Yak-9: halaye da kuma kwatanta da analogues

Yak-9 - saman soja-m, aka bayar da Tarayyar Soviet daga 1942 zuwa 1948. Yana da aka ɓullo da mambobi ne na kirar Tupolev Design ofishin da kuma zama mafi m Soviet jirgin saman soja a fagen yaƙi na yakin duniya na II. A cikin shekaru shida na samar da kusan 17,000 kofe aka gina. Yau za mu koyi yadda za godiya ga halaye na wannan model ya zama haka nasara.

Tarihi na Yak-9 jirgin saman soja

Wannan jirgin sama shi ne sakamakon da Yak-7 zamani da mafi m Yak-1. Daga mahangar zane, shi ne wani inganta version of Yak-7. Externally, da Yak-9 ne kusan m zuwa da wanda ya riga, amma in ba haka ba shi ne mafi m. A lokacin da samar da jirgin sama designers sarrafa kusan shekaru biyu da kwarewa a samar da fama amfani da Yak-1 model. Bugu da kari, a lokacin da halittar wani sabon jirgin sama zanen suna da damar fadi amfani duralumin maimakon a farkon yakin, lokacin da Soviet masana'antu su ne suka gurgunta, a wannan abu. Amfani duralumin bada rage taro tsarin. Lashe kilo injiniyoyin da za a iya amfani da su kara da man fetur wadata, da shigarwa na more iko da makamai ko fiye bambancin musamman kayan aiki.

Fighter Yak-9 mai aminci mataimaki Soviet Air Force a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu. A shekarar 1944, wannan na'ura da aka yi amfani da dama iri da kuma shi ne gaba a yawan kofe na duk mayakan da suke a wancan lokaci a cikin sabis tare da Tarayyar Soviet. Just kwatanta: a Novosibirsk shuka lambar 153 a kowace rana don samar da 20 na wadannan jirgin sama! Bayan wannan sha'anin, jirgin saman soja samar a Moscow shuka № 82 da Omsk shuka № 166.

A jirgin sama dauki bangare a duk ayyukan da Soviet Air Force, faro daga Battle of Stalingrad. All versions daga cikin jirgin saman soja (da akwai mai yawa) yana kyau kwarai jirgin da kuma fasaha halaye, kuma sun kasance bã tãre da wani aiki lahani da suka haddasa hatsarori. A wannan yanayin, da jirgin sama zane da aka sosai sauki da kuma saba da m samarwa a wartime. Kusan duk na kayan domin samar da kerarre a-site taro.

zane

Origin Yak-9 jirgin saman soja samu mota M, kuma a dunƙule-105PF VISH-61P. A samfur don wannan ƙirar aiki a matsayin Yak-7DI. Babban bambancin dake tsakanin sabon model daga precursor ne: adadin man fetur, rage daga 500 zuwa 320 kg. da yawan man fetur tankuna, rage daga 4 zuwa 2; samar da man fetur rage daga 50 zuwa 30 kg. babu bam sigogi na waje dakatar da bama-bamai.

Daga cikin ra'ayi na makamai, Yak-9 bai bambanta daga da wanda ya riga, daya ShVAK gun da daya gun WCD. Saboda low samar matsayin da kasa stringent iko da serial samar da jirgin sama, kamar yadda idan aka kwatanta da a saki gogaggen, jirgin nauyi model karu zuwa 2870-2875 kg.

Soviet jirgin saman soja Yak-9 maneuvered da kyau da kuma ya sauki ta yi aiki. A cikin yaƙi a kan verticals ya iya zuwa wutsiya da makiya Mu-109F a zahiri bayan na farko da bi da bi. A cikin yaƙi a kan horizontals ga irin rawar daji ya isa 3-4 jũya.

