Akayi na yakin duniya na biyu: haddasawa, da farko, babban yaƙi, da asarar da sakamakon. A yakin duniya na biyu (1939-1945)

Babbar a tarihin dan Adam, yakin duniya na II shi ne ma'ana ci gaba da yakin duniya na farko. A 1918, da Kaiser ta Jamus rasa da Entente kasashen. A sakamakon yakin duniya na farko ya da yarjejeniyar da Versailles, a cikin abin da Jamusawa sun rasa wani ɓangare na da ƙasa. Jamus da aka haramta da manyan sojoji, da sojojin ruwa da mazauna. unprecedented tattalin arziki da rikicin fara a kasar. Ya kara bunkasa har ma fiye da bayan babban mawuyacin a 1929.

Jamus jama'a arko kaye. Duk wani taro revanchist sentiments. A marmarin "mayar da tarihi da adalci" ya fara wasa a populist yan siyasa. Mai girma shahararsa fara yin amfani da Nazi Party, wadda aka karkashin jagorancin Adolf Hitler.

dalilai

Masu tsattsauran ra'ayi ya zo da iko a Berlin a 1933. Jamus jihar da sauri ya zama da totalitarian da kuma fara shirya domin zuwan yaki don daukaka a Turai. Lokaci guda tare da uku Reich wani "classic" farkisanci tashi a Italiya.

A yakin duniya na biyu (1939-1945) - wani taron ba kawai a cikin Tsohon World, amma kuma a nahiyar Asiya. A yankin ya kasance wani tushen damuwa Japan. A Japan, a cikin kamar yadda a Jamus, shi ya kasance Popular imperialist jin zuciya. The abu na danniyar da Japan suka raunana da ciki rikice-rikice na kasar Sin. The yaki tsakanin biyu Asian iko ya biyo baya a 1937, da kuma farkon da rikici a Turai, shi ya zama wani ɓangare na janar yakin duniya na II. Japan ya ally na Jamus.

A shekara ta 1933, ta Uku Reich zo daga League of Nations (riga na MDD), ta daina da kansa kwance damarar yaki. A 1938, akwai da Anschluss (annexation) na Austria. Yana da aka zubar da jini, amma da Sanadin yakin duniya na biyu, a takaice, sa a gaskiyar cewa Turai 'yan siyasa juya a makafi ido a kan m hali na Hitler da bai dakatar da sha na sabon manufofin yankunan.

Ba da da ewa bayan Jamus annexed da Sudetenland, sanaki Jamus, amma mallakar Czechoslovakia. A karkashin wannan jiha kuma halarci Poland da Hungary. A Budapest, da ƙawance da uku Reich cika har sai 1945. Wani misali na Hungary ya nuna cewa Sanadin yakin duniya na biyu, a takaice, sun kunshi ciki har da bunqasar a kusa da Hitler ta anti-kwaminisanci sojojin.

farko

Satumba 1, 1939, Jamus da sojojin mamaye Poland. A 'yan kwanaki baya Jamus ayyana yaki kan Faransa, Birtaniya da kuma da yawa mazauna. Biyu key ikon yi kawance da yarjejeniyar tare da Poland da kuma ya zo da ita tsaron gida. Tun lokacin da yakin duniya na biyu (1939-1945).

Domin a mako kafin hari a kan Poland, da Wehrmacht Jamus jami'an diplomasiya sun ƙarasa da wani nonaggression yarjejeniya tare da Tarayyar Soviet. Kamar wancan Tarayyar Soviet juya a kira su fita daga cikin rikici tsakanin Uku Reich, Faransa da kuma Birtaniya. Ta shiga wata yarjejeniya tare da Hitler, Stalin warware matsalolinta da kanta. A lokacin da Mai girma Patriotic War, da Red Army mamaye gabashin Poland, da Baltic jihohin da Bessarabia. A watan Nuwamba, 1939, da Soviet-Finnish yaki. A sakamakon haka, Tarayyar Soviet annexed kansa da kansa da wasu yankunan dake yammacin.

