Wanene suka gina dalar? Asirai na Ancient Civilizations

Kusan duk wani memba na zamani al'umma a kalla sau daya a cikin rayuwar mamaki game wanda ko wanda taimako da aka gina mai girma na tarihi Monuments, abin da kayan aikin da aiwatarwa da kuma kayan amfani a cikin tsari da gine na kakanninmu, kuma ko da amsoshin da asirai na zamanin d pyramids?

Don fara, abu na farko da muka bayar ga samun Masana wasu Concepts cewa lokacin a tarihi, kazalika da ra'ayoyin mutane daban-daban.

Mene ne wani dala?

A cikin sharuddan gine-gine da kimiyya da dala - wani tsarin da cewa shi ne mai polyhedron, yawanci tare da hudu triangular fuskoki. A zamanin d mutane , irin wannan tsarin aiki a matsayin makabarta (kabari), a ɗakin ko kawai Monuments.

Tarihi Pyramids fara kirgawa a game da 3rd Millennium BC. Yana da wadannan lambobin ya kuma ruɗar da yawa masana tarihi. Yana da wuya a yi imani da kasancewar mutane na ci-gaba kayan aiki a lokacin da zuriyar wasu daga cikinsu har yanzu tsunduma a farauta da taro, wanda shi ne halayyar da m matakin na ci gaba.

Modern masana kimiyya sun gano wata yawan asali da maki na maida hankali na zamanin d pyramids.

Misira

Ba asiri da cewa "ƙasar Pyramids" - na biyu sunan Misira. A irin wannan misãli ba ta cancanta. A nan ne na farko cikin dala a duniya da aka gina. Suna kan Giza Plateau, a kan ƙasa na zamanin d hurumi.

Don mu sau mun tsira kawai 'yan pyramids na zamanin d Misira. Wannan dala na Cheops, Chephren da Mycerinus. A cewar masana harkokin kimiyya, kafin su, akwai fiye da.

Great Dala aka dauke su mafi muhimmanci, saboda shi - da tallest dala. Bisa ga ƙa'ida, shi ne gane kamar yadda daya daga cikin abubuwan al'ajabi na duniya. Tsayinsa ne 147 mita, wanda shi ne m ga tsawo na biyar goma-gidaje. Gefen da tushe, bi da bi, da tsawon game da 230 mita. Area yi na 50 murabba'in kilomita.

A size of Great Dala aka sau daya buga da babban Napoleon. Bisa ga kalamai, tubalan na dutse, ta hanyar da Masar pyramids aka gina, zai zama isa gaba zagaya Faransa uku mita bango.

Khafre ta dala aka gina a matsayin wani kabari ga dansa Cheops. ta size ne dan kadan kasa da baya daya.

Ya kamata a lura da cewa abun da ke ciki na jana'izar hadaddun, da bambanci ga sauran pyramids, sun hada da shahararrun Great Sphinx. A cewar daya labari, da Sphinx ta ganinsu ke fuskantar da Dutsen Kailash, a cikin abin da ciki, bisa ga tsoho hadisin, wasa sirrin ilimi.

Menkaure dala aka dauke su da karami da kuma "matasa". Tsayinsa ne 62 mita da kuma tsawon na bangarorin ne daidaita da tsayin wani filin kwallon kafa. Akwai jita-jitar cewa kafin dala kasance a little more, tun asali gini da aka rufe rufi sanya na ja dutse, wanda yiwuwa an rasa a sakamakon hare-haren na Mamelukes. A lokacin shiri na pyramids na zamanin d Misira Fir'auna Menkura umarnin a yi amfani da tubalan na dutse, girman fi yawa da da pyramids na Khufu da Khafre. Ya kuma yarda da ma'aikata don a rike da dutse ne da hankali ba. Gaskiyar cewa Sarkin so a gama kabarin a gabãnin mutuwarsa, kuma a kowane hanya kokarin bugun sama da yi tsari. Duk da haka, kafin ta ƙare Menkur da ba zai iya tsira.

Mesofotamiya

Zai ze, daga Mesofotamiya zuwa Misira ba ya zuwa yanzu, yanayin domin gina da kuma kayan shi ne kusan guda, Saboda haka da tsarin kula da gine-gine da suka musamman kamata ba bambanta. Amma akwai shi.

