The abu a cikin sunadarai - menene wannan? Properties na abubuwa. azuzuwan da abubuwa

Babban tambaya cewa yana bukatar ya san amsar mutum ga ta dace fahimtar hoton na duniya - da cewa irin wannan abu a cikin sunadarai. Wannan ra'ayi kafa ko a makaranta shekaru da kuma bayar da umurni da yaron da za a kara raya. Samun ga nazarin sunadarai da muhimmanci a sami manufa daya tare da shi a kan wani yau da kullum matakin, shi ba ka damar ganin da samuwa bayyana daban-daban tafiyar matakai, ma'anar, Properties, da dai sauransu

Abin baƙin ciki, saboda ba manufa tsarin ilimi, mutane da yawa suna rasa wasu muhimman hakkokin kayan yau da kullum. A ra'ayi na "abu a cikin sunadarai" - wani irin ginshiƙin, dace sha na wannan definition ya ba mutum dama farko a cikin m ci gaba a fannin kimiyya halitta.

samuwar ra'ayi

Kafin motsi a kan zuwa manufar abu, shi wajibi ne domin sanin abin da yake batun sunadarai. Matter - shi ne cewa kai tsaye nazarin sunadarai na juna rikirkida, tsarin da kaddarorin. A general fahimtar da abu - wannan shi ne abin da ya ƙunshi jiki na zahiri.

Saboda haka, abin da abu a cikin sunadarai? Za mu samar da wata tabbatar da dalilin da miƙa mulki daga janar ra'ayi na mai zalla sinadaran. The abu - shi ne wani irin al'amari, dole ciwon tari da cewa za a iya auna. Wannan halayyar banbanta tsakanin ta da abu daga sauran iri al'amarin - a filin wadda ba a taro (lantarki, Magnetic, nazarin halittu filin, da dai sauransu). Kwayoyin halitta, bi da bi - shi ne wani abu daga abin da muka halitta da kuma duk abin da na kewaye da mu.

Da dama wasu halaye na al'amarin, shi aka ƙaddara, daga abin da shi ne musamman - shi ne riga da batun sunadarai. Abubuwa kafa ta kwayoyin zarra da kwayoyin (wasu ions), da kuma na nufin wani abu ya kunshi wadannan dabara raka'a da wani abu.

Simple da hadaddun kwayoyin halitta

Bayan Mastering tushe definition iya wuce zuwa cakuduwar. The abubuwa zo a cikin daban-daban matakan da kungiyar, da yake da sauki da hadaddun (ko connection) - wannan shi ne na farko rabo a cikin azuzuwan na abubuwa, sunadarai yana da yawa m rabuwa, cikakken kuma mafi hadaddun. Wannan rarrabuwa, sabanin wasu, yana mai tsananin tsare iyakoki, kowane dangane za a iya fili dangana ga daya daga cikin jinsunan iri dabam dabam.

Simple abu a Chemistry - a fili ya kunshi sunadaran daya kawai rabi daga lokaci-lokaci tebur. Yawanci, wannan binary kwayoyin, Ina nufin hada biyu gaɓũɓuwa, da alaka da covalent Hadin nonpolar - samuwar janar unshared electron biyu. Saboda haka, sunadaran da wannan sinadari da wannan electronegativity, watau, da ikon riƙe da sauran electron yawa, don haka ne ba son zuciya zuwa kowane daga cikin mahalarta a sadarwar. Misalan sauki abubuwa (nonmetals) - hydrogen da oxygen, chlorine, aidin, sunadarin flourine, nitrogen, sulfur, da sauransu. Ya kunshi uku sunadaran da kwayoyin da na wani abu kamar lemar sararin samaniya, da kuma daya - duk daraja gas (argon, xenon, helium, da dai sauransu). A karafa (magnesium, alli, da jan karfe, da dai sauransu) akwai da kansa dangane da irin - karfe, da za'ayi saboda da socialization na free electrons ciki da karfe, kuma samuwar kwayoyin kamar yadda irin wannan ba a lura. Lokacin da abu daga karfe rikodin ya ƙunshi kawai wata alama ce da sinadari ba tare da wani fihirisa.

