Wadannan surorin marasa lafiya ne. Misalai daga fiction

Ƙaddamarwa ta haɓaka da kaya da halayen abu ɗaya zuwa wani wakilci mai mahimmanci wanda ya fi dacewa da ita shine aikin wallafe-wallafen ma'anar. Misalai daga fiction sun tabbatar da cewa: irin wannan samfurin ya samo nasara. Litattafan wallafe-wallafe suna gabatar da maganganu a cikin wani ɓangaren rubutu. Da zarar buga shi, sai ya zama wani ɓangare na ciki.

Abubuwan da suke da nasaba da kusan dukkanin litattafan wallafe-wallafe shi ne kantin sayar da irin wannan dangantaka. Cika da su da ra'ayin Pushkin, kuma Lermontov, don ƙirƙirar m misalai na metaphors cewa sun yi fice a wasulla a wani wuri mai faɗi musamman lyrics. Hoton hoto na musamman na ruwa shine halitta ta hanyoyi na Pushkin: "tafkuna na sararin samaniya", "marmaro na ƙauna", "kumfa na ruwa", "magana da ruwa", "mai sanyaya", "tare da madubi na kogunan". Misalai na Lermontov kamar yadda aka tabbatar da cewa: "hawaye suna raguwa," "rayuwa ita ce teku." Wannan jerin za a iya ƙaruwa sosai. Wadanda aka ambata a sama a yau ma sun shafi tasirinmu na shirka, wanda ya shafi ƙungiyoyi na ruhun dan Adam da mahimmancin yanayi. Tunanin tunani na masana'antu yana da sauƙi don ba da misalai na misalan: "Rayuwar motsi tana gudana", "ruhu yana cikin wuta," "muna sha daga kopin rai," "tauraron arewa," "dare ne mai inuwa," "abubuwa masu ban mamaki ne," "hunturu ne tsohuwar mace, "Sune na dare", "walƙiya na maciji". Wannan jerin za a iya ci gaba ba tare da iyaka ba.

More hadaddun ƙungiya samar da cikakken metaphors. Misalan fiction irin waɗannan hanyoyi sun cika ayyukan Mandelstam. Wurinsa "Sink" ya sa mai karatu ya haɗa "bawo ba tare da lu'u-lu'u" tare da marubucin, da matarsa ƙaunataccen - tare da teku, jawo hankalinsa da cika shi ba.

Rukunin misalai sun samo asali daga masana ilimin harshe na Rasha. Su m cewa da wallafe-wallafen en da rai sake zagayowar. Victor Maksimovich Zhirmunsky ya ga matsala ta "matakan metaphors", wanda ya kamata a sauya ayoyin. Misali shi ne kalmar da ba ta da mahimmanci game da asalin ma'anar "harbi" (a cikin fahimtarmu - ɗan jariri). Hannun hanyoyi da kuma sabili da canji. ("Wing of House" da hankali ya koma cikin gine-gine). Konstantin Kedrov shi ne farkon gabatar da kalmar "metametaphora". Dalilinsa: a cikin kowane abu yana yiwuwa a ci gaba da zurfi, kamar yadda a duniya. Mikhail Naumovich Epstein ya bayyana ma'anar "metabolism" - "fadada" ma'anar abubuwa na ciki, ya danganta su da hanyoyi da dama.

Bari mu juya bayan wallafe-wallafen zuwa wani rukuni na misalan - harsunan harshe. Suna da kwarewa masu mahimmanci: kyauta, kyauta maras tunawa, wanda mutane daban-daban suke amfani da su a ƙarƙashin irin wannan yanayi. Duk da haka, harshen yana kwatanta al'ada "yana da shiga kyauta" a cikin wallafe-wallafe. M images ana individualized ta asali samar da jawabin. Jawabin marubucin Rasha da marubuta Alexander Pavlovich Kvyatkovsky ya rubuta cewa an ba da labarin kalmomi a cikin adadi marasa yawa a kowane mutum: "dizzy", "hasken rana ya tashi," "hasken wuta," "ruwan sama". Gaskiya harshe marar iyaka. Misalai daga fiction ba wai kawai zanga-zanga na amfani ba. Irin wannan samfurin (samfurin fasaha) an dade da yawa a cikin sassan masu sana'a: 'yan siyasa,' yan jarida, masu talla da masu talla, masu ilimin. Shin wannan bace? Dole ne a nemi amsar a cikin dukiyar da aka kwatanta. Psychologists ce cewa shi ne mafi wuyar tuna da sauran wallafe-wallafen da rubutu saboda ya aikata kai tsaye a kan mutum tunaninsu da lamirinsu. Metaphor kayan aiki ne na musamman idan kana buƙatar wuce iyakoki, nuna ra'ayoyin, rinjayar mutane da imani, yanayin su. Yana da karfi cewa an yi amfani da shi a cikin trans-terapia.

Zai yiwu shi ya sa da mawallafa na ayyukan art kamata a rika ba don samun shiga a cikin hallakaswa metaphors. Alal misali, kamar yadda suke faɗa, ba dole ba ne ka je dogon lokaci. Rubutun littafin "The Catcher in the Rye" (asalin da ake kira "The Catcher on the Breadfield"), ko da a cikin take ya ƙunshi samfurin samfurin. Misalai na fiction na karni na ashirin, da rashin alheri, sau da yawa suna da alhakin rashin jin dadi, rashin kwance-kwata. "Yaradarar yarinya", "ƙuƙƙwarar laushi", "haɗuwa don yin magana," "rubutun da aka lalata," "mummunan hali," "maƙaryaciyar maƙaryaci," "tsalle a tsaye kuma busa," "hakora ... m," "Ni ma na iya zama Madaba. " Dukkan, ba tare da togiya ba, rubutu na littafin Salinger ya cika da damuwa. Sakamakon da suka shafi littafin fasaha zuwa rai na ainihi yayi magana don kansu.

John Hinckley harbe a Ronald Reagan da yake da wannan labari. John Bardot, mai shekaru 19, wanda ya harbe wani dan wasan Hollywood, mai suna Rebbek Schaeffer, mai suna Hollywood, mai suna Salinger, "Hunter", a hannun hagu. Bayan shafukan biyar a cikin tsararren miliyoyin John Lennon, Chapman ya jira a hankali don 'yan sanda, yana zaune a karkashin wani lantarki tare da littafi mai bude a hannunsa.