Vyacheslav Molotov (Vyacheslav Mihaylovich Skryabin): biography, harkar siyasa

Molotov kasance daya daga cikin 'yan Bolsheviks farko da kira, wanda gudanar tsira da zamanin na Stalinist danniya da kuma zama a cikin ikon. Ya gudanar da wani iri-iri na babban jami'in gwamnatin posts a 1920-1950-ies.

farkon shekaru

Vyacheslav Molotov aka haife Maris 9, 1890. Ya real name - Alexander Scriabin. Molotov - jam'iyyar pseudonym. A cikin matasa, da Bolsheviks amfani da dama sunayen buga a jaridu. Molotov pseudonym ya yi amfani da farko a wani karamin littafin Deedat a kan ci gaban da tattalin arzikin Soviet, kuma tun sa'an nan more tare da shi ba su bar.

A nan gaba neman sauyi da aka haife shi a tsakiyar aji iyali, wanda yake zaune a kauyen dafa a cikin Vyatka lardin. Mahaifinsa fairly arziki mutum da ya iya sanya wa 'ya'yansa mai kyau ilimi. Vyacheslav Molotov kasance a cikin wani real makaranta na Kazan. A cikin shekaru da matasa zo na farko Rasha juyin juya halin, wanda, ba shakka, zai iya ba amma shafi da ra'ayoyi na saurayi. Student ya shiga Bolshevik kungiyar matasan a 1906. A 1909 aka kama shi da kuma gudun hijira zuwa Vologda. Bayan da kwato Vyacheslav Molotov koma St. Petersburg. A babban birnin kasar, ya fara aiki a farkon shari'a Jam'iyyar jaridar da ake kira "The gaskiya." Scriabin kawo wa aboki Victor Tikhomirnov, wanda ya zo daga wani m iyali, kuma kudi da bazawa na Socialists a nasu kudi. The real sunan Vyacheslav Molotov ba za a kira su sa'an nan. Revolutionary karshe da alaka da ransa jam'iyyar.

A juyin juya halin da kuma yakin basasa

By farkon Fabrairu juyin juya halin na Vyacheslav Molotov, sabanin mafi shahara Bolsheviks, ya kasance a Rasha. Key mutum jam'iyyar shekaru da yawa yana gudun hijira. Saboda haka, a cikin watannin farko na 1917, Molotov Vyacheslav Mihaylovich da babban nauyi a Petrograd. Ya kasance da edita na "Gaskiya", kuma ko da ya tafi a cikin kwamitin zartarwa na Soviet na Ma'aikata 'da Sojoji' wakilai.

Lokacin da Lenin da sauran shugabannin RSDLP (b) koma zuwa Rasha, matasa functionary janye a cikin bango da kuma a lokacin da aka ba a bayyane. Molotov kayen da dattawansu da a oratory, da kuma neman sauyi ƙarfin hali. Amma sun ya da amfanin: gabar wajibi, himma da kuma fasaha da ilimi. Saboda haka, a lokacin yakin basasa Molotov yafi located a kan "filin" aiki a lardin - ya shirya aikin gida majalisarku da municipalities.

A 1921, na biyu-bene jam'iyyar mambobi m don samun zuwa sabon tsakiyar jikin - sakatariya. Ga Molotov Vyacheslav Mikhailovich aka shiga cikin wani ba komai haqqinsa aiki, ya kasance a cikin kashi. Bugu da kari, kuma sakataren sakatariya na kwamitin tsakiya na RCP (b), ya zama wani abokin aiki na Stalin, wanda ƙaddara dukan gaba makoma.

Stalin hannun dama

A 1922, Stalin an zabe babban sakataren kwamitin tsakiya. Tun daga nan, matasa V. M. Molotov ya zama ya protege. Ya tabbatar da biyayya da shan kashi a duk haduwa da mãkirci na Stalin a matsayin Lenin a karshe 'yan shekaru, da kuma bayan mutuwar Lenin. Molotov shi ne, lalle a daidai wurin. Shĩ ne da yanayi ya ba ta kasance a shugaban, amma daban-daban komai haqqinsa himma, ya taimake shi a m clerical aiki a cikin kwamitin tsakiya.

