Ancient Masar magani na kasar Sin da India. Tarihi na magani

Cututtuka zama a matsayin mai yawa da kuma bil'adama, wanda ke nufin cewa a duk sau mutane bukatar taimakon wani ilmi sana'a. Ancient magani ɓullo da hankali da kuma ya wuce dogon hanya, cike da babban kuskure da kuma m fitina, wani lokacin tushen kawai a kan addini. Kawai 'yan daga cikin nauyi na zamanin d mutane sun iya tserewa mu sani daga clutches da jãhilci, to ba zuwa ga mutãne, mai girma binciken a fagen magani, aka bayyana a cikin treatises, kundayen, papyri.

Ancient Masar magani

Ancient Masar magani ya zama shimfiɗar jariri, da ilmi ga likitoci na zamanin d Roma, Afirka da kuma yankin Gabas ta Tsakiya, amma ta asalin ne a Mesafotamiya, wanda shi ne riga a cikin shekara 4000 BC, yana da likita dole sai. Ancient magani a Misira, hadawa da addini da kuma lura da jikin mutum. A farko likita da kafa Imgotepa yi imani, ko da yake Egyptologists sun kawai kwanan nan ya nuna gaskiyar ta zama (2630-2611 KZ ...) Domin mutane da yawa ƙarni da aka dauke shi da ƙarya bautawa. Mutumin da aka mai baiwa a lokacinsa, Leonardo Vinci a tsakiyar zamanai. Basic ilimi na mutum tsarin da Masarawa samu ta hanyar embalming da matattu - har ma sai su san cewa zuciya da kwakwalwa ne mafi muhimmanci gabobin.

All cututtuka a zamanin d Masar magani aka kasu kashi biyu sansani: da na halitta da kuma demonic (allahntaka). Sinfi na farko ya hada da cututtuka hade tare da raunin da ya faru, matalauta abinci mai gina jiki da kuma talakawa quality ruwa, hanji parasites, ko m yanayin yanayi. Hankali da hankali da aka biya a jiki kiwon lafiya bisa ga doka, kowane mutum ya wuce kowane watanni uku shakka daga wanka na narkewa kamar tsarin (enemas, emetics kuma laxatives).

Allahntaka haddasawa an dauke yake da mugayen ruhohi, aljannu, da kuma baki daga cikin allolin: hanyoyin da exorcism tsakanin ƙananan strata na yawan jama'a a babban bukatar da akwai saboda firistoci. Kuma amfani da wani iri-iri na girke-girke da ganyaye masu ɗaci - shi aka yi imani da cewa shi koran tafi da ruhohi. Total prescriptions a zamanin d likita arsenal ya game 700, da kuma kusan dukkan su sun na halitta asalin:

- kayan lambu: albasa, kwanakin, inabi, rumman, poppy, lotus.

- ma'adinai sulfur, da yumɓun, da darma, nitrate da antimony.

- sassa na dabbobi: wutsiyoyinsu, kunnuwa, grated ƙasũsuwa da, tendons, gland, wani lokacin amfani da kwari.

Yana da aka riga aka sani da magani Properties na abinci mai ɗaci, kuma Castor man, flax iri man fetur da kuma Aloe.

Babban kafofin ga tsoho Masar likita papyri dauke da bincike, inscriptions a kan pyramids kuma sarcophagi, mummies na mutane da dabbobi. Kafin mu lokaci a asali yanayin kiyaye da dama papyri na magani:

• Papyrus Brugsch - shi ne mafi tsufa da rubutun na ilimin aikin likita na yara. Yana hada koyarwa, mãsu kiwon lafiya na yara, mata, da kuma hanyoyin da magani daga cututtuka.
• Papyrus Ebers - gaya game da cututtuka daban-daban gabobin, amma shi ya ƙunshi mutane da yawa misalai na da salla, kuma mãkirci (fiye da 900 girke-girke daga narkewa kamar cututtuka, na numfashi da kuma Sistem tsarin, cututtuka na ido da kunne). Wannan kimiyya aiki ta tsawon aka dauke da wani likita kundin sani na zamanin d healers.
• Kahunsky Papyrus - ya hada da wani rubutun a kan gynecology da dabbobi magani, a wannan yanayin, sabanin sauran littattafan, da gaske free of addini overtones.
• Papyrus Smith - Its mawallafa yi imani Imgotepa. Yana bayyana 48 na asibiti lokuta da rauni. Bayani ne daban-daban - daga cututtuka da kuma hanyoyin da gudanar da bincike don magani shawarwari.

A zamanin d Masar magani amfani farko scalpels da hanzaki, madubi da kuma igiyar ciki catheters. Wannan ya nuna wani babban matakin da kwarewa na likitoci-Surgeons, ko da yake su ne na baya a fasaha na Indian healers.

