin kaka na wannan shekara, da Yaren mutanen Poland sojojin tafi Smolensk, yanã fãtan mai sauki kama birnin. Amma akwai shi!

Smolensk jaruntaka da kuma jaruntaka, kusan biyu dogon shekaru, tsayayya da mãsu alãma daga cikin Dogayen sanda. A karshen, mafi yawan Polish Army ƙaura daga Tushino da kewaye Smolensk, kuma a karshen shekarar daga Tushino zuwa Kaluga gudu kansa wani mayaudarin. A farkon spring 1610 'yan tawayen sansanin da aka hallaka da kuma a kan Maris 12, da babban birnin kasar ta mutane gana da babbar sha'awa sojojin Skopin-Shumsky. barazana shan da matsala-masu yi a Moscow a kan, amma wannan ba ya nufin ƙarshen yaki a lokaci daya tare da biyu tsõkana - lurking a Kaluga kuma mayaudarin wanda ya zaunar da tabbaci a Smolensk Sigismund.

Shumsky matsayi a wannan lokaci da ɗan ƙarfafa, a lokacin da ba zato ba tsammani ya mutu dan dan'uwansa Hero Skopin-Shumsky. Mutuwarsa take kaiwa zuwa wani gaske catastrophic events. Rasha sojojin sun ci gaba to Smolensk da sandunan, a karkashin umurnin da ɗan'uwansa da sarki gaba daya hallaka kusa da kauyen Klushino. Getman Zolkiewski jagoranci Polish sojojin sun kasance a Moscow da kuma shagaltar da Mozhaisk. Ƙãƙalen faɗarsa, tattara ragowar dakarun hanzarta koma zuwa kudu da babban birnin kasar.

Tsar Vasily shaida. opal sarki

Dukkan wadannan m events shãfe haske al'adar Vasiliya Shuyskogo. A tsakiyar lokacin rani 1610, 'yan tawayen m cikin Kremlin kãma boyars, Sarki Harmajanas ihu da kifar da sarki, ya aka tilas cire daga Kremlin. Ubangijin Church unsuccessfully sake don kwantar da haukan taron, wannan lokaci ta bai ji shi. A karshe Sarkin mallakar wani tsoho tseren Rurik aka hambarar daga kursiyin Rasha, da ikon wani m da kuma "kõre" a cikin Chudov sufi, located (kafin ta hallaka) a cikin gabashin ɓangare na Kremlin a mallaka Square.

Harmajanas, sarki na Moscow da aka ba ƙaryata game da sabis na Allah da sarki na Basil, wanda duk da kome dauke gaskiya shafaffu da Rasha kursiyin. Alkawuransu kamar yadda sufaye Shumsky bai gane shi ba saboda gaskiyar cewa a bukata kafun ga hukumar alkawuransu ne pronunciation na kalmomi bakance da ƙarfi kai tsaye ga waɗanda suka zama m.

A cikin hali na alkawuransu Vasily kalma renunciation dukkan abubuwan duniya ya furta Tyufyakin Prince - daya daga cikin 'yan tawayen a kan tilas hambarar da sarki daga kursiyinsa. Af, sarki Harmajanas aka baya Tyufyakina kira wani m. A shaida Shumsky, bisa ga tarihi, ya zo ga ƙarshe jihar da kuma siyasa ayyuka na Ubangiji da kuma ya fara gaske ma'aikatar Orthodoxy.

Power a cikin babban birnin kasar da aka cikakken kama boyars. Sarki da dama a cikin kunya, gwamnati ta samu da sunan barkwanci "Bakwai Boyars" kurãme dukan bukatun, tunanin, shawara da kuma shawarwari Harmajanas. Kuma duk da haka, duk da ba zato ba tsammani kurumtar da boyars, a wannan lokaci ya daukaka ji mafi ƙarfi kuma tabbaci, bada wani karfi impetus ga tada Rasha daga "shaidan barci."

A gwagwarmayar da kursiyin

Bayan shaida na Vasily boyars tsaya a gaban muhimmanci tambaya - suka yi sabon tsar na Rasha. Don magance wannan al'amari Zemsky Sobor aka gudanar, a da ra'ayi, ya raba tsakanin shugabanni. Harmajanas nace a cikin view komawa zuwa kursiyin Vasiliya Shuyskogo, da kyau, ko kuma idan wannan shi ne ba zai yiwu ba a shafewa na daya daga cikin sarakunan Golitsyn ko dan da Rostov Lardi qananan Mikhail Romanov.

Kamar yadda ya sa da uban iyali a duk Orthodox majami'u suna yin salla zuwa ga Allah domin zaben da Rasha Tsar. Boyars, bi da bi, ya tsaya up for zaben da Rasha kursiyin, ɗan wata Yaren mutanen Poland m Sigismund, yarima Vladislav. Sandunan jũna a gare su da karami mugunta idan aka kwatanta da kai-styled arya Dmitri II da Tushino "sojojinsa." Sarki shi kadai gane yadda m for Rasha za su zama zaba hanyar da boyars.

