Wanda farko rangadin duniya: Magellan balaguro

Tambayi duk wani dalibi game da wanda farko rangadin duniya, kuma za ka ji: "Hakika, Magellan." Kuma 'yan mutane fara shakka waɗannan kalmomi. Amma Magellan shirya balaguro, directed shi, da kuma kammala shawagin iya ba. Saboda haka wanda ya kasance na farko navigator zuwa circumnavigate da duniya?

Magellan ta Travel

A 1516, wani m bafadan Ferdinand Magellan zo da Portuguese King Manuel na da ra'ayin a aiwatar da shirin na Columbus - don isa yaji Islands, kamar yadda aka kira sa'an nan da Moluccas, daga yamma. Kamar yadda muka sani, Columbus sa'an nan "ya hana" America, wanda ya bayyana a kan hanya, da ya yi tunani da tsibirin na kudancin Asiya.

A wannan lokacin, da Portuguese yi tafiyarta zuwa tsibiran na Gabas Indies, amma jingine Afirka da su tsallaka tekun Indiya. Saboda haka, sabon hanya zuwa wadannan tsibiran shi aka ba da ake bukata.

Tarihi maimaita kansa izgili da Sarki Manuel Magellan ya tafi da Spanish sarki da samu ya amsa don tsara da balaguro.

Satumba 20, 1519 da rundunar jiragen ruwa biyar tanã gudãna daga Spanish tashar jiragen ruwa na San Lucar de Barrameda.

Magellan da tauraron dan adam

Babu daya musũ tarihi cewa na farko tafiya a duniya sanya balaguro jagorancin Magellan. A cikin vicissitudes na hanyar wannan ban mamaki balaguro da aka sani daga cikin kalmomin da na Pigafetta, wanda ya kiyaye wani Littãfi daga dukan kwanakin tafiya. Its mahalarta sun biyu shugabanni, sun sha ziyarci tsibirin na Gabas Indies: Barbosa da Serrano.

Kuma musamman a cikin wannan yaƙin neman zaɓe Magellan ya kama bawa - Malay Enrique. Ya aka kama a Sumatra, kuma ya dade yana bauta wa da aminci Magellan. A wani balaguro zuwa gare shi wasa da muhimmancin tafinta lõkacin da suka isa yaji Islands.

Shakka daga cikin balaguro

Bayan rasa mai yawa lokaci zuwa haye tekun Atlantic da kuma wuce ta cikin m kunkuntar da kuma dogon matsatsiyar, daga baya samu sunan Magellan, da matafiya zo zuwa wani sabon teku. A wannan lokaci, daya daga cikin jiragen ruwa sunk, da sauran suka koma Spain. da mãkirci aka gano da Magellan. Magance jiragen ruwa a bukatar gyara, da kayayyaki da abinci da ruwan sha da aka gudanar low.

Ocean kira da Pacific, da farko ya gana da mai kyau tailwind, amma daga baya ya zama weaker kuma a karshe gaba daya ta kwanta. Mutane hana sabo abinci, mutuwa ba kawai daga yunwa, ko da yake sun yi ci da kuma berayen, kuma tare da masts fata. Babban hadari ya scurvy - hadari duk navigators na lokaci.

Kawai Maris 28, 1521 da suka isa tsibirin, wanda mazaunan da mamaki amsa tambayoyi Enrique, wanda ya yi magana a ƙasarsa ta harshe. Wannan na nufi cewa Magellan da kuma sahabbansa isa a tsibirin na Gabas Indies, a daya hannun. Kuma cewa Enrique - da sosai farko matafiyi suka yi tafiya a duniya! Ya koma kasarsa, za a duniya.

Karshen balaguro

Afrilu 21, 1521 Magellan aka kashe faruwa a cikin yakin basasa na gida shugabannin. Yana da mummunar sakamako a kan sahabbansa, wanda aka tilasta kawai kubuta daga tsibirin.

Mutane da yawa daga cikin mutanen da aka kashe ko suka ji rauni. Na 265-mutumin tawagar bar kawai 150, da suka kawai ya isa ya sarrafa biyu jiragen ruwa.