Mesopotamian pyramids ne na musamman wuraren ibada - ziggurats (fassara daga Kaldiyawa "dutse saman"). External su tsarin kama da Masar pyramids, amma, sabanin su, da ziggurat matakan da alaka da matakala kuma tare da gefen bangon, bi da bi, musamman gangara shiryar (m rubucen), wanda ya jagoranci zuwa cikin haikali.

Wata sifa ta wannan gini ziggurat - mai karye layi ganuwar, kafa da taimakon tsinkaya.

A cikin taron cewa bukatar kasancewar a gina taga takware, aka halitta su, yawanci a kan saman bango. Su wakilta wani kunkuntar tsaguwa.

Abin lura shi ne cewa mutanen ƙasar Bagadaza ziggurats ba amfani binne Tsarin kan filaye da cewa, ba su gan wani dangane tsakanin adana jikin marigayin, da kuma saye da su a cikin duniya don rashin mutuwa, kamar yadda ya yi da tsoho Masarawa.

Sudan

A lokacin, Sudan sarakuna da aka farfado tsoho Masar hadisin, hade da yin amfani da pyramids kamar yadda binne shafukan na kasar shugabanni.

By kuma manyan, da al'adun Ancient Misira da kuma Sudan sun cigaba da nasaba. Saboda haka, da yawa a cikin na kowa da ya gine.

A zamanin d Sudan, akwai da wadannan iri pyramids: classic Tsarin (a kan tushen da Masar gine-gine) da kuma Mastaba-dimbin yawa truncated dala. A bambanci, Masar, Sudan Tsarin da steeper gangara.

Mafi shahara pyramids ne archaeological shafukan na birnin Meroe. A cikin rabi na biyu na karni na shida kafin haihuwar Yesu, babban birnin kasar a nan, wanda daga baya ya zama al'adu da kuma addini cibiyar na jihar aka koma.

Modern masana kimiyya a Meroe aka kidaya dama dozin pyramids, kiyaye to mu kwana. A shekarar 2011, wadannan archaeological Tsarin aka hukuma bayyana a Duniya Heritage tunawa.

Najeriya

A nan, bisa ga al'adar da pyramids aka gina a cikin girmamawa ga Allah Ala. Ancient mutane sun gaskata cewa lamba tare da abin bautãwa na iya zama ta hanyar wadannan wurare. Sun yi imani da cewa a saman dala kawai ne makomarsa.

Official bude na addini constructions na data dauki wuri kawai a cikin 30s na karshe karni. Sa'an nan kuma, wani shahararren kayan tarihi Jones ya dauki 'yan hotuna da pyramids for your records (amma suka buga kawai har shekara tamanin daga baya).

A cewar shi, tsarin Najeriya da aka gina da yawa a baya, fiye da pyramids na zamanin d Misira, da kuma cewa gida wayewa yawa girmi da yawa wasu. Abin baƙin ciki, da pyramids sun tsira a wani wajen gudu-saukar da yanayin.

Mexico

Tun zamanin da, kasar da aka sanaki da mutane wanda na zamani masana tarihi siffantãwa da arziki mythology da kuma al'adun - da Aztecs.

Ko da yake yawan wayewa Dates baya ga XIV-XVI ƙarni, Aztec pyramids aka gina tun kafin. Alal misali, sanannen Dala na Sun, wanda bautar da uku wuri a duniya a size da kawai bakwai mita kasa da kabarin na Cheops, bisa ga masana tarihi kimomi, da aka gina a kusa da 150th BC.

Pyramids na Teotihuacan, bi da bi, an dauki wani monumental kokarin yi madawwami albarka Utopia.

Domin bakwai ƙarni, Aztec pyramids kasance wasu sunã shiryarwa star wanda annurin kiran duk okin ya dandana daraja mafarki. An yi imani da cewa birnin Teotihuacan aka damu da wani irin tsari da kuma tsari. Duk da haka, kauna da jituwa ba ya tsoma baki da kwarara daga jinin mutum a kan ruwan wukake na dabbanci da kuma inhumanity. Kowane maras so Aztecs damƙar kashe da hadayu ga gumakansu.

Dala, inda daidai sun wadannan hadayu da wasu kamance da Mesopotamian ziggurats su ma sun "tako" form, ya samu halartar tudun lodi (shi ne daya kadai da take kaiwa zuwa sosai saman zane).

Abin baƙin ciki, ba duka na pyramids na Aztecs sun iya tsira ga haka yau. Mafi yawansu ba su kasance halakakku a lokacin da mamayewa na ƙasar Mexico na Turai mulkin mallaka, daukan wuri a cikin XVI karni.