Simple abu a cikin sunadarai, misalai na wanda aka bai wa a sama, shi ne daban-daban daga cikin ingantaccen abun da ke ciki na hadaddun. Chemicals sunadaran daban-daban abubuwa suna kafa daga biyu ko fiye. Irin wannan abubuwa suna da iyakacin duniya covalent ko ionic bonding irin. Tun daban-daban kwayoyin zarra da daban-daban electronegativity, sa'an nan da samuwar na] aukacin electron biyu ya auku a miƙa zuwa ga wani ƙarin electronegative kashi, wadda take kaiwa zuwa total rabuwa da kwayoyin. Ionic irin - wannan shi ne wani matsanancin hali na wani iyakacin duniya, electron biyu a lokacin da gaba daya tuba zuwa ga daya daga cikin dauri mahalarta, sa'an nan sunadaran (ko kungiyoyin) suna tuba zuwa ions. Clear iyaka, akwai tsakanin wadannan iri, ionic bond za a iya fassara a matsayin wani iyakacin duniya covalent yawa. Misalai na hadaddun mahadi - ruwa, yashi, gilashin, salts, oxides, da dai sauransu

abubuwa gyare-gyare

The abubuwa ake magana a kai a matsayin mai sauki, a gaskiya, suna da wani musamman alama cewa ba muhimmi a cikin wani hadadden. Wasu abubuwa iya samar da wasu irin sauki abu. Muhimmi duk kamar yadda shi ne guda da rabi, amma gwada yawa abun da ke ciki, tsarin da kaddarorin da cika fuska bambanta da irin tsarin. Wannan yanayin da aka kira allotropes.

Oxygen, sulfur, carbon da kuma sauran abubuwa da dama allotropic gyare-gyare. Oxygen - shi ne na Yã ₂ da kuma Yã _3, carbon samar da hudu iri abubuwa - carbyne, lu'u-lu'u, graphite kuma fullerenes kwayoyin ne rhombic sulfur, monoclinic gyara da kuma roba. Irin wannan sauki al'amarin a cikin sunadarai, misalai na abin da ba su iyakance zuwa sama, shi ne na muhimmancin gaske. A musamman, da fullerenes amfani a cikin art kamar yadda semiconductors, photoresists, Additives domin ci gaban da lu'u-lu'u fina-finai da kuma sauran dalilai da a magani ne mai iko antioxidant.

Abin da ya faru ga abu?

Kowane biyu na faruwa a kusa da canji na abubuwa. Chemistry nazarin kuma ya yi bayani da matakai cewa tafi tare da ingantaccen da kuma / ko gwada yawa canje-canje a cikin abun da ke ciki na maida martani kwayoyin. A a layi daya, juna sau da yawa faruwa da kuma ta jiki rikirkida wanda aka halin da canji na siffar, launi, kaya, ko da jihar na tari, da kuma wasu halaye.

Chemical mamaki - ne da dauki-nau'i, misali, mahadi na canzawa, musayar, fadada, reversible, exothermic, redox, da dai sauransu, dangane da canje-canje a cikin siga ban sha'awa. Domin jiki mamaki hada da: danshin, sandaro, sublimation, rushe, misãlin, lantarki watsin, da dai sauransu Sau da yawa suka bi juna, misali, ta hanyar walƙiya a lokacin da wani hadari - shi ne wani jiki tsari, da kuma zaɓi a karkashin ta lemar sararin samaniya - a sinadaran.

jiki Properties

The abu a cikin sunadarai - wannan al'amari, wanda ne muhimmi a wasu jiki Properties. A gabansu, rashi, mataki da kuma tsanani za a iya annabta, a matsayin abu behaves a yanayi daban-daban da kuma bayyana wasu daga cikin sinadaran da halaye na mahadi. Alal misali, high tafasar zazzabi gudanar da mahadi, a cikin abin da yake hydrogen, kuma electronegative heteroatom (nitrogen, da iskan shaqa, da dai sauransu) nuna cewa abu farfado sinadaran irin interactions kamar hydrogen bonding. Godiya ga sanin abin da abubuwa da mafi kyau ikon gudanar da wutar lantarki, na USB da kuma waya kayan doki ne Ya sanya daga wasu karafa.