Kada ku saurãra ga Harmajanas boyars fara tattaunawar da gwamnatin Poland. A sakamakon wadannan tattaunawa da aka yarjejeniyar daga majalisa na bakwai a kan shafewa Prince Ladislas sarauta. Kuma da sarki ya nuna duk da ƙarfin hali a nan. Ya sa a gaba da dama m yanayi - Vladislav ba zai iya zama a Rasha tsar ba tare da shan su zuwa Orthodox bangaskiya, Prince baftisma kamata faru kafin zuwa na Moscow, aure Vladislav zai yi kawai a Rasha yarinya, to gushe duk dangantakar da Katolika Paparoma da katolizizmom a duk da manifestations. Aika da Dogayen sanda da wadannan bukatun, da jakadun koma ba tare da wata hujja amsar da sarki ya ce cewa a cikin hali na ƙi Yarima baftisma wani kara tattaunawa game da shafewa shi kursiyin magana ba za a za'ayi.

m Semiboyarshina

Back to Sigismund aika wani ofishin jakadancin karkashin jagorancin Lardi Filaret kuma Prince Golitsyn da hujjõji umarnin da sarki na sosai bukaci daga Vladislav tallafi na Orthodoxy. Harmajanas albarka jakadun ta bada wani umarni dagewa a kan wannan bukatar, da kuma ba rakumi da wani dabaru na Yaren mutanen Poland sarki.

Kuma a sa'an nan sabon sarki ya halartar buga. 21 Satumba, a dare, manyansu amana bũɗe kõfõfin babban birnin na Yaren mutanen Poland da sojojin karkashin jagorancin Hetman Zolkiewski. Ubangiji kokarin 'yan tawayen da wannan mataki. Amma da boyars duk amsa tare da haushinka ga sarki, da coci ne da kõme ba su tsoma baki tare da masu kula da harkokin duniya. Sigismund kansa yanke shawarar kai Rasha kursiyin, a zahiri kawai shiga Rasha zuwa Jawabin Pospolitnoy. A babba yawan boyars nufin rantsuwa amincewa da Polish sarki. Bi da bi, da Rasha, jakadan tabbaci cika wa'adin da sarki, da haquri da kare kasa da bukatun na Rasha jihar da kuma Orthodox Kristanci.

Daya rana Ubangiji Germagen yi kira ga Rasha mutane, ƙarfafa su su kwanta a tsayayya wa zaben na wani Yaren mutanen Poland sarki mulkin Rasha. Hot, cike da adalci sarki magana kai manufarta, ya samu amsa kuwwar a cikin rai na Rasha mutane.

Boyars aika wani harafi da yarda daga vzoshestvii sarki Sigismund, amma saboda rashin ta sa hannu serene sarki na Rasha jakadun bayyana cewa daga lokacin da tarihi mai nisa a Rasha gona da wani kasuwanci, ko jama'a, ko wadanda mutane, ya fara tare da majalisar Orthodox limaman. Kuma shi ne gungumen azaba, a cikin halin yanzu wuya sau kasance da Rasha jihar ba tare da wani sarki, to, su ne babban mai sulhu fãce sarki Bole wanda kuma magance duk wani aiki ba zai iya zama ba tare da umurninsa. Fusatar da Sigismund tsaya duk tattaunawar, da jakadun koma Moscow.

Winter yamma a 1610 arya Dmitry II aka kashe, ya haifar da jubilation daga yanzu Rasha mutane. Ƙara su fara zama kira ga fitar da Dogayen sanda daga Rasha ƙasar. Don sun tsira wasu shaida Dogayen sanda kansu wannan lokaci. Suka ce cewa sarki na Moscow a asirce yada a ko'ina cikin birnin umurci, wanda karfafa mutane su hadu, kuma nan da nan dannawa zuwa babban birnin kasar don kare Orthodox bangaskiyar Kirista, da Kuma fitar waje invaders.

Monument to sarki Harmajanas a cikin Red Square a Moscow:

Taurin bangaskiya, da kuma heroism na sarki

Kuma sake zuwa da sarki Harmajanas saci barazana. Yaren mutanen Poland cin amanar da henchmen yanke shawarar ware da sarki daga ko'ina cikin duniya zuwa dakatar da rahoton na sarki Rokon ga mutane.

Janairu 16, 1611 sojojin da aka tura a cikin patriarchal yadi farmstead washe, kuma Ubangijin hõre wulakanci da izgili. Amma duk da kusan cikakkiyar kadaici, ya kira Rasha Orthodox Church of St. rarraba a tsakanin mutane. Rasha birane, domin umpteenth lokaci ya tashi a cikin tsaro na jihar. Mayakan da suka garzaya da ganuwar da babban birnin kasar domin ta kwata 'yanci daga Yaren mutanen Poland invaders. A watan Fabrairu 1611 da sarki na cin amanar hambararren kuma kurkuku shi a cikin duhu kurkuku na sufi Chudov, inda starved kuma in ba haka ba m.

Ubangiji Harmajanas shahada 17 Janairu 1612 shekara. Ko da yake masana tarihi ba su da wata yarjejeniya a kan wannan batun. A cewar wasu asusun, da sarki ya mutu daga yunwa, a kan sauran - shi da gangan guba da carbon monoxide ko gilla makare ta.

Wasu lokaci bayan mutuwar m Moscow da aka kebe da kasancewar a cikin shi na Dogayen sanda, da kuma Fabrairu 21, 1613 da Rasha kursiyin aka shagaltar da Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov, wanda Harmajanas lalle ya yi addu'a Allah.

Da farko, da sarki, aka binne shi a cikin Miracle sufi. Daga bisani, da jikin Ubangiji ba, shi ya yanke shawarar komawa ɗauka cewa Cathedral - a pantheon ga mafi girma da limaman a Moscow. An gano cewa da ikon da saint zauna incorrupt, saboda ragowar ba saukar a cikin ƙasa. Sarki canonization ya faru a 1913.