Ultraviolet da haske: da amfani, aiki da kuma kariya daga shi

Hasken rana ne electromagnetic taguwar ruwa, wanda ya kasu kashi da dama sassa na bakan:

• X-haskoki - tare da guntu zango (kasa 2 nm).
• UV kalaman tsawon ne daga 2 zuwa 400 nm.
• da sashen na haske wanda aka kama da mutum ido da kuma dabbobi (400-750 nm).
• dumi oxidative (infrared) radiation (sama 750 nm).

Kowane yanki sami aikace da kuma shi ne na bayar da muhimmanci a cikin rayuwar duniya da kuma duk da biomass. Mun yi la'akari da cewa haskoki ne a cikin kewayon daga 2 zuwa 400 nm, inda suke amfani da da kuma abin da rawa a rayuwar mutane.

Tarihi na samu na UV radiation

A farko nassoshi nema a mayar da XIII karni a cikin bayyanai na Falsafa daga India. Ya rubuta game da wani ganuwa ido Violet haske, abin da suka kasance gano. Duk da haka, da fasaha damar da lokaci a fili rasa tabbatar da wannan gwaje da kuma karatu a cikin daki-daki.

Yana gudanar da shi ne biyar ƙarni daga baya, likita daga Jamus Ritter. Shi ya za'ayi da gwaje-gwajen a kan azurfa chloride daga lalata da shi a ƙarƙashin rinjayar electromagnetic radiation. Scientist samu cewa sauri da aiwatar da shi ne ba a cikin filin na haske, wadda ta kasance kusa to, haƙĩƙa, buɗe, da kuma kira da infrared, amma da haka ba. Sai ya juya daga cewa wannan shi ne wani sabon yanki, ba tukuna aka bincika.

Saboda haka, ultraviolet radiation aka gano a cikin 1842, Properties da aikace-aikace da baya yi mashi cikakken nazari da binciken da daban-daban masu bincike. A babban taimako ga wannan sanya ta mutane kamar Alexander Becquerel, Varshaver, Danzig, Macedonio Melloni, Frank, Parfenov, Galanin da sauransu.

Janar halaye

Mene ne UV radiation, da yin amfani da abin da a yau ake haka yadu amfani a fannoni daban daban na mutum aiki? Da fari dai, wajibi ne a designate abin da ya bayyana aiki nau'i na bakan haske kawai a yanayi mai karfi na 1500 zuwa 2000 ⁰ C. Yana da yake a wannan fanni UV ganiya aiki effects.

By jiki yanayin wannan electromagnetic kalaman, da tsawon wadda dabam a wani wajen fadi da kewayon - daga 10 (wani lokacin daga 2) zuwa 400 nm. Dukan kewayon radiation ne zuwa kashi biyu yankunan:

1. Middle kewayo. Ya zo a cikin ƙasa, ta hanyar da yanayi da kuma lemar sararin samaniya Layer daga rana. Zango - 380-200 nm.
2. Far (injin). Rayayye tunawa lemar sararin samaniya, oxygen, yanayi gyara. Nazarin kawai sarrafa musamman injin na'urorin, ga wanda ya samu sunansa. Zango - 200-2 nm.

Yana yana da rarrabuwa na jinsi wanda shi ne ultraviolet radiation. Properties da kuma aikace-aikace ne ɗaya daga cikinsu.

1. The Middle.
2. Far.
3. Extreme.
4. Average.
5. Injin.
6. Long-kalaman baki haske (UV-A).
7. Germicidal gajeren zango na tashar (UV-C).
8. Medium kalaman UV-B.

UV zango kowane jinsin na da, amma su ne a general nuna a can baya iyaka.

Ban sha'awa shi ne da UV-A, ko ake kira black haske. Gaskiyar cewa bakan yana da wani zango na 400-315 nm. An located a kan iyakar da bayyane haske da cewa mutum ido ne iya kama. Saboda haka, wannan radiation ya wuce ta wasu abubuwa ko nama za a iya canjawa wuri zuwa wuri da ake iya gani Violet haske da mutane bambanta da shi a matsayin baki, duhu blue ko duhu purple ya dafa.

The a jere, da samar kafofin na ultraviolet radiation iya zama na uku iri:

• mulki.
• m.
• kwayoyin (Way).