China

Lalle ne, haƙĩƙa, wasu masu karatu ga wannan batu, na yi mamaki. Bayan duk, kusan ba magana ko rubuta game da kasar Sin pyramids.

Duk masana kimiyya akwai game da mutum ɗari da irin shuke-shuke. Sun yi aiki a matsayin binne makabarta ga shugabanni daga cikin shahararrun Sin dauloli. A siffar da dala kasance a truncated form (kazalika da Sudan sikelin). Saboda da halaye na gida Flora, wasu manyan gine-gine ya ɗauki siffar wani overgrown tudu.

Sha'awa asalin pyramids. Gaskiyar cewa a cikin rubuce kafofin, wanda nema a mayar da biyar karni BC, da yi ya kira a matsayin "Dadaddiyar". Ne pyramids bayyana da yawa a baya fiye da lokacin rubuce-rubuce? Ya kamata a gane cewa Adam da wuya ya sani game da shi riga. A cikakken nazarin Tsarin, kamar yadda aka yi a Misira, kusan ba zai yiwu: da tono a cikin yankunan inda suke located, sukan haramta ta} ananan hukumomi.

North America

A XI karni, a lokacin da a Turai sun taba-kawo karshen yaki a kan wasu gefe na yammancin duniya, a Mississippi Valley, salama ci gaba da inganta Indian wayewa. Su sauri gina kansu gidaje, samar da kayayyakin more rayuwa.

Har ila yau, tsoho Indiyawan da wani al'ada don gina musamman tudun, wani yanki na game da 'yan dubun kwallon kafa filayen. Ga su yi kusan kome da kome: bikin holidays, gudanar da addini, na wasa faru, da dai sauransu Popular sau da yawa mutane sun mounds kuma mounds kamar yadda (binne wuraren) ... Daya daga cikin mafi girma maida hankali ne Cahokia - wani rukuni ya kunshi 109 barrows. An kuma ayyana wani Duniya Heritage tunawa.

Wanda kuma ya sa har yanzu suna gina?

A wannan batu mutane suna tõno kawunansu domin baya shekaru masu yawa. Abu ne mai wuya cewa wani zai iya ci gaba a hankali da cewa gina da pyramids a matakin inda ya yi da tsoho mutane, har ma a yau ne quite wani hadadden tsari, ba hanyoyin zamani da fasahar. Ta yaya, misali, da Masarawa jan tubalan na dutse yin la'akari 7-10 ton zuwa tsawo na goma-gidan, da kuma yadda suke su ne iya rike su daidai (wani lokacin tsakanin neskreplonnymi tubalan iya ba ko da matsi ruwa)?

A halin yanzu, akwai da dama theories da shiriritar da suke da mafi plausible.

I. A wanzuwar wani sosai pratsivilizatsii

Duk da muka kasance munã zaton cewa mutane a yau - da kuma sosai haskaka kasancewarsa, wanda wani lokacin ne batun kanta Mother Nature, da kuma da yawa dubban shekaru da suka wuce, mutane sun savages, rai don gamsar da m bukatun. Duk da haka, 'yan mutane tunanin cewa da zarar duniya riga ya wanzu irin wannan wayewa, tare da babban matakin hankali da kuma fasaha. Watakila sun san abubuwa da yawa a yau da cewa mu sake bude?

A cewar daya daga version, wannan wayewa iya zama Atlanteans, wanda ko dai gina dalar amfani da m ga sauran kimiyoyi ko taimake su yi shi.

A cewar wani, da tsoho mutane sun iya gano da kuma sauri daidaita da fasaha don yin amfani da pre-data kasance amma ya ɓata m wayewar.

Wani version yana da shi cewa tsoho mutane (guda kamar yadda Masarawa) da kansu su ne a wani fairly high matakin na ci gaba wajen tunani da kuma cikin sharuddan da fasaha.

Duk wannan zai iya kawai ƙi yarda a gaskiya - a cikin rubutun d¯a taba ambata lambobi tare da wani supercivilization.

II. dan hanya tsangwama

Wannan ka'ida da asalin da pyramids ne ya fi kowa, kuma tattauna. A cewar ta, daban-daban da wurin mutane taimake gina da wakilan Extraterrestrial wayewar.