A lokacin rani na 1943, saboda rashin ci gaban yi fasaha, da dama motoci a lokacin da jirgin ya barke da katako fanelin da reshe. Irin wannan lahani da aka shafe kamar yadda suka zama samuwa ta musamman teams da injiniyoyi. A samar da daga baya gyare-gyare na Yak-9 jirgin saman soja, a review na wanda aka bai kasa, matsalar ne gaba daya shafe ta.

fama aiki

A farko Yak-9 mayakan aka tsĩrar da gaban a karshen 1942, kuma ya dauki kashi a yakin Stalingrad. A 1943, a lokacin farko da taro ba a, an gano wani yawan flaws cewa an shafe ta da goyon baya crews kafin Kursk yaƙi - da farko, a cikin abin da mayakan na model amfani da wani gagarumin yawan. A farkon yakin Yak-9, in ban da Yak-1 da kuma Yak-7 amfani 5 faɗa jirgin sama rarrabu, daya daga wanda ya Guards. A karshen Yuli 1943 a kan Kursk kumbura zo 11th Air Corps, wanda kunshi uku regiments na Yak-9.

Ko da farko m fama, da ya bayyana cewa Yak-9 ne da sarrafawa da kuma maneuvered, amma gudun da makamai ya kayen jirgin sama BF 109G da FW 190A.

Version na Yak-9T samu ingantaccen rinjãya a kan tushe daga ra'ayi na makamai. Kamar yadda statistics show-yak 9 ciyar a kan wanda kashi maƙiyi jirgin talakawan zamo projectiles 20 147 mm, da kuma Yak-9T - 37 na 31-mm dako. Daya daga cikin na farko regiments sun m Yak-9T shi ne 133rd GIAP. Da jirgin sama, dauke da makamai 37-millimeter igwa, an yi amfani da nasarar, ko da a kan abokan gaba sulke da motocin da jiragen ruwa.

Operation na wani jirgin a real fama Yak-9 ya nuna cewa da karuwa a cikin man fetur samar da a mafi yawan lokuta impractical. Rarar man fetur ne ballast cewa yana da wani mummunan sakamako a kan survivability na na'ura. Saboda haka cantilever tankuna sau da yawa rufe da matosai. Duk da haka, akwai bukatar kara jirgin iyaka a wasu aukuwa na yaki. Saboda haka, a watan Agusta 1944, wani rukuni na 12 da jirgin sama version na Yak-9DD tare da kaya jirage daga Italiya zuwa {asar Yugoslavia. Bugu da kari, da Yak-9DD aka kawo don isar kai harin a lokacin "Frentik" aiki a shekarar 1944.

Tun Disamba 1944 Yak-9B model suka yi jihãdi a cikin 130 th Fighter Division, aiki a karkashin Uku Byelorussian Front. A high-Yunƙurin Yak-9PD aka canjawa wuri zuwa makamai sassa Moscow VOP. A watan Oktoba 1944 ya sanya ya halarta a karon a fagen yaƙi Yak-9U Fighter - ya shiga sabis da 163rd Fighter rajimanti, aiki a cikin Baltic Amirka. A jirgin sama misalta kaifi fama m girma model Yak-9. A cikin watanni biyu na gwaji, da ya halarci 18 fadace-fadace, da harbi saukar 28 jirgin saman soja FW 190A da daya BF 109G. A lokaci guda akwai biyu kawai bata Soviet na'ura.

Lokacin da Mai girma Patriotic War shige cikin karshe zamani, da jirgin saman soja Yak-9, da halaye na wanda aka kai a kai inganta, ya zama daya daga cikin manyan Soviet mayakan. Wannan matsayi yana rike a farkon postwar shekaru. A cikin watan Satumba 1946, a jirgin sama samfurin Yak-9 lissafta ga 31% na abun da ke ciki na da Tarayyar Soviet faɗa jirgin sama. Bayan da yaki, daban-daban gyare-gyare na jirgin sama da za a yi amfani da har farkon shekarun 1960s. Bugu da kari ga Air Force, kuma sojan ruwa jirgin sama na Tarayyar Soviet, suka yi amfani da Allied sojojin. A lokacin rani na 1943 Yak-9 da kuma Yak-9D shiga sabis na Faransa rajimanti "Normandy". A cikin watan Satumba na shekara ta aka canjawa wuri zuwa jam'iyyar jirgin saman soja Bulgaria, wanda gefe tare da anti-Hitler hadaka. A kaka na shekarar 1945, a model na Yak-9M da Yak-9T amfani da Polish iska karfi a Poland da kuma Arewacin Jamus. Bugu da kari, da jirgin sama na model tsaye a kan Sin makamai, Hungary, {asar Yugoslavia, Korea ta Arewa da kuma Albania.

