Ancient birni a zamanin d Rasha: sunayen, da ilimi da kuma ci gaban

Yawancin lokaci tarihi na Gabashin Turai, wanda aka sanaki Slavs, fara gano da kafa Kievan Rus. Bisa ga hukuma ka'idar, wannan shi ne jiha ta farko da a waɗannan ƙasashe, wanda aka sani a duniya tare da shi an dauke da mutunta shugabanni. Daya bayan wani, akwai tsoho birane a zamanin d Rasha, da kuma wannan tsari ne kawai tsaya tare da mamayewa na mangolawa. Tare da mamayewa na hordes da ke shiga gushewa, kuma jihar kanta, fragmented daga mutane da yawa zuriyar sarakuna. Amma za mu yi magana a game da Yuan, zai gaya abin da suka zamanin d biranen Rasha.

A kadan game da kasar

Kalmar "Ancient Rasha" mafi yawa ana kira a matsayin jihar sõyayya a Kiev, wanda ya wanzu daga tara zuwa ga tsakiyar goma sha uku ƙarni. A gaskiya, shi ya ƙungiyar na da ikoki, da yawan jama'a na gabashin Slavs, subordinated zuwa Grand Duke. kungiyar da aka gudanar sararin yankuna, ya ta da kansa sojojin (tawagar), ya kafa doka.

Lokacin da tsohon birnin a zamanin d Rus zuwa Kristanci, ya fara aiki yi na dutse a ɗakin. A sabon addini ya kara karfafa ikon sarkin Kiev da yuwuwa kasashen waje da manufofin diplomasiyya tare da kasashen Turai, da ci gaban al'adu da dangantakar da Rum da kuma sauran sosai raya ƙasashe.

Gardarika

Ana zargin birane a zamanin d Rasha ya na da wani m hali. Ba a banza a cikin tarihin Yammacin Gardarika shi ne ake kira, wato, ƙasar garuruwa. Daga rubuta kafofin dating daga IX-X ƙarni, an san cewa 24 manyan garuruwa, amma za mu iya ɗauka cewa akwai mutane da yawa more. Sunayen wadannan matsugunai sun yawanci Slavic. Alal misali, Novgorod, Vyshgorod, Beloozero, Przemysl. By karshen goma sha biyu karni, rawar da birane a zamanin d Rasha ya gaske invaluable: akwai riga 238, sun kasance mafi garu, su ne cibiyoyin siyasa, da cinikayya, da ilmi da al'adu.

Tsarin da kuma halaye na da ƙauyuka a cikin tsohon kwana

City a zamanin d Rasha - wannan shiri, ga abin da hankali zaba wuri. A ƙasa ya zama dadi cikin sharuddan tsaron gida. A kan tudun, kamar yadda mai mulkin, a sashen na kogin, aka gina garu na (Kremlin). Mazauninsu gidaje located kusa da kogin, ko a cikin filayen kwari, da aka ce, a kan kalmasa. Saboda haka, na farko birni na zamanin d Rasha kunshi tsakiyar ɓangare - da kagara, da-kare, kuma mafi dace, amma kasa amintacce cinikayya da kuma sana'a guda. A kadan daga baya a cikin ƙauyuka faruwa kiwo ko Shefela.

Ancient birni a zamanin d Rasha gina ba na dutse, kamar mafi yawan ƙauyuka a yammacin Turai a lokacin, kuma aka yi da itace. Saboda haka ya zo da kalmomin nan "domin yanke" birni maimakon gina. Tabbatarwa daga cikin shãmaki kafa wani zobe na katako, log bukkokin cike da ƙasa. Samun ciki shi ne kawai zai yiwu ta hanyar ƙofar.

Ya kamata a lura da cewa a zamanin d Rus kira birnin, birnin ba kawai Locality, amma da shinge, USAID, sansanin soja. Bugu da kari ga kagara, wanda gidaje da gine-gine babban (Cathedral Square, taskar, da library), da cinikayya da kuma handicraft kwata aka dole kasuwanci yankin da kuma makaranta.