A Lenin ta jana'iza a 1924, Molotov aka ɗaukar masa akwatin gawa, wanda ya zama ãyã daga cikin nauyi hardware. Daga wannan lokacin ya fara wani ciki gwagwarmaya a cikin jam'iyyar. The format na "gama ikon" wanzu ga tsawo sosai. Yana sa gaba mutane uku da ake ji wa shugabanci - Stalin, Trotsky da Zinoviev. Molotov ya kasance kullum a yar tsana na farko da kuma m. Saboda haka, bisa ga gantali kudi na Sakatare Janar, ya rayayye yekuwar neman zabe a kwamitin tsakiya, da farko a kan "Trotskyist", sannan kuma da "Zinoviev" yan adawa.

Janairu 1, 1926 V. M. Molotov zama memba na Politburo - da hukumar mulki na kwamitin tsakiya, wanda ya hada da mafi m mutum na jam'iyyar. A daidai wannan lokaci da karshe shan kashi na Stalin ta abokan adawar faru. A ranar bikin na shekaru goma na Oktoba juyin juya halin sun kasance hare-hare a kan Trotsky ta magoya bayan. Ba da da ewa ya aka fitar da su Kazakhstan a digirorin girmamawa hijira, sa'an nan gaba daya bar Tarayyar Soviet.

Molotov ya Stalin ta hanya shugaba a Moscow City Jam'iyyar Kwaminis. Ya kai a kai buga da daya daga cikin shugabannin da ake kira hakkin-reshe adawa Nikolaya Uglanova, wanda, a karshen, kwace da post na farko sakataren CIM. A 1928-1929 gg. Politburo memba ya dauki wannan wuri. A lokacin da wadannan 'yan watanni, Molotov gudanar da zanga-zanga a Moscow tsaftacewa na'ura. Daga can, duk da adawar da Stalin aka sallame. Duk da haka, da danniya na tsawon kasance gwada m - babu wanda ya ba tukuna aka harbe ko aika zuwa aiki sansani.

Explorer collectivization

Thunder na abokan adawarsa, Stalin da Molotov zuwa farkon 1930s bayar da tafin kafa ikon Koba. A babban sakataren yaba da ƙaddamar da himma na hannun dama. A 1930, bayan da murabus na Rykov wani maye gurbin kocin kasar na da shugaban majalisar jama'a ta Commissars da Tarayyar Soviet. Yana da aka maye gurbinsu da Molotov Vyacheslav Mihaylovich. A takaice, ya zama shugaban Soviet gwamnati, rike cewa post har 1941.

Tun da farkon collectivization a karkara Molotov sake sau da yawa da ke kan kasuwanci tafiye-tafiye a fadin kasar. Ya jagoranci da shan kashi na kulaks a Ukraine. A jihar bukata duk baƙauye burodi da ya kai ga juriya a ƙauyen. A yammacin yankuna kai tarzoma. A Soviet jagoranci, ko kuma wajen, da kaina Stalin, yanke shawarar yin "babban tsalle" - kaifi farko na masana'antu na da wani koma-baya tattalin arzikin. Domin cewa muna bukatar kudi. Su da aka dauka ta hanyar sayar da hatsi a kasashen waje. Don samun shi, da gwamnatin fara requisitioning da girbi daga manoma. Game da yin wannan da kuma Vyacheslav Molotov. A biography wannan functionary a 1930 da aka cika da daban-daban daurin boye da kuma gauraye aukuwa. A farko wannan yakin an kai hari a kan Ukrainian manoma.

Ya kasa aiki na gama gonaki ba jimre manufa kamar yadda na farko na shekaru biyar da tsare-tsaren for hatsi procurements. Lokacin da ya isa a Moscow ciki rahotanni game da girbi na 1932, da Kremlin yanke shawarar gabatar da wani sabon kalaman na danniya, wannan lokaci ba kawai a kan kulaks, amma kuma da na gida jam'iyyar shirya ba jimre da aikinsu. Amma wadannan matakan ba zai cece Ukraine daga yunwa.