A farko halayyar kwayoyin halitta, ions, gas. Na biyu kungiyar - don recombination, bremsstrahlung. Sources na uku irin sun fi na kowa a cikin binciken na rarefied kwayoyin gas.

Sources na ultraviolet radiation

Babban kafofin daga UV haskoki kasu kashi uku m Categories:

• halitta, ko na halitta.
• wucin gadi, mutumin da aka yi da.
• Laser.

Na farko da kungiyar hada da kawai irin wani dandali da kuma wani gidan ruwa - rãnã. Yana sarari suKe bada iko lura da irin wannan taguwar ruwa ne iya zarcẽwa lemar sararin samaniya Layer , kuma isa ƙasa ta surface. Duk da haka, ba duk nauyi. Masana kimiyya sun gabatar da ka'idar cewa rayuwa a duniya sun samo asali ne kawai a lokacin da lemar sararin samaniya garkuwa ya zama don kare shi daga wuce kima shigar azzakari cikin farji daga cutarwa a high yawa na UV radiation.

A wannan lokacin da karfe iya zama proteinaceous kwayoyin, nucleic acid da kuma ATP. Har yau lemar sararin samaniya Layer zo a cikin kusa hadin gwiwa tare da girma da UV-A, UV-B da UV-C, Rendering su m, kuma ba bar ratsa. Saboda haka, kariya da UV radiation na duniya - kawai ya abin yabo.

Abin da kayyade taro na iya shiga cikin Duniya UV? Akwai da dama key dalilai:

• lemar sararin samaniya ramuka.
• tsawo saman teku matakin.
• tsawo solstice.
• yanayi watsawa.
• digiri na gani na haskoki daga cikin halitta ƙasa saman.
• Jihar girgijen tururi.

ultraviolet radiation iyaka, iya shiga cikin Earth daga rana, jeri daga 200 zuwa 400 nm.

Wadannan kafofin - shi ne wucin gadi. Wadannan sun hada da duk wadanda kida, na'urorin, da wuraren da cewa an tsara da mutum ya cimma da ake so bakan haske da wani ajali zango sigogi. Wannan ya yi domin ya sami da ultraviolet radiation, da yin amfani da abin da zai iya zama musamman da amfani a fannoni daban daban. Domin wucin gadi kafofin hada da:

1. Erithema fitilar da ciwon wani ikon kunna kira na bitamin D a cikin fata. Yana hana rickets da kuma warkar da ya cutar.
2. Inji for tanning, a cikin abin da mutane ba su ne kawai kyau na halitta tan, amma bi da ga cututtuka tasowa daga rashin bude hasken rana (da ake kira hunturu ciki).
3. Lighting attractants ba ka damar yaƙi da kwari a wani sarari hadari ga mutane.
4. Mercury ma'adini na'urar.
5. Excilamp.
6. Luminescent na'urar.
7. Xenon fitilu.
8. Fitar da na'urar.
9. High-zazzabi jini.
10. Synchrotron radiation a accelerators.

Wani irin kafofin - lasers. Su aikin dogara ne a kan ƙarni na daban-daban gas - biyu inert kuma babu. A kafofin iya zama:

• nitrogen.
• argon.
• Neon.
• xenon.
• Organic scintillators.
• lu'ulu'u ne.

More kwanan nan, game da 4 da suka wuce, shi da aka kirkiro da wata na'ura aiki a kan free electrons. UV a cikinta tsawon daidai da lura a injin. Laser UV rabawa amfani a biotechnological, microbiological karatu, taro spectrometry da sauransu.

Halittu effects a kan kwayoyin

A mataki na ultraviolet radiation a kan abubuwa masu rai a cikin hanyoyi biyu. A daya hannun, cutar na iya faruwa a lokacin da kasa. Sai ya juya daga kawai a farkon karni na karshe. Artificial sakawa a iska mai guba na musamman UV-A a bukata matsayin da yake iya:

• karfafa aikin na rigakafi.
• sa da samuwar muhimmanci vasodilator mahadi (histamine, misali);
• karfafa fata-murdede tsarin.
• inganta huhu aiki, kara tsanani da gas musayar;
• shafi na gudu da kuma ingancin metabolism.
• kara da sautin na jiki by kunna hormone.
• kara da permeability da jirgin ruwa ganuwar da fata.