Muddin Jamus-Soviet neutrality, da Jamus sojojin da aka tsunduma a cikin zama da mafi Tsohon World. A farkon yakin duniya na biyu a shekara ta 1939 da aka gaishe da ƙasƙantattu kasashen waje kasashen. A musamman, Amurka ta sanar da neutrality da kuma kiyaye shi har sai da Japan hari a kan Pearl Harbor.

Blitzkrieg a Turai

A Yaren mutanen Poland juriya da aka karya bayan kawai wata daya. Duk wannan lokaci, Jamus ya yi kawai a kan daya gaban, kamar yadda Faransa da Birtaniya ta ayyuka sun maloinitsiativny hali. Tsakanin Satumba 1939 ya samu wata halayyar da ake kira "phony yaki" a watan Mayu 1940. A lokacin da wadannan 'yan watanni, Jamus da in babu aiki yadda ake gudanar da Birtaniya da kuma Faransa suka mamaye Poland, Denmark da kuma Norway.

A farko matakai na yakin duniya na biyu ya sãɓã, transience. A watan Afrilu 1940, Jamus mamaye Scandinavia. Iska da teku saukowa smoothly shiga key Danish birni. A 'yan kwanaki baya monarch Kirista X hannu da sallama. A Norway, Birtaniya da kuma Faransa komai a fili sojojin, amma ya kasance m da mãsu alãma daga cikin Wehrmacht. A farkon lokaci na yakin duniya na biyu da aka halin tare da la'akari amfani da Jamusawa kafin su abokan hamayyarsu. Shafi na tsawon lokaci shiri domin nan gaba zubar da jini. Dukan ƙasar da aka aiki domin yaki, da kuma Hitler ba su yi shakka jefa a ta kasko sabon albarkatu.

A May 1940, da mamayewa na Benelux. A dukan duniya da aka gigice da unprecedented destructiveness da bam din na Rotterdam. Saboda da m yi Jamusawa gudanar ya zauna manyan mukamai kafin ya masõya akwai. By karshen May, Belgium, da Netherlands da kuma Luxemburg sun sallamã, kuma aka shagaltar.

Summer fadace-fadace da yaƙin duniya II mayar da su cikin ƙasar Faransa. A cikin watan Yuni 1940, da yakin ne Italy. Its sojojin suka kai hari a kudancin Faransa, da kuma Wehrmacht - da arewa. Yana da aka nan da nan da tsagaita wuta da aka sanya hannu. Da yawa daga Faransa aka hõre zama. A cikin wani karamin free zone a kudancin kasar da aka kafa Petain gwamnatin, wanda ya tafi a kan yin hadin gwiwa tare da Jamusawan.

Afirka da Balkans

A lokacin rani na 1940, bayan Italiya shiga yaki, babban gidan wasan kwaikwayo na yaki canja zuwa da Rum. Italiya mamaye arewacin Afirka da kuma kai hari a Burtaniya tushe a Malta. The "black nahiyar" idan akwai wani gagarumin yawan Birtaniya da kuma Faransa mazauna. Italiya a farko mayar da hankali a kan gabas - Ethiopia, Somalia, Kenya da kuma Sudan.

Wasu Faransa mazauna a Afirka ki gane sabon Faransa gwamnati karkashin jagorancin Pétain. A alama ce na kasa gwagwarmaya da Nazis fara Sharl De Goll. A London, ya halicci kwata 'yanci motsi kira "Yin yãƙi a Faransa". Birtaniya sojojin, tare da sojojin na de Gaulle fara doke da Afirka mazauna a Jamus. Ya aka saki a yankin Saharar Afrika da kuma Gabon.