Mutum na biyu a cikin jihar

Bayan halakar da kulaks yakin neman kaddamar da wani sabon hari, wanda ya samu halartar Molotov. Tarayyar Soviet daga kafuwar ta ya kasance wani amincewa jihar. Stalin ya fi mayar saboda ayarinsa samu kawar da yawa daga cikin 'yan adawa a cikin jam'iyyar na Bolsheviks. Ya zargi functionaries fitar daga Moscow, samu qananan matsayi a kan karkata daga kasar.

Amma bayan kisan gillar da Kirov a 1934, Stalin yanke shawarar yin amfani da wannan dama a matsayin hujjar ga jiki halakar da wašanda ba'aso. Shirye-shirye sun fara for m kotuna. A 1936, da fitina da Zinoviev da Kamenev aka shirya. Wadanda suka kafa na Bolshevik jam'iyyar da aka zargi da musharaka cikin wani counterrevolutionary Trotskyist kungiyar. Shi ne mai kyau-shirya farfaganda labarin. Molotov, duk da ya sabõda maganganun, sun yi tsayayya da kotu. Sa'an nan, ya kusan fadi wanda aka azabtar ya danniya. Stalin ya iya ci gaba da magoya bayansa a rajistan shiga. Bayan wannan episode, Molotov taba kokarin tsayayya da tarzomar kalaman na ta'addanci. A akasin wannan, da ya zama wani aiki takara.

By farkon mai girma Patriotic War na 25 Mutane ta Commissars, wanda ya yi aiki a cikin SNK a shekarar 1935, ya tsira kawai Voroshilov, Mikoyan, Litvinov, Kaganovich da Molotov kansa Vyacheslav. Kasa, kwarewa, na sirri biyayya ga shugaba - duk wannan ya rasa wani ma'anar. A karkashin nadi na NKVD iya samun daya. A 1937, shugaban SNK aka sanya a kan daya daga cikin plenums na kwamitin tsakiya tare da wani diatribe a wanda ya kira ta tsaurara yaki da makiyan mutanen da 'yan leƙen asirin.

Yana Molotov qaddamar ya gyara, bi da "Troika" samu dama ya yi hukunci a cikin wadanda ake zargin ba su kadai ba, amma duka lists. Wannan ya yi domin tallafa a aikin na jikinsu. A heyday na danniya faru a 1937-1938 gg., Ina da NKVD da kuma kotuna kawai ba zai iya jimre da ya kwarara daga zargi. Firgitar juya ba kawai a cikin shugabannin jam'iyyar. Ya kuma shãfe a kan talakawa 'yan ƙasa da Tarayyar Soviet. Amma Stalin farko da kaina dubawa m "Trotskyists", Japan yan leƙen asirin ƙasar da kuma sauran mayaudara. Wadannan da shugaban lokuta fadi cikin kunya tsunduma cikin manyan confidants. A 1930 Molotov zahiri shi ne mutum na biyu a cikin jihar. Nuni ne na aikin bikin ta 50th anniversary a 1940. Sa'an nan da shugaban SNK ba kawai samu da yawa jihar awards. A masa mutunci birnin Perm sake masa suna Molotov.

Mutane ta Commissar harkokin wajen kasar

Tun Molotov yana cikin Politburo, ya zama wani babban jami'in Soviet na aikin da hannu a kasashen waje da manufofin. Shugaban jam'iyyar kwaminis ta Sin da kuma jama'ar kasar Commissar harkokin wajen kasar da Tarayyar Soviet Maxim Litvinov sau da yawa suka sãɓã wa jũna a kan al'amurran da suka shafi dangantakar da West, kuma haka a kan .. A 1939 akwai wani garambawul. Litvinov bar mukaminsa, da kuma Molotov ya da jama'ar kasar Commissar harkokin wajen kasar. Stalin nada shi kawai a lokacin da kasashen waje da manufofin da ya sake zama kayyade factor ga rai na dukan ƙasar.

Wanne ya kai ga korar Litvinov? An yi imani da cewa Molotov a cikin wannan damar da aka fi dace domin sakataren MDD, kamar yadda ya kasance mai taimako rapprochement tare da Jamus. Bugu da kari, bayan Scriabin aka nada Commissar, a ofishinsa, wani sabon kalaman na danniya, wanda a yarda Stalin ya rabu da jami'an diplomasiya, ba su goyi bayan da ya kasashen waje da manufofin.