Yak-9: Bayani dalla-dalla

Ainihin version na jirgin sama, 1942 yana da wadannan halaye:

1. Tsawon - 8.5 m.
2. Wing tsayi - 9,74 m.
3. Wing Area - 17,15 m ^2.
4. A takamaiman load a kan reshe - 167 kg / m ^2.
5. Komai nauyi na jirgin sama - 2277 kg.
6. Take-kashe nauyi - 2873 kg.
7. Motor ikon - 1180 l. wani.
8. A takamaiman load a kan ikon - 2,43 kg / l. wani.
9. Iyakar gudu a cikin tẽku - 520 km / h.
10. A iyakar gudu a tsawon - 599 km / h.
11. kafa da tsawo na 5 km - 5.1 min.
12. lanƙwasa lokaci - 15-17.
13. Practical rufi - 11.100 m.
14. Practical kewayon - 875 km.
15. Makamai - 1x20 mm ShVAK, 1h12,7 mm UBS.

gyare-gyare

Cikin dukanin ta tarihi, da Yak-9 samu babban adadin gyare-gyare. Ability da za a modified a da dama irin da kuma manufar fama inji zama ta babban alama. A jirgin sama da 22 babbar gyare-gyare, 15 na wanda ya tafi zuwa jerin. Lokacin aiki jirgin saman soja kammala tare da biyar iri propulsion, man tankuna shida embodiments tsari, bakwai embodiments makamai da kuma iri biyu musamman kayan aiki. Fighter da biyu fundamentally daban-daban daga juna reshe iri: gauraye da dukkan-karfe. All versions fãce Yak-9 jirgin saman soja tushe, da watsuwar da muka riga muka tattauna, yana da wani musamman index. Bari mu samu matsahi na saba da na asali gyare-gyare na almara jirgin saman soja.

Yak-9D

A gyara bambanta karu zuwa 480 kilo samar da man fetur. A jirgin sama sanye take da hudu a maimakon biyu man fetur tankuna: biyu tushen da kuma biyu wasan bidiyo. Tare da wannan bayani, ta jirgin iyaka ya karu zuwa 1400 km. A gyara da aka samar daga Maris 1943 zuwa May 1944. A wannan lokaci, da na'ura mai sauko 3068 kofe.

Yak-9T

A wannan canji, a 20 mm igwa da aka maye gurbinsu 37-mm gun tare da harsasai projectiles 30. Saboda gaskiya cewa sabon kayan aiki ne ya fi tsayi, kokfit da za a koma da 40 cm. A tsarin da aka samar daga spring 1943 zuwa bazara na shekarar 1945. 2748 kofe aka yi game da wannan lokacin.

Yak-9k

Wannan version yana da wani 45-millimeter gun NS-45. Domin rage karfi da tasiri, bangaren 7ts, da ganga shigar da muzzle birki. Duk da haka, a lokacin da harbe-harben a high gudãnar da jirgin sama ya juya, da kuma matukin jirgin samu karfi tremors. Designers bayar da shawarar harba short bursts na uku Shots. Biyu volley Yak-9k da wani nauyi na 5,53 kg. A lokacin daga watan Afrilu zuwa Yuni 1944 53 jirgin sama na wannan version aka halitta. A cikin tsarin na soja gwaji da suka gudanar 51 yaƙi, bugawa 8 jirage FW-190A-8 da kuma 4 jirgin sama BF-109G. A wannan yanayin, da asarar zambar daya kawai jirgin saman soja. A daya downed jirgin sama a kan talakawan da 10 akai-akai na 45 mm igwa. Saboda da rashin aminci na taro samar da makamai da ya ba da aka gyara ba.

Yak-9TK

A jirgin sama na wannan version samu a karfafa tsarin wasu raka'a, kazalika da hadade tsakiyar gun hawa tsarin wanda damar maye kayan aikin a cikin filin. Fighter aka sanya a cikin rabi na biyu na 1943.