Idan UV-A cikin wani isasshen adadin da aka ingested, to, shi ba shi da irin wannan cuta a matsayin ciki ko hunturu haske yunwa, kazalika da muhimmanci rage-rage hadarin rickets.

Effect na ultraviolet radiation a kan hali na wadannan iri:

• bactericidal.
• anti-mai kumburi.
• regenerating.
• painkiller.

Wadannan Properties sun fi mayar da bayyana tartsatsi amfani da UV a likitanci wurare na wani irin.

Duk da haka, ban da wadannan abũbuwan amfãni, akwai downsides. Akwai da dama daga cututtuka da kuma ailments cewa za a iya saya, idan ba dopoluchaet ko, conversely, kai a cikin matsanancin yawa dauke kalaman.

1. Fata ciwon daji. Wannan shi ne mafi hatsari sakamakon ultraviolet radiation. Melanoma ne iya iya kafa ta wuce kima tasiri tãguwar ruwa daga duk wani tushen - biyu na halitta da kuma manmade. Wannan Gaskiya ne, na magoya na cikin gida tanning. A awo zama dole da kuma taka tsantsan.
2. A hallakaswa illa da kan akan tantanin ido na eyeballs. A wasu kalmomin, da cataract iya ci gaba, pterygium ko konewa Shell. Cutarwa sakamakon wuce kima UV a kan ido da aka tabbatar da masana kimiyya na dogon lokaci da kuma aka tabbatar da gwaji data. Saboda haka, a lõkacin da aiki tare da wadannan kafofin kamata cika da aminci dokoki. A kan titi, za ka iya kare kanka da yin amfani da tabarau. Duk da haka, a wannan yanayin, ya kamata ka zama wary na fakes, domin idan gilashi ba sanye take da UV-m tace, da hallakaswa sakamako zai zama ko da karfi.
3. Burns a kan fata. A lokacin rani, za su iya yin kudi, idan dogon lokaci ba dama a bijirar da kanka zuwa UV. A cikin hunturu, za ka iya samun su daga cikin dusar ƙanƙara halaye gani kusan gaba ɗaya da kalaman data. Saboda haka, sakawa a iska mai guba ya auku daga Sun, kuma da snow.
4. Tsufa. Idan mutane ya dade a ƙarƙashin rinjayar UV, sa'an nan suka fara nuna alamun farkon fata tsufa: slackness, wrinkles, laxity. Ya zo daga gaskiya cewa shãmaki aiki zanen gado raunana, kuma ya karye.
5. A tasiri na effects a lokacin. Shin don nuna korau tasirin ba a wani matasa shekaru, da kuma kusanta zuwa ritaya.

Duk wadannan sakamakon ne sakamakon warwarewarsu UV kashi, watau Da suka faru a lokacin da yin amfani da ultraviolet radiation ne da za'ayi tunanin mutuntaka, yadda ya kamata, kuma ba tare da kaucewa matakan tsaro.

Ultraviolet radiation: aikace-aikace

Babban yankunan amfani an mayar da kayan Properties. Wannan kuma gaskiya ne, domin na kalaman radiation. Saboda haka, babban halaye na UV, wanda dogara ne a kan ta amfani, su ne:

• High sinadaran aiki matakin.
• bactericidal sakamako a kan kwayoyin.
• ikon sa luminescence na daban-daban abubuwa daban-daban launukansa bayyane zuwa ga mutum ido (luminescence).

Shi ya sa m amfani da matsananci-Violet radiation. Aikace-aikace sun hada da:

• spectrometric bincike.
• astronomical bincike;
• magani.
• sterilization.
• disinfection na sha ruwa.
• photolithography.
• hikimar tantance binciken ma'adanai.
• UV tace;
• domin kamawa kwari.
• mu rabu da jikin kwayoyin cutar da ƙwayoyin cuta.

Kowace daga cikin wadannan yankunan yana amfani da wani takamaiman irin UV bakan kuma tare da zango. Kwanan nan, aiki radiation irin aka yadu a yi amfani da sinadaran da jiki nazarin (kafiya electron sanyi na sunadaran, kwayoyin da crystal tsarin daban-daban mahadi, da aiki tare da ions, analysis jiki canje a daban-daban sarari abubuwa).