sinadaran Properties

Majalisarsa, bincike da kuma nazarin da kaddarorin na wancan gefe na tsabar kudin da aka tsunduma a sunadarai. Da kaddarorin al'amari daga ta ra'ayi - shi ne su dauki interoperability. Wasu abubuwa ne sosai aiki a cikin wannan ma'ana, misali, karafa ko wani oxidants da sauran daraja (inert) gas wanda a karkashin al'ada yanayi ba kusan amsa. Chemical Properties za a iya kunna ko passivated idan ya cancanta, wani lokacin shi ba alaka da musamman matsaloli da kuma da wuya lokacin a wasu lokuta. Masana kimiyya ciyar da yawa hours a cikin dakin gwaje-gwaje, da fitina da kuma kuskure, cimma nasarar, da kuma wani lokacin ba su isa su. By sãɓãwar launukansa muhalli sigogi (zazzabi, matsa lamba, da dai sauransu), ko kuma yin amfani da musamman mahadi - catalysts ko hanawa - zai iya shafar da sinadaran Properties na abubuwa, sabili da haka da dauki.

Nau'in sunadarai

Dalili na duk sukayi fassara shi ne rabuwa a cikin kwayoyin da inorganic mahadi. Babban kwayoyin kashi - shi ne carbon, a haɗa da juna da kuma hydrogenic, carbon atoms samar da wata hydrocarbon kwarangwal cewa bayan cika da sauran kwayoyin halitta (oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur, halogens, karafa, da sauransu), rufe a hawan keke ko branched, da gaskatashi, game da shi, m iri-iri na Organic mahadi. Don kwanan wata, kimiyya sani miliyan 20 na wannan abubuwa. Duk da yake ma'adinai mahadi kawai rabin miliyan.

Kowane dangane akayi daban-daban, amma kuma yana da mutane da yawa irin siffofin da sauran a cikin Properties, tsari da kuma abun da ke ciki, a wannan hasashe, akwai aka ra'ayoyi a azuzuwan abubuwa. Chemistry yana da wani babban matakin da amfaninsa da kuma kungiyar, shi ne ainihin kimiyya.

inorganics

1. oxides - binary mahadi tare da oxygen:

a) acid - by maida martani da ruwa ba acid.

b) babban - a lamba tare da ruwa ba mai tushe.

2. Acid - wani abu ya kunshi daya ko fiye protons da hydrogen acid saura.

3. A sansanonin (Alkali) - kunshi da daya ko fiye hydroxyl kungiyoyin da wani karfe zarra:

a) amphoteric hydroxides - ya nuna da kaddarorin da kuma acid da kuma sansanonin sojin.

4. salts - sakamakon da neutralization dauki tsakanin acid da kuma Alkali (tushe narkewa), kunshi wani karfe zarra da daya ko fiye acid sharan:

a) acid salts - shi ne wani anion saura na wani acid proton a cikin abun da ke ciki, sakamakon bai cika dissociation daga cikin acid.

b) asali salts - an haɗa da karfe hydroxyl kungiyar, sakamakon bai cika dissociation daga cikin tushe.

gudanar da mahadi

organics a cikin wani babban iri-iri na azuzuwan na abubuwa, irin wannan girma na bayanai da wuya a nan da nan tuna. Babban abu ne ka san ainihin rabuwa aliphatic da cyclic mahadi, carbocyclic da heterocyclic, cikakken da kuma unsaturated. Har ila yau, hydrocarbons da yawa Kalam a cikin abin da a sauya zarra na hydrogen a kan halogen, oxygen, nitrogen, da sauran kwayoyin halitta, kazalika da aikin kungiyoyin.

The abu a cikin sunadarai - ne kafuwar suschestovanie. Saboda Organic kira na mutumin yau yana da babban adadin wucin gadi kayan cewa maye gurbin halitta, kazalika da irinta a da halaye a cikin halitta.