Babban Indian magani

Indian magani na zamanin da dogara a kan biyu reputable source: code daga cikin dokokin Manu da kimiyya na Ayurveda, wanda ya samo asali daga Vedas - mafi tsufa tsarki texts a Sanskrit. A mafi m da kuma cikakken retelling na takarda da aka rubuta da wani Indian likita Sushruta. A shi ne aka bayyana Sanadin cututtuka (uku doshas rashin daidaituwa da kuma halaye da cewa sun dauki jikin mutum), shawarwari domin lura da fiye da 150 ailments na daban-daban iri, a Bugu da kari, game da 780 da aka bayyana magani ganye da kuma shuke-shuke, na samar da bayanai ga su aikace-aikace. Musamman hankali ne ya biya zuwa ganewar asali da tsarin da mutum: tsawo da nauyi, shekaru da kuma yanayi, wuri, ikon yinsa, daga ayyukan. Indian likitoci dauke shi su wajibi ba su bi da cutar da kuma kawar da ta haddasawa, wanda yana sanya su a saman Olympus Medical. A daidai wannan m basira kamiltattu, duk da nasara tiyata don cire gallstones, cesarean sashe, kuma rhinoplasty (wanda yake a cikin bukatar, godiya ga daya daga cikin azãba - yankan kashe da hanci da kunnuwa). Game da 200 m kayan gaji da shi daga zamani masana healers daga India.

Indian maganin gargajiya da aka raba da duk yana nufin a su effects a jiki:

- amai da kuma laxatives.

- stimulating da soothing.

- sweatshops.

- inganta narkewa.

- kwayoyi (amfani da wani m, a tiyata).

Ilimin Halittar Jiki ilmi healers aka} arancinsu, amma likitoci rabu jikin mutum 500 tsokoki 24 jijiya ƙasũsuwa 300 da kuma 40 manyan kayayyakin da, bi da bi, ya kasu cikin rassan 700, 107 na hadin gwiwa mahadi da kuma fiye da 900 jijiyoyin. A yawa da hankali da aka ma biya zuwa kwakwalwar da marasa lafiya - Ayurveda ɗauki cewa mafiya yawa daga dukkan cututtuka zo daga matsalar aiki na samfur na juyayi tsarin. Saboda haka m ilimi - biyu tsoho magani na India - aikata healers a wannan kasar shi ne Popular kasashen waje.

Development of magani a zamanin d China

Ancient Eastern magani samo asali a cikin karni na hudu BC, daya daga cikin na farko treatises a kan cututtuka dauke "Huang Di Nei Jing", da kuma Huang - shi ne sunan da ya kafa na Sin shugabanci a magani. A kasar Sin, kamar Indiyawa, ya yi ĩmãni da cewa mutumin da aka hada da biyar abubuwa, da rashin daidaituwa da wadda take kaiwa zuwa cututtuka daban-daban, shi ne sosai cikakken kuma an gaya a cikin "Nei Jing", wanda a cikin 8th karni Van Bin kofe.

лунь», повествующего о методах лечения лихорадок различного типа, а Хуа То – хирург, начавший использовать швы в полостных операциях и анестезию опием, аконитом и коноплей. Chzhan Chzhun Jing - mai Sin likita, marubucin na rubutun "Shang Han Lun tsza bin", wani labarin game da hanyoyin da magani daga daban-daban iri fevers, kuma Hua Tuo - Likita, ya fara amfani da sutures a ciki ake gudanar da maganin sa barci opium, aconite da tabar wiwi.

Domin lura da cututtuka daban-daban da likitoci riga amfani da kafur, tafarnuwa, citta, kuma lemongrass, ma'adinai dutse musamman maraba sulfur da Mercury, magnesium da antimony. Amma da farko shi ne, ba shakka, Ginseng - tushen wannan shirka da kuma samar a kan ta da asali a dama daban-daban kwayoyi.

Special girman kai daga likitocin kasar Sin da aka bugun jini ganewar asali: Yaduwar ya karu da zuciya rate na nuna wani mai aiki juyayi tsarin, da kuma rauni, kuma intermittent, a maimakon haka, ya shaida game da ita rashin aiki. Likitocin kasar Sin bambanta fiye da 20 iri bugun jini. Sai suka zo wurin Tsayawa akan matsayin cewa kowane sashen da kuma kowane tsari a cikin jiki suna nuna a cikin bugun jini, da kuma canji a karshe 'yan maki, ba za ka iya kawai ayyana mutum cuta, amma kuma ya hango ko hasashen da sakamako. Wang Shu-Ya da suka rubuta "rubutun a kan bugun jini 'a babban daki-daki duk aka bayyana.