A watan Satumba, da Italiya mamaye Girka. A hari ya faru a kan backdrop na yaƙi domin Arewacin Afrika. Mutane da yawa fronts da kuma matakai na yakin duniya na biyu ya fara zuwa saƙa a karfi tare da juna fiye da kuma a fadi rikici. Helenawa gudanar ya samu nasarar tsayayya da mãsu alãma daga cikin Italian har Afrilu 1941, a lokacin da rikici ya barke a Jamus, wanda shagaltar da Hellas a kawai 'yan makonni.

Tare da Greek yakin da Jamus suka fara Yugoslav yaƙin neman zaɓe. The sojojin na Balkan jihohin da aka raba cikin da dama sassa. The aiki ya fara ranar 6 ga watan Afrilu, da kuma riga a kan Afrilu 17, {asar Yugoslavia, mãsu sallamãwa ne. Jamus a yakin duniya na II, mafi kamar hegemon mika wuyansu. A shagaltar da {asar Yugoslavia, aka halicce pro-farkisanci yar tsana jihar.

A mamayewa na Tarayyar Soviet

All baya matakai na yakin duniya na biyu ƙẽƙasassu a sikelin idan aka kwatanta da aiki da cewa Jamus a shirye yake ya dauki wuri a cikin Tarayyar Soviet. War tare da kawai wani al'amari lokaci ya Tarayyar Soviet. A mamayewa fara daidai bayan Uku Reich ya shagaltar da mafi Turai da kuma ya iya tattara dukan sojojin a kan Eastern Front.

Sashe na daga cikin Wehrmacht haye Soviet iyakar Yuni 22, 1941. Domin mu kasa, wannan kwanan wata alama farkon mai girma Patriotic War. A Kremlin, har na karshe lokacin bai yi imani da kai hare hare da Jamus. Stalin ya ki dauki tsanani da hankali, la'akari da su misinformation. A sakamakon haka, da Red Army ne gaba daya unprepared ga "Operation Barbarossa". A cikin farkon zamanin unimpeded aka bamai hadahada da kuma sauran dabarun kayayyakin more rayuwa a yamma na Tarayyar Soviet.

Tarayyar Soviet a yakin duniya na II aka fuskanci duk da haka wani shiri na Jamus blitzkrieg. A Berlin, taru domin hunturu kama da babbar Soviet birane a Turai bangare na kasar. Na farko 'yan watanni duk abin da aka faruwa bisa ga Hitler ta tsammanin. Yana da aka cika shagaltar da Ukraine, Belarus, da Baltic Amirka. Birnin Leningrad, ya kewaye ta da yaƙi a karkashin. Shakka daga cikin yakin duniya na biyu ya kawo rikici zuwa key milestone. Idan Jamus ya ci Tarayyar Soviet, shi zai zama babu makiya, fãce ga UK kasashen waje.

Winter yana zuwa a 1941. Jamus sun kasance a cikin kusanci da Moscow. A kan karkata daga cikin babban birnin kasar da suka tsaya. Nuwamba 7 wani festive farati sadaukar da ranar tunawa da Oktoba juyin juya halin. Sojoji kai tsaye daga Red Square suka tafi wajen ƙofar. Wehrmacht makale a 'yan dozin kilomita daga Moscow. Jamus da sojojin suka demoralized mai tsanani winters da wuya yanayi na fama. Disamba 5th farko na Soviet counter-m. By karshen, da Jamus da aka tura mayar daga Moscow. Tun da farko matakai na yakin duniya na biyu da aka halin da total amfani da Wehrmacht. Yanzu sojojin Uku Reich farko dakatar a duniya bazuwa. The Battle of Moscow ya da juyo na yaki.

Japan ta kai hari a kan Amurka

Har zuwa karshen 1941, Japan zauna tsaka tsaki a cikin Turai rikici, yayin da yaki tare da kasar Sin. A wani matsayi, kasar shugabanci da aka fuskanci wani dabarun zabi: to kai farmaki Tarayyar Soviet ko Amurka. A zabi aka sanya a cikin ni'imar da American version. Disamba 7th Japan jirgin sama farmaki da tushe na sojan ruwa a Pearl Harbor a Hawaii. A sakamakon harin da aka halakar da kusan dukan American battleships da kullum da wani gagarumin ɓangare na US Pacific jiragen ruwa.

