The kafa na reflex ka'idar. Ci gaba da kuma ka'idojin da reflex ka'idar

A kowane ilmin halitta littafi ce da kafa reflex ka'idar - Ivan Pavlov. Wannan gaskiya ne, amma ko da a gaban shahara Rasha physiologist, da yawa masu bincike sun yi karatu da juyayi tsarin. Daga cikin wadannan, da most taimako da aka yi da malamin Pavlova Ivan sashe.

Fage reflex ka'idar

Kalmar "jerk" tana nufin wani rai gabar stereotyped mayar da martani ga wani waje mai kara kuzari. Yana mamaki, amma wannan ra'ayi yana da ilmin lissafi asalinsu. Kalmar da aka gabatar a cikin kimiyya likita Rene Descartes, wanda ya rayu a cikin XVII karni. Ya yi kokari ya bayyana tare da taimakon da dokokin na lissafi, a cikinta akwai wata duniyar rayayyun kwayoyin halitta.

Rene Dekart - ba da kafa na reflex ka'idar a cikin zamani form. Amma ya gano da yawa daga abin da daga baya ya zama wani ɓangare na shi. Descartes taimake Uilyam Garvey - English likita wanda farko aka bayyana a cikin jijiyoyi a jikin mutum. Duk da haka, ya kuma gabatar da shi a cikin wani nau'i na inji tsarin. Daga baya, wannan hanya za ta yi amfani da Descartes. Idan Harvey koma ta manufa ga ciki na'urar da kwayoyin, ta takwaransa na Faransa amfani a kan wannan shiri da hulda da kwayoyin da waje duniya. Ka'idarsa, ya bayyana ta amfani da Kalmar "reflex", dauka daga Latin harshe.

Muhimmancin Descartes 'binciken

Lissafin kimiyya yi imani da cewa mutum kwakwalwa ne cibiyar alhakin sadarwa tare da waje duniya. Bugu da kari, ya nuna cewa, ya tafi a kan jijiya zaruruwa. Lokacin da waje dalilai shafi iyakar da wasu igiyoyin, wata alama da ke cikin kwakwalwa. Wannan Descartes da aka kafa da manufa na jari hujja kaddara a cikin reflex ka'idar. wannan manufa shi ne cewa wani m tsari da ya auku a cikin kwakwalwa, ya sa ta hanyar mataki na kara kuzari.

Da yawa daga baya, Rasha physiologist Ivan Sechenov (kafa na reflex ka'idar) Descartes da gaskiya da ya kira daya daga cikin masana kimiyya a kan abin da ya dogara da a karatunsa. A wannan yanayin, da Faransa da yawa tunani iri iri. Alal misali, ya yi imani da cewa dabbobi, sabanin mutane, suna da wani afterthought. The kwarewa da sauran Rasha masanin kimiyya - Ivan Pavlov - sun nuna cewa shi ne, ba. A juyayi tsarin dabbobi yana da guda tsarin kamar yadda a cikin mutane.

Ivan Sechenov

Wani mutum, wanda ya yi wani muhimmin taimako ga ci gaban da reflex ka'idar ne Ivan Sechenov (1829-1905). Ya kasance wani malama da kafa Rasha Physiology. A farko masanin kimiyya a duniyar kimiyya da shawarar cewa mafi girma sassa na kwakwalwa suna aiki ne kawai a kan reflexes. Kafin shi, neuroscientists da physiologists ba tada fitowar cewa watakila duk da shafi tunanin mutum matakai na jikin mutum da physiological yanayi.

Lokacin gudanar da bincike a Faransa Sechenov tabbatar da cewa cikin kwakwalwa rinjayar a kan locomotor aiki. Ya gano sabon abu na tsakiyar hanawa. Bincike ya haifar da hargowar a cikin tsohon Physiology.

Formation na reflex ka'idar

A 1863 Ivan Sechenov wallafa wani littafin "numfashinsa na Brain", wanda ta kawar da tambaya game da wanda yake kafa na reflex ka'idar. A wannan aikin an tsara da yawa daga cikin ra'ayoyin cewa kafa tushen da zamani ka'idar mafi girma juyayi tsarin. A musamman, Sechenov shaida wa masu sauraro cewa wannan reflex tsari manufa. Shi ya ta'allaka ne da cewa kowane m da sume ayyukan halittu an rage wa dauki cikin juyayi tsarin.

Sashe ba kawai gano sabon facts, amma kuma yi mai yawa aiki a kan kira na riga aka sani bayanai game da physiological matakai a cikin jiki. Ya tabbatar da cewa rinjayar da yanayi wajibi ne ga al'ada odergivaniya hannunka, kuma domin da fitowan na tunani ko ji.

Criticism Sechenov ta ideas a Rasha

Society (musamman Rasha) ba nan da nan soma ka'idar da m physiologist. Bayan da littafin "numfashinsa na Brain", wasu articles na masanin kimiyyar tsaya wallafa a "Littafi". Sechenov gabagaɗi, suka kai hari a tauhidin ra'ayi na Church. Ya kasance mai jari da kuma kokarin tabbatar da kome da kome cikin sharuddan physiological tafiyar matakai.