Uwar Rasha birane

An a cikin wannan epithet aka bayar da manyan masana tarihi ƙanƙara jihar. A babban birnin kasar na zamanin d Rasha ita ce birnin Kiev - mai kyau da kuma sosai dace cikin sharuddan Gwargwadon wuri. Mutane rayu a wannan yanki riga 15-20 dubu. Shekaru da suka wuce. A almara Prince Kyi, wanda ya kafa na kauye, mai yiwuwa ya rayu a lokacin da Chernyakhov al'adu. "Veles Littafi" ya furta cewa, ya kasance da wani 'yan qasar na Kudu Baltic, ya zauna wajen a tsakiyar karni na biyu. Amma kafuwar castle Dates baya ga tushen da Scythian tsawon cewa overlaps da sakon Herodotus cobble tare. Zai yiwu Polyansky Prince ba sa cikin birni, da kuma kawai ya ƙarfafa shi, kuma Muka sanya tunani. Academician Rybakov ce cewa Kiev da aka kafa daga baya, a cikin 5-6 karni, a lokacin da Slavs rayayye lugar yankin a cikin Dnieper da Danube, da ciyar da su da Balkan Larabawa.

Ana zargin birane a zamanin d Rasha bayan Kiev ya halitta, tun ga garu ganuwar mutane jin lafiya. Amma a alfijir na babban birnin jihar birni filayen shigar da Khazar Khanate. Bugu da kari, McDermott gana da Byzantine sarki, mai yiwuwa tare da Anastasia. Game da wanda yake mallakar ƙanƙara bayan da kafa ta mutuwa ne ba a sani ba. Tarihi ya ambaci kawai sunayen karshe biyu shugabanni kafin isowa na Vikings. Manzon Allah Sallallahu Alaihi Oleg ba tare da zubar da jini kãma Kiev, sanya shi ya babban birnin kasar, tura makiyaya, niƙa da Khazar Khanate kuma tafi a kan m da Konstantinoful.

Golden lokaci na Kiev

Movies Oleg da zai gaje shi, Igor da Svyatoslav da Marasa Tsoro ya ba da gudummawar da ci gaban birnin. Its suna iyaka ba kumbura tun da Kia, amma shi ya tsaya a gidan sarauta, da aka gina arna da kuma Kirista majami'u. Ga shiri tsari bude Prince Vladimir, da kuma bayan baftismar Rus 'shi girma dutse shrine mounds haihuwa abũbuwan razed a kasa. Karkashin Yaroslav gina St. Sophia Cathedral da Golden Gate, kuma Kiev ta ƙasa da kuma yawan al'ummarta ya karu sau da yawa. Samun saurin bunkasuwar crafts, bugu, da ilimi. Cities in Ancient Rasha ya zama ƙara, amma ƙanƙara Kyi ne har yanzu a cajin. Yau, a cikin tsakiyar ɓangare na babban birnin kasar Ukraine iya ganin gine-gine gina a cikin heyday na jihar.

Jan hankali na Ukrainian babban birnin kasar

Ancient birni a zamanin d Rasha sun kyau sosai. Kuma ba shakka, babban birnin ne ba togiya. Yau, gine-gine da Monuments na cewa lokaci ba da damar gabatar da ƙawa da Kiev. A mafi fice a gani - Kiev-Pechersk Lavra, kafa ta a m Anthony a 1051. A hadaddun kunshi dutse Ibada ado da murals, Kwayoyin, karkashin kasa kogwanni, masu garu da hasumiyai masu tsawo. Golden Gate gina karkashin Yaroslav Mai hikima - na musamman da tunatarwa na tsaron gida gine. Yau akwai wani gidan kayan gargajiya a ciki da kuma kewayen gine-gine raba Square, inda tsaye da wani abin tunawa ga yarima. Yana da daraja da ziyartar shahara St. Sophia Cathedral (1037), St. Michael ta Cathedral Vydubychi sufi (XI -. XII karni), Cyril, Triniti Gate Church, Church na Mai-Ceto a kan Berestove (duk XII karni.).

Veliky Novgorod

Major Cities na Ancient Rasha - shi ne ba kawai Stolny Kiev. Yana da kyau da kuma Novgorod, wanda aka kiyaye har a yau, domin ya ba koma da mangolawa. Daga bisani, domin jaddada muhimmiyar rawa a cikin tarihi na kauye, da hukuma sunan hukumomi sun kara da prefix "Babba".