Up ga wannan batu Amurka a yakin duniya na II bai fito fili ya shiga. Lokacin da halin da ake ciki a kasashen Turai ta canza a cikin ni'imar Jamus, gwamnatin {asar Amirka ta fara tallafawa UK albarkatu, amma bai shiga tsakani a rikicin da kanta. Yanzu halin da ake ciki ya canza 180 digiri tun Japan ya ally na Jamus. Kashegari bayan da hari a kan Pearl Harbor a Washington ayyana yaki Tokyo. Saboda haka ya yi da United Kingdom, kuma ta masun mulki. A 'yan kwanaki baya, Jamus, Italiya da kuma ta Turai da tauraron dan adam sun ayyana yaki kan Amurka. Saboda haka karshe kafa kungiya ta kashin contours ta ciki adawa a rabi na biyu na yakin duniya na II. Tarayyar Soviet watanni da dama da ya kasance a cikin wani yanayi na yaki, da kuma shiga cikin zanga-Hitler hadaka.

A cikin sabon 1942 Japan mamaye Dutch Gabas Indies, inda suka fara kama da tsibirin bayan tsibirin ba tare da wata wahala ba. A daidai wannan lokaci ci gaba da yaki a Burma. By rani na shekara 1942, Japan sojojin sarrafawa duk Kudu East Asia da kuma da yawa daga Oceania. Amurka yakin duniya na II canza halin da ake ciki a cikin Pacific gidan wasan kwaikwayo na soja mataki daga baya.

Soviet counteroffensive

A shekarar 1942, yakin duniya na II, wanda ya hada da wani tebur na events, yawanci na asali bayanai da cewa shi ne a kan ta muhimmanci mataki. The sojojin adawa da ƙawance kimanin daidai. Da juyo ya zo karshen 1942. A lokacin rani Jamus kaddamar da wani farmakin a cikin Tarayyar Soviet. Wannan lokaci, su key haƙiƙa ya kudancin kasar. Berlin so yanke Moscow daga man fetur da kuma sauran albarkatu. Yana da ake bukata don bunkasa da Volga.

A watan Nuwamba, 1942, dukan duniya ne anxiously jiran labarai daga Stalingrad. A Soviet counter-m a kan bankunan na Volga River ya kai ga cewa da dabarun himma tun karshe bayyana a cikin Tarayyar Soviet. A yakin duniya na II shi ya ba wani babban-sikelin fadace-fadace da kuma na jini fiye da yakin Stalingrad. Total asarar a garesu wuce mutane miliyan biyu. A da kudin da babban kokarin dakatar da gaba da Red Army a kan Eastern Front Axles.

A gaba dabarun nasarar Soviet sojojin fara yakin Kursk a watan Yuni - Yuli 1943. Wannan lokacin rani, da Jamus kokarin daya karshe lokaci ya dauki himma da kuma sa kai hari a kan Soviet matsayi. Wehrmacht shirin ya gaza. A Jamus, ba kawai ba su ci nasara ba, amma kuma bar birane da yawa a tsakiyar Rasha (Orel, Belgorod, Kursk), yayin da bin "babbake duniya dabara". All tank fadace-fadace da yaƙin duniya II ya sãɓã, na jini, amma babbar aka yaƙi Prokhorovka. Shi ne mai key episode a cikin dukan Battle of Kursk. By karshen 1943 - faro daga 1944, Soviet sojojin yanta kudu na Tarayyar Soviet da kuma zo zuwa iyakar Romania.

Allied landings a Italiya da kuma Normandy

A May 1943, da kawayenta barrantar da Italiya na arewacin Afirka. Birtaniya Navy fara sarrafa duka Rum. Previous lokaci na yakin duniya na biyu da aka halin da nasarar da axis. Yanzu halin da ake ciki ya zama juyawa.