Don fara, bari mu fahimci dalilin da ya sa ba zato ba tsammani da baki daga m sarari (idan suka gaske bai faru) don taimaka underdeveloped a lokacin da mutane na duniya da za a gina da pyramids?

A cewar daya daga version, da yi aiki a matsayin membobin Extraterrestrial wayewar matsayin makamashi Madogararsa kamar yadda m ga mutãne, ko a matsayin tsaka don sadarwa tsakanin taurari (da kuma a nan ne dangana ga wani bakon da dala siffar matsayin gine-gine gine a matsayin dukan).

Akwai wani ka'idar. Yana ta'allaka ne da cewa tsoho mutane, cuɗanya da baki iya dauka su ga alloli.

Shin baki, su fasahar, da kuma "karusan wuta" wata babbar lamba na dama fiye da maza, kuma amfani, magance wakilan m wayewar domin taimako a cikin wannan al'amari, kamar yadda gina pyramids.

Masana kimiyya da dama-ufologists suke da sha'awar a cikin tambaya na wanene suka gina dalar, shi ne sha'awar a cikin dangantaka tsakanin wuri na pyramids da kuma taswirar taurarin sama. A cikin view, wannan shi ne kai tsaye link, saboda, misali, sanannen hadaddun na Giza a Misira, daga abin da muka riga ya faɗa a yau, yayi dace da uku manyan mawaka dake a cikin ƙungiyar taurari na Orion. Zai yiwu a zuciyar wannan dangantaka shi ne gaskiya cewa wannan ƙungiyar taurari kasance daga m yanayi domin Masarawa: shi ya wakilci bautãwa Osiris - daya daga cikin mafi muhimmanci abũbuwan bautãwa na Ancient Misira.

Amma da zaran akwai wani tambaya: me ya sa sunayen alloli Masarawa hade da shi da taurari? Bisa ga wannan masana, shi ne mai yiwuwa wasu connection tsakanin wadannan guda "alloli" da kuma makõmarsu.

Kamar yadda wani hujja na gaban baki a kan Earth iya haifar da wani iri-iri na hotuna, wanda ya siffanta m da'ira, kuma wani lokacin humanlike tãlikai. Wanda aka nuna a cikin wadannan Figures, da real kasancewarsa, ko kuwa shi wani samfurin na artist ta hangen nesa?

Yana da daraja ambata zamanin d Masar takarda wadda magana da wasu yaki na iko alloli. Abin da ko wanda mutane na iya kiran gumaka, abin da yake wannan yaki, ko ta wanzu a gaskiya, ko kuwa shi wani shahararre labari? Amsoshin wadannan tambayoyi sun dade da aka binne shi a gushewa.

III. m ka'idar

A cewar shi, da tsoho mutane sun iya gina nasu dala na duniya. Kamar yadda masana kimiyya suka rike wannan ra'ayi, mutane za su zama isa ihisani domin gina wannan gine-gine: addini sharudda, da so ga aikin don samun kudi ga wanzuwar, da marmarin tsaya daga cikin sharuddan na musamman gine.

A zamanin d tarihi Herodotus shi ne na farko Greek malamin wanda a cikin rubuce-rubucen da aka iya bayyana daki-daki, sanannen pyramids na Giza. A cewar shi, domin gina wuraren da irin wannan a cikin wani gajeren lokaci (bisa ga description, da yi tsawon daya da dala ne yawanci 15-20 shekaru) ya zama dole a yi amfani da akalla mutum ɗari da dubu ma'aikata.

Yana ba la'akari free aiki na bayi da kuma fursunonin yaki wanda ya mutu a gina dubban daga cuta, yunwa, da ƙishirwa, numfashi ba aikin, masu fushi. A bambanci, stonemasons, gine-ginen, magina samu kudi ga abin da aka gina da tsoho pyramids.

A yi na pyramids za a iya gudanar da talakawa manoma. Wannan tsari na iya daukar wani nau'i na irin aiki sabis, wato, wannan mutane kira zuwa aiki bayan wani lokaci (mai yiwuwa sau daya a kowace shekara, ko biyu na tsawon 'yan makonni). Saboda haka, Masarawa suka iya sauƙi sabunta da aiki da karfi.

Yana yiwuwa cewa, daga cikin ma'aikatan da hannu a cikin shiri na pyramids, da za'ayi a irin "gasar", masu cin nasara daga abin da aka ƙaddara da adadin aikin yi a matsayin wani rukuni da akayi daban-daban, ta quality, da sauransu. D. Waɗanda suke iya tsaya fitar da sauransu, Karbar daban-daban ihisani.