Amazing Castle, raba kogin Volkhov, shi da aka kafa a 859. Amma wannan shi ne kwanan lokacin da mazauna aka farko da aka ambata a rubuce kafofin. Chronicle ya ambaci cewa a cikin 859 suka mutu Novgorod Voevoda Gostomysl da haka Novgorod tashi da wuri, tun kafin kiran Rurik a kan sarauta. Archaeological tono sun nuna cewa a cikin waɗannan ƙasashe mutane zaunar a cikin na biyar karni. A gabashin tarihin karni na goma ake cewa-Slaviya (Tsarki ya tabbata, Sala), daya daga cikin cibiyoyin al'adu na Rus. By wannan yake nufi birnin Novgorod kuma da wanda ya riga - tsohon garin Ilmen Slavs. Har ila yau, yana da dangantaka da Scandinavian Holmgard, babban birnin kasar Gardariki.

Features na babban birnin kasar na Novgorod Jamhuriyar

Kamar dukan manyan birane na zamanin d Rasha, Novgorod ya kasu kashi sassa. Akwai unguwannin craft-guild makõma, na zama wuraren da ba tare da tituna, kufaifan. Detinets aka kafa a farkon 1044. Baya daga gare shi, har a yau zauna shaft da kuma White (Alekseevskaya) hasumiya. A cikin shekaru 1045-1050 a birnin yi na St. Sophia Cathedral, kadan daga baya - Nicholas Dvorischenskogo, St George da kuma Nativity na Virgin.

Lokacin da aka kafa Veche Jamhuriyar, birnin blooms gine (akwai Novgorod makaranta na gine). Arziki sun rasa na da hakkin ya gina majami'u, amma shi ne tsunduma jama'a, 'yan kasuwa da patrons. Mutane gidajen, kamar yadda mai mulkin, da aka yi da itace, da na dutse gina kawai wuraren ibada. Abin lura shi ne cewa ko da a wancan lokacin a Novgorod gudana katako wandararre, da kuma tituna suna sharewa da dutse tubalan.

daraja Chernihiv

By nazarin manyan birane na zamanin d Rasha, ba a ma maganar Chernigov. A cikin kusanci na zamani shiri na mutane sun rayu a 4th Millennium BC. Amma kamar yadda ƙanƙara An farko da aka ambata a rubuce kafofin a cikin shekara 907. Bayan yakin katako a 1024 Mstislav wa Yaroslava Mudrogo, Chernihiv sa ya babban birnin kasar. Tun daga nan ya aka rayayye masu tasowa, da kuma girma da ake gina. Ga gina Ilyinsky da Eletskii gidajen lama, wanda na dogon lokaci zama cikin ruhaniya cibiyar na sarauta, wanda ƙasa prostilalas zuwa Murom da Kolomna Tmutarakani.

A mamayewa na Tatars tsaya cikin lumana ci gaban birnin, wanda aka ƙone da dakarun Chingizid Mongke a watan Oktoba 1239. Tare da 'ya'yan sarakuna ba sau zamani sau kai da dama gine-gine Masterpieces, wanda, da kuma fara gano birnin da yawon bude ido. Wannan Ceto Cathedral (XI cent.), St. Elias Church, Sts da Cathedral na ɗauka, Yelets Uspensky sufi (duk - XII c.), St. Jumma'a Church. Paraskeva (XIII c.). Abin lura Anthony kõgon (XI-XIX c.) Kuma Black Kabari mounds, promenades da Nameless.

Staraya Ryazan

Akwai wani sansani, wanda taka muhimmiyar rawa. Cities a zamanin d Rasha sun yawa, amma ba dukan su ba ya cikin tsakiyar sarauta. Ryazan, gaba daya hallaka ta Batu Khan, ya ba farfado. A 1778, Pereyaslavl-Ryazan, wanda shi ne m daga haihuwa 'ya'yan sarakuna ba ƙauyuka a cikin 50 km, aka ba sabon sunan - Ryazan, amma amfani da shi tare da prefix "New". Kango na zamanin d castle yau ne na babban sha'awa ga masana tarihi da kuma archaeologists. Kawai ya rage daga cikin kufaifan zauna fiye da sittin kadada. A archaeological ajiye ma ya hada da kango na matsara outposts, New sansanin soja Olga, mãsu tattarã kusa da All-Russian rodnovercheskoe masallãci.