Akwai wani alama na da sakamakon UV a kan al'amarin. Wasu polymeric kayan su iya decompose a ƙarƙashin rinjayar m m tushen bayanan tãguwar ruwa. Alal misali, kamar:

• Polyethylene wani matsin lamba;
• propylene.
• PMMA ko plexiglass.

Abin da ya kasance da tasiri? Products, Ya sanya daga wadannan kayan rasa su launi, crack, Fade da kuma ƙarshe hallaka. Saboda haka, aka kira su m polymers. Wannan yanayin na wulakanci na carbon sarkar a hasken rana yanayin haske rayayye amfani a nanotechnology, x-ray lithography, da kuma sauran yankunan na dasawa. Wannan ne yake aikata yafi santsi da roughness surface na kayayyakin.

Spectrometry - babban yanki na hikimar tantance sunadarai cewa ƙware a cikin ganewa na mahadi da kuma abun da ke ciki ta da ikon zuwa sha UV haske daga wani zango. Sai dai itace cewa a jere ne na musamman ga kowane abu, saboda haka, yana yiwuwa ya rarraba sakamakon spectrometry.

Har ila yau, da yin amfani da ultraviolet radiation germicidal ne da za'ayi don jawo hankalin da kashe kwari. A mataki dogara ne a kan ido ta ikon kama kwari ganuwa mutum, short-kalaman a jere. Saboda haka dabbobi suna yawo Madogararsa, inda ya fallasa wa ga halaka.

Amfani solariums - musamman shigarwa tsaye da kuma a kwance irin a wanda jikin mutum da aka fallasa su UV-A. Wannan ne yake aikata don bunkasa samar da melanin a cikin fata, ba shi da wani duhu launi, smoothness. Bugu da ƙari kuma, da kumburi suna bushe, kuma ya halaka cutarwa kwayoyin a farfajiya na integument. Musamman hankali ya kamata a biya masa kariya game da idanu, m yankunan.

da kiwon lafiya filin

A amfani da ultraviolet radiation a magani kuma bisa iyawarsa don ya hallakar da ganuwa ido na rayayyun kwayoyin halitta - kwayoyin da ƙwayoyin cuta, da kuma a kan siffofin da faruwa a cikin jiki a lokacin da wani m lighting wucin gadi ko na halitta radiation.

Babban alamomi ga UV magani za a iya bayyana a 'yan maki:

1. Duk wani nau'i na kumburi, bude raunuka, festering da kuma bude seams.
2. Domin raunin da ƙasũsuwa.
3. A hali na konewa, frostbite, da kuma fata cututtuka.
4. Lokacin da na numfashi ailments, da tarin fuka, asma.
5. The asalin da kuma ci gaban daban daban iri cututtuka.
6. Lokacin da cututtuka, tare da ciwo mai tsanani, neuralgia.
7. Cututtuka na makogwaro da karan hanci kogo.
8. Rickets da trophic miki.
9. Dental cuta.
10. Regulation da matsa lamba da jini rafi, da daidaita da zuciya.
11. A ci gaba da cancerous siffofin maruran.
12. Atherosclerosis, koda gazawar da kuma wasu sauran jihohin.

Duk wadannan cututtuka zai iya samun sosai tsanani sakamakon for kwayoyin. Saboda haka, magani da kuma rigakafin da yin amfani da UV - a real likita samu, ceci dubban miliyoyin rayukan, tserar da kuma maido da kiwon lafiya.

Wani amfani da UV daga likita da nazarin halittu ra'ayi - shi ne disinfection na gabatarwa, aikin saman da sterilization na kida. A mataki dogara ne a kan ikon hana ci gaban UV kuma kwafi na DNA din, wadda take kaiwa zuwa su nau'i nau'i. Kwayoyin cutar, fungi, protozoa da ƙwayoyin cuta aka kashe.

Babban matsalar da yin amfani da irin wannan radiation for sterilization da kuma disinfection na gabatarwa ne a yankin lighting. Bayan da kwayoyin suna hallaka kawai da tasiri kai tsaye daga kai tsaye tãguwar ruwa. Duk da cewa ya zauna a waje, ya ci gaba da zama.

