A hydrogen bam RDS-37: halaye, tarihi

A farkon shekarun bayan yakin duniya na II (WWII) ya shar'anta wani nauyi a kan kafadu na Soviet mutane. Restoration of masana'antu, noma, da miƙa mulki daga jihar yaki da baya ga general yakin faruwa a karkashin hankali kara zalunci na makamai tseren da shiru adawa tsakanin biyu mai girma superpowers na lokaci: Tarayyar Soviet da kuma Amurka.

Engineering baiwa kasashen biyu a kowace shekara ci gaba da aiwatar da a da karfe more kuma mafi tsanani makaman kare dangi. A wannan chilling tseren Tarayyar Soviet ya shigo da gubar ko a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu, kuma ba zai bar su a matsayinsu har abin da ake kira "Cuban harsashi rikicin". Da shi shi ne karo na farko kasar mu nuna duniya biyu-mataki thermonuclear hydrogen bam damar fiye da 1 Mat, wato RDS-37.

sabon makamai

Engineering duba ga wani sabon hydrogen bam superpowerful fara a cikin Tarayyar Soviet a shekara ta 1952 a wani top-fake, kuma ya rufe da zane hukumar KB-11. Duk da haka, wata babbar nazarin msar tambayar nazarin da tallan kayan kawa yi ya fara ne kawai bayan shekaru biyu.

A wannan shekara ta 1954 hali da alaka zuwa babba zukatan lokaci: Ya. B. Zeldovich kuma A. D. Saharov. RDS-37 - H-bam na wani sabon ƙarni - ya ce gaba daya sabon kalma a cikin soja ƙarfin Tarayyar Soviet. Kuma May 31, 1955 Ministan Medium Machine Ginin da mataimakin shugaban na Tarayyar Soviet majalisar ministocin kasar da Zavenyaginym A. P. shawarar da aka sanya don amincewa da samarwa CB-11 matukin makircinsu na sabon makami.

RDS-37, deciphering abbreviations wadda bisa ga daban-daban kafofin, shi sauti kamar: "Rasha ya aikata kanta" ko "Stalin ta roka Engine", amma a gaskiya shi ne "musamman jet engine", samu ta farko a rayuwa.

zane

Samo asali daga RDS-3, da sabon fasaha ya dauki asali ne msar tambayar ideas na implosion, da ake kira fashewa baƙin gravitational auka. Sashe na daga cikin lissafin da aka aro ciki har da a kan RDS-6s, a layi daya superbomb raya, duk da haka, guda-mataki irin, wanda aka samu nasarar gwada a watan Agusta 1953 a gwajin site a Semipalatinsk.

Ga wani Dalili na RDS-37 da aka zaba a matsayin ka'ida na biyu mataki hydrodynamic implosion cajin. Daidai lissafi da bi da bi dauki inji kasance wuya a lokacin. Engineering da sarrafa kwamfuta capabilities farkon hamsin hamsin, ba za a iya kwatanta ta da data kasance kwamfuta fasaha. Kwaikwaiyo yanayin matsawa sakandare naúrar kusa da spherically fasali yanayin (implosion, daga English implosion -. "Implosion") da aka za'ayi a cikin gida "supercomputer" a lokacin - a kan lantarki kwamfuta "Strela".

Bambance-bambance RDS-37

Features sabon makamai da aminci kiyaye asirin daga talakawa 'yan ƙasa. Ko a yau, wani lokacin yana da wuya a sami abin dogara da kayayyaki na ta sigogi. An sani cewa babban bambanci da yin amfani da wani sabon nukiliya bam uranium-238 isotope. A cajin da aka yi na lithium-6 deuterium, sosai a barga abu, precluding maras wata-wata fasa.

Secondary makamashi na fashewa, dangane da hydrodynamic ka'idojin implosion, kada ta kasance m fiye da makamashi na farko fashewa. Masu lura da al'amurra lura biyu auduga a tura kalaman nassi da wani sauti mai kama da karfi da kuma kaifi crack walƙiya. The haske watsi tsanani ne irin wannan cewa, a wata nisa na uku kilomita daga cibiyar da fashewa nan take kunna kuma ƙone takarda.