A watan Yuli 1943, Amurka, Birtaniya da Faransa da sojojin komai a fili a Sicily, kuma a watan Satumba - a cikin Apennine sashin. A Italian gwamnati Ya barranta da Mussolini da kuma 'yan kwanaki baya rattaba hannu kan wata tsaida wutar yaƙi tare da dannawa maƙiyi. Duvalier, duk da haka, gudanar ya tsere. Godiya ga taimakon da Jamus, da ya halitta a cikin masana'antu arewacin Italiya yar tsana Jamhuriyar Salo. Birtaniya, Faransa, Amirkawa da kuma gida guerrillas hankali lashe sabon birni. Yuni 4, 1944, sai suka tafi zuwa Roma.

Daidai bayan kwana biyu, da lambar 6, da kawayenta komai a fili a Normandy. Tun da na biyu ko na yammacin Front da aka bude, tare da sakamakon cewa yakin duniya na biyu ya kan (tebur ya nuna taron). A watan Agusta, shi ya fara wani irin saukowa a kudancin Faransa. Agusta 25 da Jamus karshe bar Paris. By karshen shekarar 1944, gaba stabilized. Babban fada ya faru a Belgium Ardennes, inda kowane gefe daukan lokaci a samu nasara wajen samar da da kansa m.

Fabrairu 9 a sakamakon Colmar Aljihu aka kewaye da Jamus sojojin, a tsaye a Alsace. A masõya gudanar ya karya ta kare "Siegfried Line" da kuma samun da Jamusanci iyaka. A watan Maris, bayan Operation haƙi Uku Reich rasa da yankuna na yamma banki na Rhine. A watan Afrilu, da kawayenta suka karbe iko da Ruhr masana'antu yankin. A daidai wannan lokaci domin ci gaba da yaki a Arewacin Italiya. 28 ga watan Afrilu, 1945 , Benito Mussolini a hannun Italian ƙungiyõyinsu a gabãninsu, kuma aka kashe.

Akayi na yakin duniya na biyu

	kwanan	events
mataki 1	1939 - 1941	A mamayewa na Poland, da blitzkrieg a Turai, Afirka Gangamin
mataki 2	1941 - 1942	A hari a kan Tarayyar Soviet, Attack a kan Pearl Harbor
mataki 3	1942 - 1944	A counter-m na Red Army, saukowa a Italiya
mataki 4	1944 - 1945	Battle of Normandy, da Jamusanci kashi
mataki 5	1945	A kai harin bam na Hiroshima da kuma Nagasaki, Japan kashi

shan Berlin

Bude wani biyu gaba, da kasashen yammacin sãshensu waliyyai ne ga tsara ayyukansu tare da Tarayyar Soviet. A lokacin rani na 1944, da Red Army fara da kwato Belarus. A cikin kaka da Jamus sun rasa iko a kan ragowar dũkiyõyinsu a cikin Tarayyar Soviet (sai dai a kananan marasa cigaban tattalin arziki a yammacin Latvia).

A watan Agusta, da yaki bar Romania kafin su yi aiki a matsayin wani tauraron dan adam na uku Reich. Ba da da ewa, kamar yadda ya yi da hukumomi na Bulgaria da kuma Finland. Jamus fara gaggauta fitad da ƙasar Girka da kuma {asar Yugoslavia. A watan Fabrairu na shekarar 1945, da Red Army gudanar da wani aiki, kuma 'yanci Budapest Hungary.

Hanyar Soviet sojojin a Berlin gudu fadin Poland. Tare da ita da kuma bar Jamus na Gabas Prussia. Berlin aiki ya fara a marigayi Afrilu. Hitler ya san kansa shan kashi, ya kashe kansa. May 7 da aka sanya hannu a kan yi na Jamus sallama, wadda ta zo a cikin karfi a kan dare na 8 zuwa 9 lambobi.