Yak-9M

A jirgin sama ne a ci gaba da Yak-9D model tare da fuselage daga cikin model Yak-9T. Bugu da kari, wannan version yana da yawan inganta. Domin aerobatic jirgin halaye da kuma shi bai bambanta daga Yak-9D. Amma a karshen shekarar 1944, cikin jirgin sama kafa wani ƙarin iko engine VK-105PF-2, ta hanyar abin da ya zama yafi gudu da kuma kudi na hau. Yak-9M ya zama daya daga cikin rare motoci a model kewayon Yak-9 mayakan. Hotuna da wannan jirgin sama zai sami duk wanda ke da Great Patriotic War. A total na 4239 kofe aka samar.

Yak-9C

A jirgin sama da aka gina bisa Yak-9M da samu wannan engine. Ba kamar da asali version da aka soma, ciki har da wani 23-millimeter gun NS-23 da kuma biyu daga synchronous 20-millimterovyh bindigogi BS-20C. Saboda unsatisfactory sakamakon jihar gwaje-gwaje a shekarar 1945, tsarin da aka taba saka a cikin serial samar.

Yak-9DD

A shekarar 1944, tsarin da aka gina Tu-2, domin tracking wanda albarkatun ne bai isa ba har ma ga Yak-9D. Bugu da kari, Tarayyar Soviet da ake bukata a jirgin sama, jirgin iyaka wanda zai ba da damar a gudanar da wani fama ayyukan a tare da tare da jirgin sama anti-Hitler hadaka. A dace model ne Yak-9DD. Girkawar 8 reshe tankuna ya karu da man fetur damar da model zuwa 630 kg. Bugu da kari, instrumentation da kuma sadarwa kayan aiki da aka modified don tabbatar da aminci a tsawon nisa da a unfavorable weather yanayi.

Iyakar kewayo Yak-9DD jirgin ya 1800 km. Duk da haka, ya nauyi ya rikodin domin wannan aji na jirgin sama - 3390 kg. Tara makamai jirgin saman soja ya misali ga iyali na Yak - igwa zamo kamar 20 mm da kuma 12.7 mm zamo gun. Yak-9DD amfani quite yadu.

A karshen lokacin rani na 1944, wata ƙungiya daga 20 jirgin sama ya tafi da tushe na masõya, dake kusa da Italiyanci birnin Bari domin ya goyi bayan kai da jirgin sama Su-47, wanda kai kaya zuwa {asar Yugoslavia. Kamar yadda wani ɓangare na muhallinsa da aka za'ayi jirgin tsawon 1,300 km, da kuma babban ɓangare na nesa sun shige ta yankin ƙasarsu. Kungiyar ta yi 150 sorties, wanda, duk da rashin ci karo da abokan gaba da jirgin sama, sun kasance sosai m. Abin lura shi ne cewa yayin da Su-47 jirgin sama saukowa da saukewa yi, tracking mayakan sa ran su a cikin iska da za a mayar da. Domin duk lokacin da na aiki na jirgin sama da aka ba rajista guda gazawar.

Yak-9P

Shin wani gajeren zangon-bincike, wanda ya bambanta daga asali version na Yak-9, da halaye na wanda muka riga sani, gaban m kamara a wani free daki. Wannan na'urar ba ka damar harba daga tsawo daga 300 zuwa 3000 mita. Na biyu version na wannan canji da aka bisa ga Yak-9D. Ya ba kawai yana da kayan aiki ga bincike, amma ya kasance fiye da a high-tech siffofin matsayin dukan. Yak-9P aka samar a kananan yawa da amfani a wuraren bincike da sauran jirgin sama ya wuya ko interfaced tare da wani tsanani hadarin.

I-9B

Fighter-m Yak-9B aka gina a kan tushe model 9D. A sarari a baya da Matuka jirgin shi aka sanye take bam bay kunshi hudu bututu, wanda zai iya saukar da hudu 100-laba bam ko hudu kaset, kowanne dauke da 32 anti tarawa bam. m gwaji fara a watan Maris 1944. Bisa ga sakamakon sorties, da Yak-9B halakar 29 tankuna, 22 Armoured Personnel dako, 1.014 Motoci, 161 Railway mota ginin 20 g / d tashoshin, 7 bindigogi, 18 locomotives da 4 man fetur depots. A cikin duka, da Soviet Enterprises samar 109 irin wannan harin.