Lokacin da Berlin ya zama sane da nuna bambanci Litvinova, Hitler da umarnin da ya 'yan wasa don gano abin da sabon yanayi a Moscow. A cikin bazara na shekara ta 1939, Stalin har yanzu kunyi shakka, amma karshe ya yanke shawarar a lokacin rani, yana da daraja don kokarin samun wani yare gama-gari tare da uku Reich, kuma ba Birtaniya ko France. A Agusta 23 na wannan shekara, ya zo a cikin Moscow, ministan harkokin wajen kasar Jamus Joachim von Ribbentrop. Tattaunawar kawai Stalin kuma Molotov suke tare da shi. Su ba su sanar da game da sun yi niyyar zuwa sauran 'yan Politburo, wanda, misali, ya haddasa rikice Voroshilov, wanda a wancan lokaci yake lura da dangantaka da Faransa da kuma Ingila. A sakamakon zuwa na Jamus tawagar shi ne shahararren ba ta'adi yarjejeniya. Haka kuma an sani a matsayin Molotov-Ribbentrop yarjejeniya, ko da yake, ba shakka, da sunan fara da za a yi amfani da yawa daga baya fiye da abubuwan da suka faru da aka bayyana.

Babban daftarin aiki kuma ya hada da ƙarin m ladabi. A cewar ta tattalinsu, Tarayyar Soviet da kuma Jamus raba Gabashin Turai cikin duniyoyin da tasiri. Wannan tsari yarda Stalin ya fara wani yaki da Finland, annexing Baltic jihohi, Moldova da kuma Poland. Yadda babban ne gudunmawar sanya ta wadannan yarjejeniyoyi Molotov? Non-ta'adi yarjejeniya da aka mai suna bayan sunansa, amma ba shakka, duk da key yanke shawara aka sanya da Stalin. Ya Commissar ne kawai haƙĩ daga nufin shugaba. A na gaba shekaru biyu, har sai farkon yakin duniya na II, Molotov aikata mafi yawa kawai kasashen waje da manufofin.

Great Patriotic War

A cewar ta diplomasiyya tashoshi Molotov samu bayanai game da shirye-shiryen na uku Reich domin yaki da Tarayyar Soviet. Amma bai dora muhimmanci kan wadannan rahotanni, domin ya ji tsoro da wulakanci a kan wani ɓangare na Stalin. Jagoran sa a kan tebur guda undercover saƙonni, amma ba su girgiza imani cewa, Hitler ba kuskure ya kai farmaki da Tarayyar Soviet.

Ba abin mamaki ba cewa Yuni 22, 1941 Molotov bayan da maigidan da aka gigice da labarai da furucin da yaki. Amma ga shi, Stalin ya umurci yin sanannen jawabin, wanda aka watsa shirye-shirye a rediyo, a ranar da Wehrmacht harin. A lokacin yakin Molotov bauta yafi diplomasiyya ayyuka. Shi ma mataimakin na Stalin a jihar Tsaro kwamitin. Mutane ta Commissar kawai sau daya samu kansa a gaban, lokacin da ya aika da gudanar da bincike a cikin yanayi na kaye a Vyazma ayyukan a cikin kaka na 1941.

a cikin doghouse

A kan Hauwa'u na yakin duniya na II Molotov matsayin shugaban SNK ya aka maye gurbinsu da Stalin kansa. Lokacin da, a karshe, akwai zaman lafiya, da mutane ta commissar zauna a gidan a lura da kasashen waje da manufofin. Ya halarci farko tarurruka na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, sabili da haka sau da yawa tafiya zuwa Amurka. Outwardly, duk abin da ya duba da kyau ga Molotov. Duk da haka, a shekarar 1949, ya aka kama da matarsa Polina Zhemchuzhina. Ta wani Bayahude da haihuwa, kuma ya kasance wani muhimmin mutum a cikin Yahudawa Antifascist kwamitin. Kamar bayan da yaki, Tarayyar Soviet kaddamar da wani anti-Semitic yaƙin neman zaɓe, qaddamar da Stalin kansa. Pearl halitta fadi a cikin ɗan dutsen niƙa ta. Don tsara Molotov matarsa kuwa da baki mark.