Matsayin shaida na Herodotus 'ka'idar iya haifar da mahara binne ma'aikata da kuma gine-ginen gano by archaeologists a lokacin tono, kazalika da tudun lodi a kusa da ba a kare ba da dala, wanda aka m hawa dutse tubalan. Domin wannan kaburbura za a iya gani, da kuma yadda da wuya shi ne aikin gina Tsarin aiki lokaci. Wannan ƙarshe za a iya yi ta hanyar nazarin saura na zamanin d mutane: m burbushi na warkar samu karaya da aka samu a kan su ƙasũsuwa.

Haka kuma, aka gyara na da na'urar, wanda shi ne wata ila ya zama da samfur na zamani da aka samu daga wani crane. Abu ne mai wuya da shiri na pyramids sauri da kuma sauki kawai ta amfani da wannan tsari. Yana yiwuwa cewa akwai mutane da yawa da wasu na'urorin.

Shakka ma da wasu ra'ayoyi a kan yi dabara na pyramids.

Don fara aiwatar da tattauna tare da lokaci na farko da wannan irin shuke-shuke - yi na gina rijiyoyin. An tabbatar ta hanyar kimiya da cewa wadanda suka gina dalar, kamar yadda na asali kayan amfani "m" farar ƙasa, kazalika da m dutse, quartzite da basalt. Duk da haka, ra'ayin da aka kan yadda shi ya fara yi, da dama, rabu.

A cewar daya daga version, da block hakar aka za'ayi a musamman rami, wanda ake dake kusa da wuraren da dala gina. A hasara ka'idar ne cewa yin amfani da wadannan quarries zai kawai wahalad da yi tsari, da kuma kai raka'a zai sa tsari impractical.

Wani jarrabawa ce: block simintin gyaran kafa ake samar a-site daga wani farar ƙasa kankare. Its mabiya yi imani da cewa wadanda suka gina dalar, sun iya yin kankare Mixes na daban-daban katako. Duk da haka, akwai masu adawa da ka'idar da shiri na zamanin d gine-gine. Suna jayayya da ra'ayi, Magana game da gaskiyar cewa a wasu yankunan, inda pyramids aka gina a cikin manyan lambobi, kawai rasa albarkatun don ƙirƙirar m kankare bayani.

Da yake jawabi na shiriritar Matsar tubalan, shi ne daraja ambata a nan cewa kwararru 'ra'ayoyin dabam- dabam suke.

The fi na kowa a wannan batun ne mai version na zane raka'a. A matsayin hujja da wannan ka'idar, ɗaya daga cikin manyan masana tarihi na zamanin d Masar murals, inda game da mutum ɗari da hamsin wanda aka nuna ja ga wani abin tunawa Dzhehutihotepa II. A wannan yanayin, ma'aikata amfani da musamman sledge-scraper. Abin lura shi ne cewa su skids, kamar yadda aka nuna a cikin mural, zuba ruwa, wanda shi ne wata ila don an yi amfani da su rage gogayya da kuma zuwa sauƙaƙe tsari. Wannan jarrabawa na da hakkin ya yi musu da cewa tsari ne quite cin lokaci kuma da kamar wuya ga waɗanda suka gina dalar, za su iya yi shi da sauri.

Wani ka'idar karkashin tattaunawa - yin amfani da tsoho mutane na daban-daban na sunadaran. Mafi shahara misali na'urorin da ake abin da ake kira "na shimfiɗar jariri," inji, square dabaran fasahar (da yin amfani da musamman hanyoyi), ciki gangara, da sauransu. A. Amma, a cikin ra'ayi na da yawa, da waɗannan kimiyoyi sun ba tukuna samuwa a lokacin.

Summing up

Bisa ta gabatar ba, shi za a iya ƙarasa da cewa wannan tambaya wanene suka gina dalar kuma abin da zukãtansu babban manufar zauna dacewa a kowane lokaci. Mafi m, dõmin mutãne ba zai gano. A tsawon lokaci, duk da yake shiga abu wulakantacce: rubuce-rubucen, frescoes, zane-zane. Kuma wadannan tarihi kafofin wadannan kwanaki da haka kadan.

A bayyane yake cewa da asirai na pyramids taba barin wani mutum sha'aninsu dabam.