Da shan kashi na Japan

Kodayake yaki a Turai ya ƙare, jinin jini ya ci gaba a Asiya da Pacific. Ƙarshen ƙarfin da ya tsaya a kan abokan adawa shi ne Japan. A watan Yunin, mulkin mallaka ya rasa ikon Indonesia. A cikin Yuli, Birtaniya, Amurka da China sun gabatar da ita tare da cikakkiyar nasara, wanda, duk da haka, aka ƙi.

Ranakun 6 da 9 ga Agusta 1945, 'yan Amurkan suka jefa bam din bam a kan Hiroshima da Nagasaki. Wadannan lokuta ne kawai a cikin tarihin dan Adam, lokacin da ake amfani da makaman nukiliya don amfani da makamai. Agusta 8, Soviet ya fara a Manchuria. An sanya hannu a kan Jakadan Japan a ranar 2 ga Satumba, 1945. Wannan shi ne ƙarshen yakin duniya na biyu.

Rashin hasara

Har yanzu bincike a kan yadda mutane da yawa sun sha wahala kuma yawancin wadanda aka rasa a yakin duniya na biyu. A yawancin haka, adadin mutuwar da aka gudanar an kiyasta kimanin miliyan 55 (wanda miliyan 26 ne 'yan asalin Soviet). Asarar kuɗi ta kai dala tiriliyan 4, ko da yake yana da wuya a lissafta adadi daidai.

Babban abin da ya fi wuya shine Turai. An dawo da masana'antu da noma a shekaru masu yawa. Yawancin mutanen da suka mutu a yakin duniya na biyu da kuma yadda aka halaka shi ya bayyana a bayyane bayan dan lokaci, lokacin da duniyar duniya ta iya bayyana gaskiyar game da laifukan Nazi da 'yan Adam.

Mafi girma a cikin tarihin 'yan adam jini ya shafe sababbin hanyoyin. An kashe biranen guda biyu a karkashin harin bam, a cikin 'yan mintoci kaɗan, an lalatar da kayayyakin zamani. Tsarin na uku ya tsara, kisan gillar yakin duniya na biyu, wanda aka umurce shi a kan Yahudawa, Gypsies da Slavic, ya tsoratar da bayanai har ya zuwa yau. Jamhuriyar Jamus ta zartarwa sun zama ainihin "masana'antun kisa", kuma likitoci na Jamus (da Jafananci) sunyi nazarin maganin likitoci da nazarin halittu a kan mutane.

Sakamako

Sakamakon yakin duniya na biyu an kammala shi a taron Potsdam da aka gudanar a watan Yuli-Agusta 1945. Turai ta rabu tsakanin Sashen Harkokin Harkokin {asashen Wajen {asar Amirka da Harkokin Yammacin Turai. A jihohi gabashin kasar gurguzu sun kafa tsarin mulkin Soviet. Jamus ta rasa wani ɓangare na yankin. Gabas Prussia aka annexed da Tarayyar Soviet, da dama larduna sun koma Poland. Jamus ta fara raba kashi hudu. Daga bisani, a kan su, asusun jari-hujja na FRG da GDR na zamantakewa sun bayyana. A gabas na USSR, tsibirin Kuril da kudancin Sakhalin na Japan ne. A {asar China, 'yan Kwaminisanci sun fara mulki.

Kasashen Yammacin Turai bayan yakin duniya na biyu sun rasa wani muhimmin bangare na rinjayar siyasa. Tsohon rinjaye na Birtaniya da Faransanci ne Amurka ta dauka, abin da rikicin Jamus ya fi rinjaye. Hanyar rushewar mulkin mulkin mallaka ya fara. A shekara ta 1945, An halicci Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, an shirya don kiyaye zaman lafiya a ko'ina cikin duniya. Harkokin ilimin tauhidi da sauran rikice-rikicen tsakanin SSS da abokan adawa na Yamma sun zama dalilin yaduwar Cakin Yakin.