Duk wani gauraye kima a Rasha, harsãshin gini ga ka'idar reflex aiki da aka karbuwa da maraba da kimiyya al'umma na Old World. Sechenov littattafai da aka buga a Turai gigantic circulations. Scientist, ko ga wani lokaci koma wa babban bincike ayyuka a cikin kasashen yammacin dakunan gwaje-gwaje. Ya yi aiki productively da Faransa likita Claude Bernard.

tsoka mai amsa sigina ka'idar

A tarihin kimiyya iya samun misalai masu yawa na yadda masana kimiyya ya ɓacẽwa, miƙa ideas cewa ba dace gaskiya. Irin wannan hali za a iya kira a tsoka mai amsa sigina ka'idar majiyai, sabanin da ra'ayoyi na Sechenov da Pavlov. Ta yaya suka bambanta? Tsoka mai amsa sigina da reflex ka'idar majiyai a hanyoyi daban-daban don bayyana yanayin da jiki ta mayar da martani ga waje samuwar kasashe.

Kuma sassan, kuma Pavlov yi imani da cewa a reflex - shi ne mai aiki tsari. Wannan ra'ayi na kunshe ne a kimiyyar zamani da kuma a yau aka dauke su a definitively tabbatar. reflex aiki ne da cewa halittu amsa kiran wasu kasashe mafi sa samun abinci fiye da wasu. Nature rarrabe zama dole daga ba dole ba. Tsoka mai amsa sigina ka'idar, a maimakon haka, ya ce da hankula amsa ga yanayi passively.

Ivan Pavlov

Ivan Pavlov - kafa na reflex ka'idar kan daidai da Ivan Sechenov. Ya yi karatu da juyayi tsarin dukan rai da kuma ci gaba da ra'ayoyi da ya gada. Wannan sabon abu ya janyo hankalin da masanin da cakuduwar. Da ka'idodin reflex ka'idar ta tabbatar gwaji physiologist. Ko nisa daga ilmin halitta da kuma magani mutane sun ji da kalmar "Pavlov ta kare". Hakika, muna ba da magana game da dabba. Wannan yana nufin da daruruwan karnuka cewa Pavlov amfani ga gwaje-gwajen.

A impetus ga wuyan unconditioned reflexes da karshe samuwar duk reflex ka'idar wani sauki kallo. Pavlov ya yi shekara goma karatu da narkewa kamar tsarin da kuma da yawa daga karnuka cewa suna ƙaunar a cikin dakin gwaje-gwaje. Daya masanin kimiyya mamakin dabba yau bayyana ma kafin ya aka bai abinci. Bugu da ari lura sun nuna mamaki sadarwa. Yau ya fara tsayawa a lokacin da kare ji da clatter na jita-jita ko wani mutum murya ya kawo ta abinci. Wannan alama triggers da inji cewa yana sa samar da ciki ruwan 'ya'yan itace.

Unconditioned da sharadi reflexes

A bisa yanayin da ake sha'awar Pavlov, kuma ya fara jerin gwaje-gwajen. Abin da karshe sa'an nan ya zo ya kafa na reflex ka'idar? Descartes, a cikin XVII karni yi magana na jiki ta mayar da martani ga waje samuwar kasashe. Rasha physiologist dauki matsayin dalilin da ra'ayi. Bugu da kari, ya taimakawa reflex ka'idar Sechenov. Pavlov shi ne ya kai tsaye almajiri.

Kallon da karnuka, da masanin kimiyyar zo da ra'ayin na unconditioned da sharadi reflexes. Na farko da kungiyar hada nakasar musamman kwayoyin, hereditary. Alal misali, hadiya, tsotsa, da sauransu. D. Of sharadi reflexes Pavlov kira wadanda suke rayuwa mahaluži na'am bayan haihuwa saboda sirri gwaninta da kuma halaye na muhalli.

Wadannan halaye an ba gaji - su ne tsananin mutum. A lokaci guda, cikin jiki iya rasa wannan reflex, idan, misali, canza muhalli da yanayi, da kuma shi ba ya cancanta. Mafi shahara misali da wani sharadi reflex ne Pavlov gwaji tare da wani dakin gwaje-gwaje karnuka. Animal sanar da cewa kawo abinci bayan da dakin da haske aka kunna. Next physiologist bi fitowan da sabon reflexes. Kuma lalle ne, haƙĩƙa, nan da nan a farkon na kare kanta ga salivate lõkacin da ta gan wani haske kwan fitila a hada. A wannan yanayin, shi bai kawo abinci.

Uku ka'idojin ka'idar

A kullum gane ka'idodinta reflex Sechenov-Pavlov ka'idar rage zuwa uku dokoki. Abin da suke? A farko daga gare su - a manufa na jari hujja kaddara tsara ta Descartes. A cewar shi, kowane tsari shine ake kira jijiya mataki na wani waje mai kara kuzari. Wannan mulki dogara ne a kan reflex ka'idar shafi tunanin mutum da tafiyar matakai.

Na biyu - da manufa na tsarin. Wannan mulki ya furta cewa, tsarin da juyayi tsarin dogara a kan adadin da ingancin su ayyuka. A yi da shi ya dubi kamar haka. Idan jiki ba kwakwalwa, ta hakan juyayi aiki bambanta a primitiveness.

A karshe manufa - da manufa na bincike da kuma kira. Shi ya ta'allaka ne da cewa a wasu neurons aka braked, da kuma a wasu - tashin hankali. Wannan tsari ne mai physiological kima. A sakamakon da rai kwayoyin iya bambanta da suke kewaye da abubuwa da mamaki.