Yak-9PD

Wannan interceptor da mota-105PD M, supercharger kuma ya karu da rabin mita wingspan. Practical rufi wannan version ne 13 100 km. A 1943, bisa Yak-9 5 na wadannan motoci da aka samar, kuma a shekarar 1944, bisa Yak-9U - 30.

Yak-9U

A marigayi 1943, an halitta ta biyu mayakan karkashin nadi Yak-9U: daya sanye take da wani mota M-107A, da sauran - da M-105PF-2. Bugu da kari, cikin zane da kuma aerodynamics daga cikin tushe version da aka inganta. Tara makamai biyu model da aka gabatar tsakiyar gun (zamo na 23 mm ga jirgin saman soja engine M-105PF-2 da kuma wani zamo kamar 20 mm ga version tare da motor M-107A) da kuma biyu daga 12.7 millimterovyh bindigogi. A sakamakon gwaje-gwaje a cikin Air Force Institute, wani bambanci da mota M-107A gane a matsayin mafi kyau daga cikin mayakan da aka gwada can har abada. A watan Afrilu 1944, taro samar da jirgin sama da aka kafa. A cikin fall na 1944, a lokacin da wani biyu-wata fitina a 18 ta faɗa matukan jirgin harbe saukar 27 FW-190A da kuma 1 BF-109G. A lokaci guda akwai aka kawai rasa biyu mayakan. The kawai gagarumin hasara na na'ura kasance a kananan rabo na da ikon shuka.

Yak-9UT

Yana wakiltar Yak-9U da ikon makamai. A jirgin sama da aka sanye take da uku bindigogi: a tsakiyar 37-mm da biyu 20-mm. Massa biyu Salvo wannan jirgin saman soja ya a lokacin da wani rikodin ga USSR - 6 kg. Place a cibiyar gun aka kenan. Bugu da kari na 45 mm kayan aiki, shi yiwuwa a kara nauyin da biyu volley zuwa 9.3 kg. Sauran jirgin sama kadan daban-daban daga Yak-9U. Domin 3 months na serial samar da taron line tafi 282 kofe. A kananan adadin da mayakan gudanar ya dauki bangare a karshe fadace-fadace na yaki.

Yak-9 "Express"

Yana wakiltar wani kai jirgin sama, wanda yake a gaban yanayi na iya kawo daya fasinja. A tsarin ya zama irin na kira tsakanin distal da kuma jirgin saman soja Yak-9DD da kuma horo jirgin sama Yak-9B. A baya gida, maimakon gaban mota da kuma controls aka shigar dabe da kuma fanelin. A jirgin sama da aka kera da wata guda kwafin a lokacin rani na 1944. A cikin jerin, ya taba tafi.

Yak-9P

The kyautata version na Yak-9U, halin da more zamani sadarwa na'urorin da na'urorin haɗi. A samar da model fara a shekarar 1946 da kuma ƙare a shekara ta 1948. A total na 801 da jirgin sama da aka samar. Yak-9s aka dauke da makamai da Tarayyar Soviet, Poland, Hungary, kasar Sin da kuma {asar Yugoslavia.

ƙarshe

Yau, za mu dubi almara jirgin sama - da Yak-9, wanda photo ne saba wa da yawa magoya na jirgin sama da fasaha. Duk da cewa tsarin da aka samar kawai shekara shida, ta ya zama sananne a ko'ina cikin duniya ta kare fiye da dozin Soviet birane daga maƙiyi invaders. Wannan fasaha da kuma m jirgin sama fiye da shekara guda zai zama da yawa magoya na jirgin sama kasuwanci azaman fuskar bangon waya a kan tebur. Yak-9, wanda yake a cikin hannayenku na dama suka iya juya a cikin wani m iska bindigogi, sanya wata babbar gudummawa ga sakamako na yakin duniya na II.