Alkanes: Chemical Properties

Cikakken hydrocarbons ko paraffins, biosoedineniya ne waɗanda kwayoyin na carbon atoms suna da alaka sauki (guda) bond, da kuma duk sauran raka'a valences suna ma'amala da hydrogen atoms.

Alkanes: jiki Properties

A farko wakilan da homologue jerin methane - gas daga S5N12 zuwa S15N32 - ruwa, tun S16N34 - daskararru. Tare da kara yawan carbon atoms a alkane kwayoyin halitta kara da narkewa da kuma tafasar maki.

Low tafasar hydrocarbons da branched sarkar ne sosai ƙananan idan aka kwatanta da tafasar batu na su isomers. Methane da ethane ne odorless, maras tabbas ruwa hydrocarbons ne fetur wari (pentane da hexane) da kuma kananzir, mafi girma homologs daga gare su methane. Cikakken hydrocarbons ne m fiye da ruwa, da kuma kusan insoluble a cikinsa. Cikakken hydrocarbons ne readily mai narkewa a cikin kwayoyin kaushi, da ruwa alkanes kansu suke da kyau kwarai kaushi.

Alkanes: Chemical Properties

Domin wadannan biosoedineny halin low reactivity. Su inert, cewa an nuna a cikin suna - paraffins. Wannan shi ne saboda a cikin tsarin da kwayoyin C da H atoms nasaba sigma shaidu. A sunadarai inertness daga cikin wadannan abubuwa saboda su kwayoyin tsarin fasali. Domin warware sigma bond, kana bukatar ka ciyar makamashi mai yawa. Basic sinadaran. Properties na alkanes, watau a cikin halayen wanda suka shiga, wannan nitration dauki, halogenation, sulfonation, sulfochlorination, fatattaka. Alkane m halayen qaddamar da radicals, UV ko gamma radiation, peroxides, dumama. A wannan batun, su ne halin da iri biyu halayen: sauyawa na hydrogen da hutu dangane "carbon-hydrogen" da kuma tsakiyan nonon da kwayoyin da katsewa na C-C ko C-H.

Alkanes: sinadaran Properties. A dauki m halogenation

Wannan dauki wani lokacin shi ake metalepsiey. Yana iya jawo da hasken rana. The duhu a 250-400 ° C ko a gaban catalysts (jan chloride, jan chloride, tin) halogen atoms sequentially da hydrogen atoms a cikin kwayoyin na alkanes.

Alkanes: sinadaran Properties. nitration dauki

A nitro kungiyar ne sauƙi sauya for hydrogen a cikin manyan, na biyu mutum da wuya sosai ga primary carbon atoms. Yanzu masana'antu sikelin nitration na alkanes ne da za'ayi a cikin gas lokaci a 150-490 ° C da nitric oxide ko nitric acid vapors.

Alkanes: sinadaran Properties. A dauki na sulfochlorination

A cikin cikakken hydrocarbons su cakuda da sulfur dioxide da chlorine. Catalysts sau da yawa ne peroxides ko UV radiation. Wannan dauki ake amfani da su samar da roba ƙuna (ƙuna). A alkilsulfohloridy ne alkalis da take kaiwa ga samuwar alkaline salts na sulphonic acid, tsarin da aka gyara na ƙuna (pastes, powders).

Cikakken hydrocarbons - da albarkatun kasa domin kira na daban-daban Organic abubuwa. A bukata kafun ga kira na da yawa daga cikinsu shi ne shiri na alkenes daga alkanes, ko unsaturated hydrocarbons.

Tsakiyan nonon na hydrogen daga wani alkane kwayoyin ko dehydrogenation a gaban catalysts kuma karkashin dumama (460 ° C) damar samu da ake bukata alkenes. The hanyoyin da hadawan abu da iskar shaka na alkanes a low yanayin zafi a gaban catalysts (magnesium salts). Wannan damar da niyya tasiri a dauki da kuma kafin su sami zama dole kayayyakin da hadawan abu da iskar shaka a kan aiwatar da sinadaran kira. Alal misali, a cikin hadawan abu da iskar shaka na mafi girma alkanes samu daban-daban mafi girma alcohols ko sama da m acid.

Alkanes tsakiyan nonon ma ya auku a wasu yanayi (kona, fatattaka). Cikakken hydrocarbons ƙone da wani blue harshen wuta saki sararin yawa na zafi. Wadannan Properties damar yin amfani da su a matsayin high-kalori man fetur a cikin gida da kuma a cikin masana'antu.