A tsibirin na Tidore, sun kasance iya samun wasu sauran, replenish abinci hannun jari, ya dauki a kan katako da kayan yaji, da zinariya yashi.

A kan hanyar dawo wa Spain tafi kawai ship "Victoria" gudanar da Sebastian del Cano. Back to Lucar tashar jiragen ruwa koma a total na 18 mutane! Wadannan mutane su ne waɗanda suka farko sanya wani tafiya a duniya. Duk da haka, su sunayen ba a kiyaye su. Amma Captain del Cano da kuma tafiya tarihin Pigafetta sani ba kawai ga masana tarihi da kuma geographers.

A farko Rasha tafiya a kusa da duniya

Shugaban farko Rasha duniya balaguro ya Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern. Wannan tafiya da ya faru a 1803-1806 gg.

Biyu sailing jirgin - "Hope" a karkashin umurnin Kruzenshtern da kuma "Neva" karkashin jagorancin mataimakinsa Yuri Fedorovich Lisyansky - zo daga Kronstadt 7 ga watan Agusta, 1803. Babban makasudin da aka yi nazarin Pacific, da kuma musamman bakin da Amur. Yana da ya wajaba don gane m parking sarari Rasha Pacific jiragen ruwa da kuma mafi kyau hanyoyi na ta samar da hanyoyi.

The balaguro da aka ba kawai na bayar da muhimmanci ga samuwar na Pacific jiragen ruwa, amma kuma ya sanya wani babban taimako ga kimiyya. New tsibiran sun gano, amma goge kashe taswirar daga cikin teku mai yawan wadanda ba babu tsibiran. An farko qaddamar tsanaki nazari daga cikin teku. Balaguro bude Mezhpassatnye countercurrent a cikin Pacific da kuma Atlantic tekuna, auna ruwa zazzabi, gwargwado, m da yawa na ruwa ... ya gano dalilan da teku haske, tattara bayanai a kan tides da bayanin yanayi a kan sinadaran a fagage daban-daban na tekuna.

gagarumin tacewa da aka sanya da taswirar Rasha Far East Coast na Kuril Islands, Sakhalin, Kamchatka Larabawa. Domin da farko lokacin sa a kan shi wasu daga cikin Japan tsibirin.

Mahalarta na balaguro da zama da wadanda na Russia, wanda da farko rangadin duniya.

Amma ga masu rinjaye na Russia, wannan balaguro da aka sani da cewa "Hope" ya tafi Japan na farko Rasha manufa jagorancin Rezanov.

Great biyu (Interesting Facts)

A Banasare Frensis Dreyk zama na biyu mutum ya circumnavigate da duniya a 1577-1580 gg. Ya galleon "Golden Hind" da aka gudanar karo na farko cikin tekun Atlantic daga zuwa Pacific m matsatsiyar daga baya suna biye da shi. Wannan hanya da aka dauke su fiye da hadaddun fiye da mashigar na Magellan saboda m hadari, kankara floes, kwatsam weather canje-canje. Drake mutumin nan da ya fara rangadin duniya, da ciwon taso Cape Kakakin. Tun daga nan, a cikin jirgin da kuma na fara da hadisin da na saka 'yan kunne a cikin kunne. Idan shige da Drake nassi, da barin Cape Kakakin a dama, da 'yan kunne ya zama a cikin kunnen dama, da kuma mataimakin versa.

Domin ya ayyuka, Frensis Dreyk aka knighted Korolevoy Elizavetoy da kaina. Shi ya ake bukata su kayar da Spain su "iya karawa Armada".

A 1766, wani Frenchwoman Zhanna Barre zama na farko da mace to gudãna a duniya. Don yin wannan, ta canza mutumin da samu a kan jirgin Bougainville, ya tafi zagaye duniya balaguro, a matsayin bawa. Lokacin da rikici da aka saukar, duk da dukan da isa yabo, Barre aka dasa a Mauritius, kuma ya zo da baya gida a kan wani jirgin.

Na biyu Rasha tafiya a duniya a karkashin jagorancin JJu Bellingshausen da MP Lazarev ne sananne ga cewa a lokacin da ta Antarctica da aka gano a cikin Janairu 1820.