m Smolensk

A cikin manya kai na da Dnieper ne daɗaɗɗe da kyau sosai birni. WurinSuna Smolensk ke mayar da take Smolnya kogin ko da sunan kabilar Smolyan. Shi ne kuma m cewa castle aka mai suna a cikin girmamawa da cewa ya na kwance a hanya daga Vikings ga Helenawa, kuma ya kasance wani wuri inda matafiya tarred jirgin ruwan. Yana da aka farko da aka ambata a cikin "The Tale of bygone Years" a 862 da ake cewa tsakiyar tribal jam'iyya Krivichy. A cikin yakin da Konstantinoful Askold da Dir tafi kusa da Smolensk jam'iyyar, domin an dauke masu garu. A 882 da castle aka kama da Manzon Allah Sallallahu Alaihi Oleg kuma ya zama wani ɓangare na iko.

A 1127, birnin zama da yawa Rostislav Mstislavovitch, wanda a 1146 umurce su da su yi wani Church of SS Bitrus da Bulus, Smolensk, Church of Ioanna Bogoslova. Kafin Mongol mamayewa Smolensk kai ta girma ganiya. Ya dauki game da 115 kadada, kuma akwai wani mazaunin yawan dubu 40. Mutane a dubu takwas gidajensu. Taro mamayewa bai shãfe ƙanƙara, wanda ya yale shi ya ajiye yawa Monuments. Amma tun da shi ya rasa da darajar da fadi karkashin dogara da sauran mulkoki.

sauran garuruwa

Kamar yadda ka gani, high raya birane na zamanin d Rasha yarda su zama ba kawai siyasa na tsakiya na yankin, amma kuma su tsai da waje dangantaka da sauran kasashe. Alal misali, Smolensk da dangantaka ta kusa da Riga da Novgorod cinikayya a general ne almara. Abin da sauran ƙauyuka wanzu a Rasha?

• Polotsk, located a kan wani tributary da kasashen yammacin Dvina. Yau ya ne a kan ƙasa na Belarus da kuma ƙaunar da yawon bude ido. Game da 'ya'yan sarakuna ba zamanin shi kama St. Sophia Cathedral (11th karni, halakar da kuma sāke gina a cikin 18th karni) da kuma cikin tsofaffin dutse gini a kasar - Transfiguration Church (12th karni).
• Pskov (903 shekara).
• Rostov (862).
• Suzdal (862).
• Vladimir (990 shekara). A birni ne kunshe a cikin Golden Zobe na Rasha, sanannen Uspensky da Dmitrievsky Cathedral, Golden Gate.
• Moore (862), ƙone a lokacin Mongol mamayewa, gina a karni na sha hudu.
• Yaroslavl - birni a kan Volga, kafa ta Yaroslav Mai hikima a farkon ƙarni na goma.
• Terebovlya (Galicia-Volyn sarauta), da farko ya ambaci birnin Dates baya ga 1097 shekara.
• Galich (Galicia-Volyn sarauta), na farko da aka rubuta ambaci shi Dates baya ga 1140 shekara. Duk da haka, a cikin epics na Duke Stepanovich shi ya ce ya kasance mafi alhẽri daga Kiev, a cikin rãyuwar Ili Muromtsa, da kuma samu baftisma dogon kafin 988 shekara.
• Vyshgorod (946 shekara). A castle ya da yawa Princess Olga da ta fi so wuri. A nan ne ya rayu da ɗari uku da ƙwaraƙwarai, Prince Vladimir kafin baftisma. Daga Old Rasha zamanin bai tsira guda ginin.
• Pereyaslavl (yau Pereyaslav-Khmelnytsky). A 907 ya aka farko da aka ambata a rubuce kafofin. Yau a birnin za ka iya ganin saurã daga kufaifan 10-11 ƙarni.

maimakon wani epilogue

Hakika, ba mu jera dukan biranen da daraja zamanin da Eastern Slavs a tarihi. Kuma musamman ba iya bayyana su da cikakken matsayin da suka cancanci, saboda da iyaka size of mu articles. Amma muna fatan cewa tãyar da sha'awa a cikin binciken na baya.