ƙasa

Don gwada sabon RDS-37 thermonuclear bam, da ikon wanda aka kiyasta a game 3 Mat, aka zaba 2nd Jihar Tsakiya Test Site (2 GTSIP) rufe Kurchatov birni, 130 km arewa maso yammacin birnin Semipalatinsk (da ƙasa na zamani Kazakhstan) . A wasu maps da kuma m kayan, wannan birni kuma an koma zuwa ga "Moscow-400", "Beach" (gaba fitowa Irtysh River), "Semipalatinsk-21," "End" (a g / tashar sunan), kazalika da "Moldary" (kauyen da aka kafa a cikin birnin Kurchatov). caji ikon a lokacin da gwaje-gwaje da aka yanke shawarar rage da rabi, to game da 1.6 Mt.

horo

Don rage radiation daukan hotuna na da suke kewaye da kayayyakin more rayuwa, an yanke shawarar don kunna RDS-37 cajin a tsawon 1500 mita sama ƙasa matakin. Don rage cutarwa sakamakon da fashewa a kan jirgin jigilar ya dauki matakin kara da iyaka da kuma matakan rage tasiri zafi a kan shi. A TU-16 da aka zaba a matsayin m jirgin sama. Daga kasa na fuselage aka wanke varnish, duk duhu saman da aka fentin a farin launi, like maye gurbinsu da mafi wuta resistant. Samu bam manned laima don rage fitarwa zuwa nufi tsawo na fashewa.

Tarayyar Soviet ne sosai hankali tattalin to gwada sabon bam RDS-37. Gwaje-gwaje da aka gudanar a cikin rufaffiyar sarari lotnom, jirgin sama-m matsara MiG-17, jirgin iko kayan aiki da kuma gudanar da tare da VS umurnin maki.

To tattara iska samfurori daga effects na fashewa da kuma tsayar da motsi na rediyoaktif girgije An musamman kasaftawa dama Il-28. Nuwamba 20, 1955, a da safe, 9 hours da minti 30, da jirgin saman da musamman suspensions saka a kan wani bam kaddamar daga wani Airfield Jean-Iyalansu. Duk da haka, abubuwa ba su tafi ba kamar yadda suka shirya.

gaggawa halin da ake ciki

Domin a takaice na cuaca a kan lokaci na gwajin mutum a lura da kasa sarki meteorologist ek Fedorov. Rana ya zama bayyanannu, kuma m. Duk da haka, yanayin wannan doka da ta nasu tsare-tsaren. A lokacin rago gudu-up yanayin ya juya bad, kuma sama hadari a. Aka yanke shawarar aiwatar da jagoranci na radar kafuwa a saka a jirgin ba, amma shi ne daga oda. Domin duk buƙatun dispatcher cibiyar aika daya kawai umurnin: "Ku yi jira."

Akwai wani tsanani gaggawa halin da ake ciki. Da bai taba aka za'ayi a tilasta saukowa da jirgin sama da wani thermonuclear bam a jirgin. Cibiyar la'akari daban-daban zažužžukan, ciki har da sallama daga RDS-37 daga ƙauyuka a duwãtsu, a cikin "ba tare da wani bang", watau. E. Ba tare da triggering nukiliya warhead fashewa. Domin daban-daban dalilai, dukkan su sun ƙaryata.

Lokacin da man fetur da aka riga kusan a sifili, da jirgin saman saukowa aka halatta. Wannan ya yi ne kawai bayan Zel'dovich da Sakharov da kaina sanya hannu a rubuta ra'ayi a kan aminci da saukowa tare da hydrogen bam a jirgin.

fashewar

Bayan kwana biyu na gwaje-gwaje da aka samu nasarar da za'ayi. Tare da m jirgin sama a tsawon 12 km aka samu nasarar sake saita RDS-37, wanda fashe a tsawon 1550 mita. Motsi a gudun 870 km / h, TU-16, shi ne a nesa na 15 km daga fashewa, amma buga kalaman ya kai ta daidai 224 seconds. The ƙungiya ji karfi thermal sakamako a kan fallasa yankunan.

Bayan 7 minutes bayan fashewar RDS-37 diamita "naman kaza" kai 30 km, kuma tsayinsa ya 14 km.