Hikimar tantance aiki da ma'adanai

A ikon sa luminescence daga abubuwa damar su yi amfani UV kima ingantaccen abun da ke ciki na ma'adanai da kuma kankara. A wannan batun, shi ne ban sha'awa akwai daraja, Semi-daraja, da duwatsu masu daraja. Wanne ne kawai launuka su ba a lokacin da suke irradiated tare da cathode tãguwar ruwa! Da ban sha'awa sosai game da wannan rubuta Malakhov, sanannen a fanning binciken kasa. Aikinsa ya bayyana lura da haske launi palette, wanda yake iya samar da ma'adanai a daban-daban kafofin na radiation.

Alal misali, a Topaz, da kuma wanda a bayyane bakan yana da wani kyakkyawan zurfin blue color a lokacin da irradiated hasken wuta mai haske kore da kuma Emerald - ja. Lu'ulu'u ba ba wani wani launi da kuma shimmering multicolored. A spectacle da sakamakon shi ne kawai dama.

Idan abun da ke ciki na karatu breeds hada da uranium impurities, sa'an nan walƙiya zai nuna kore. Impurities Melita ba shudi da morganite - shunayya, ko kodadde-m ya dafa.

Amfani da tacewa

Don amfani da tacewa kuma ya shafi ultraviolet radiation germicidal. The iri irin Tsarin iya zama daban-daban:

• m.
• gas.
• ruwa.

Babban aikace-aikace na irin na'urorin da ake samu a cikin sinadaran masana'antu, musamman a chromatography. Tare da su taimako, za ka iya gudanar da wani ingantaccen bincike na abu da kuma gane shi a matsayin na zuwa wani aji na Organic mahadi.

Shan ruwa magani

UV disinfection na sha ruwa ne daya daga cikin na zamani da kuma ingantaccen hanyoyin domin ta tsarkakewa daga nazarin halittu gurɓatawa. A abũbuwan amfãni daga wannan hanya ne kamar haka:

• aMINCI.
• tasiri.
• babu extraneous kayayyakin a cikin ruwa.
• tsaro.
• yadda ya dace.
• adana daga cikin organoleptic Properties na ruwa.

Wannan shi ne dalilin da ya sa a yau wannan hanya na disinfection ne a mataki tare da gargajiya chlorination. A mataki dogara ne a kan wannan fasali - halakar da DNA daga cutarwa kwayoyin a cikin ruwa abun da ke ciki. Yi amfani da UV tare da wani zango na game da 260 nm.

Bugu da kari a kai tsaye effects a kan kwari, riskar hasken ultraviolet ana amfani domin lalata sharan da sinadarai, wanda ake amfani da softening, ruwa tsarkakewa: kamar, msl, chlorine ko chloramine.

Black haske

Irin wannan na'urorin suna sanye take da musamman emitters, zai iya ba da wani babban kalaman tsawon shi ne kusa da bayyane. Duk da haka, har yanzu suna zama indistinguishable ga mutum ido. Irin wannan fitilu suna amfani da na'urorin karanta sirrin ãyõyin UV misali, takardar fasfot, takardu, banknotes da sauransu. Wannan shi ne, irin tasirin iya zama a bayyane ne kawai a ƙarƙashin rinjayar da wani bakan. Kamar wancan ne da manufa na gina kudin gane, na'urorin don dubawa ainihinta na banknotes.

Maido da kuma kayyade amincin zane-zane

Kuma a cikin wannan yanki ne da yin amfani da UV. Kowane artist amfani da fari, kowane dauke da wani epochal lokaci daban-daban nauyi karafa. Saboda da radiation ne mai yiwuwa a samu abin da ake kira underpainting, wanda samar da bayanai game da amincin zanen, kazalika da takamaiman dabaru, da irin rubuce-rubuce na kowane artist.

Har ila yau, lacquer fim a farfajiya na articles da dangantaka da m polymers. Saboda haka, yana iya girma haihuwa a ƙarƙashin rinjayar haske. Wannan ya sa ya yiwu don ƙayyade da shekaru na qagaggun da Masterpieces na al'adu na duniya.