Tun shekarar 1949, ya zama wani m madadin Stalin, wanda ya fara ciwo. Duk da haka, wannan spring functionary aka tube wa post kamar yadda Commissar. A XIX Congress na Party, Stalin bai hada da shi a cikin sabon Presidium na kwamitin tsakiya. Jam'iyyar ta fara dubi Molotov a matsayin mutumin wanzuwa. All alamu sun nuna cewa, kasar tana zuwa wani sabon takalma babba, kama da wanda ya rocked Tarayyar Soviet a cikin 1930s. Yanzu Molotov ya kasance daya daga cikin na farko nema a harbe. Bisa ga memoirs na Khrushchev, Stalin a lokacin da shi da ƙarfi da zarar ya yi magana ya zato cewa tsohon Mutane ta Commissar harkokin wajen aka dauka da maƙiya Yammacin m lokacin da ya ofisoshin jakadanci a Amurka.

Bayan Stalin ta mutuwa

Molotov ceto kawai kwatsam mutuwa na Stalin, Maris 5, 1953. Wucewa ya buga ba kawai ga kasar amma kuma ga nan da nan da yanayi. By wannan lokaci Stalin ya zama abin bautãwa, alhãli kuwa mutuwa ya wuya a yi ĩmãni. A mutane akwai jita-jita cewa Molotov iya maye gurbin shugaba matsayin shugaban kasa. Yana tasiri ya shahara, kazalika da dogon lokacin da aikin a babban matsayi.

Amma Molotov sake bai yi da'awar shugabanci. "The gama ikon" sake nada shi ministan harkokin wajen kasar. Molotov goyon Khrushchev da ayarinsa a wani hari a kan Beriya, da Malenkov. Duk da haka tasowa jam'iyya dade sosai dogon. A jam'iyyar Elite maimaita rigingimu game da kasashen waje da manufofin. Musamman m ya tambaya na dangantakar da {asar Yugoslavia. Bugu da kari, Molotov, Voroshilov da Khrushchev bayyana shike a kan ta yanke shawara a kan ci gaban budurwa asashe. Tafi ne da kwanaki a lokacin da daya kawai shugaban da ke cikin kasar. Khrushchev ya, ba shakka, bai da wani goma rabo na da ikon, wanda ya Stalin. Rashin hardware nauyi ƙarshe haifar don ya yi murabus.

Amma kafin wannan da ya jagoranci matsayi ban kwana Molotov. A shekarar 1957, ya hada kai da Kaganovich da Malenkov a cikin abin da ake kira anti-ƙungiya ƙungiya. Dalilin da harin da aka Khrushchev suka shirya yin murabus. Duk da haka, jam'iyyar mafi iya kasa zabe kungiyar. Biye da wani rematch na tsarin. Molotov rasa ya post kamar yadda ministan harkokin wajen kasar.

'yan shekarun nan

Bayan shekarar 1957, Molotov gudanar qananan gwamnatin posts. Alal misali, ya kasance jakadan Mongolia. Bayan zargi da ya yanke shawara XXII Congress fitar daga jam'iyyar da aika a cikin ja da baya. Molotov zauna aiki har sai da ya karshe kwanaki. Kamar yadda mai zaman kansa mutum, sai ya rubuta kuma aka buga littattafai da kuma articles. A shekarar 1984, tuni wani tsohon mutum ya iya cimma sabuntawa na jam'iyyar kwaminis.

A 1980s mawãƙi Felix Chuev buga rikodin na tattaunawa tare da mastodon na Soviet siyasa. Kuma, misali, jikan Vyacheslav Molotov siyasa Analyst Vyacheslav Nikonov ya marubucin memoirs da cikakken bincike a kan biography na Soviet functionary. Tsohon biyu mutumin a cikin jihar, ya rasu a shekarar 1986 yana da shekaru 96 da shekaru.