Kamar yadda China - mahaifar acupuncture da moxibustion batu. Historical texts magana game da healers Bian-tarihi da kuma Fu Wen, marubucin mai rubutun a kan wadannan hanyoyi. A ayyukansu sun bayyana daruruwan ilimin aiki da maki a kan jikin mutum, shafi wanda zai iya gaba daya warkar da wani cuta.

The kawai rauni mahada a zamanin da na Sin magani - shi ne tiyata. A Celestial Empire kusan amfani da hanyoyin da magani daga karaya (rauni site kawai sanya tsakanin biyu katako, slats) ba su aikata cupping da kuma yanki.

mahaifin magani

Wadanda dauke su na Hippocrates (Greek. Ippokratis), da zamanin d Girkanci likita a cikin 17th tsara, wanda yake zaune a 460 BC, kuma alama farkon na ci gaba da magani a zamanin d Roma. Shahararren likita wa'adin kafin dauka ofishin - "Hippocratic rantsuwa" - wannan shi ne ya brainchild. Uba mai girma likita Heraclides shi ma wani fitaccen masanin kimiyyar da Fenareta uwar shi da ungozoma. Iyayena yi da mafi kyau ga yana da shekaru ashirin da dan yana da ɗaukakar da kyau likita, da kuma samu kafuwa a cikin firistoci, ba tare da wanda mai kyau yi a fagen magani iya zama babu tambaya.

Hippocrates a search na daban-daban nasara jiyya yi tafiya kasashen da dama na Gabas, da kuma bayan ya dawo gida, kafa na farko likita makaranta, sa a gaba wajen kimiyya, ba addini.

The m al'adunmu na wannan baiwa ne don haka mai girma cewa dindindin m daga cikin ayyukansa Charterius ciyar da arba'in da bugu (!) Years. Fiye da dari na ayyukansa suna tattara a cikin wani guda "Hippocratic Collection" da "Jagora," har yanzu a babban bukatar.

Cikin shahararrun likitoci na haihuwa duniya

A da yawa daga cikin mafi girma da likitoci na zamanin d magani sanya a cikin wannan kimiyya wani abu daga nasu, bada kakanninsu ra'ayoyi domin gani, kallo da kuma gudanar da bincike.

1. Dioscorides, Greek likita 50 karni AD. e., marubucin na rubutun "Materia magunguna" ne manyan littafi a kan pharmacology har da 16th karni.

2. Klavdiy Galen - Roman halitta masanin kimiyya, marubucin yawa ayyuka a magani shuke-shuke, da hanyoyin da su yi amfani da da kuma samar da wadannan shirye-shirye. All ruwa da kuma barasa tinctures, decoctions da kuma ruwan 'ya'ya daga daban-daban shuke-shuke har yanzu kai da sunan "ganye". Shi ya fara a gudanar da gwaje-gwaje a kan dabbobi.

3. Harun al-Rashid - Arab m, na farko don gina jama'a asibiti a birnin Bagadaza.

4. Paracelsus (1493-1541) - Swiss likita, wanda yana dauke da kafa na zamani sinadaran magani. M na Galen da dukan zamanin da magani a matsayin dukan, la'akari da shi m.

5. Li Shizhen - wani gwani a fagen magani da Ancient Gabas, kasar Sin likita na 16th karni, marubucin da "Manufofin Pharmacology." The aikin kunshi 52 kundin, kamar 2000 bayyana medicaments, zai fi dacewa na shuka asalin. Marubucin matukar adawa da amfani da Mercury-tushen Allunan.

6. Muhammad ibn Zakariyya al-Razi (865-925) - a Persian masanin kimiyya, halittu, ya dauke da wani majagaba a fagen ilimin halin tababbu da ilimin halin dan Adam. Marubucin wannan fice likita nasa ne da ya shahara "Al-Hawi" - ingantaccen littafin akan magani, wanda ya buɗe duniya kayan yau da kullum na ophthalmology, gynecology da cutukan. Razi ya tabbatar da cewa da yawan zafin jiki - a dauki cutar.

7. Avicenna (Ibn Sina) - a baiwa a lokacinsa. Asali daga Uzbekistan, marubucin na "Canon of Medicine" - wani kundin sani, a kan wanda 'yan shekara ɗari, da sauran likitoci horar da kiwon lafiya fasaha. Ya yi imani da cewa duk wani ciwo za a iya warke ta dace abinci mai gina jiki da kuma matsakaici salon.

8. Asclepiades na Bithynia - a Greek likita wanda ya rayu a cikin 1st karni BC. The kafa na jiki far (physiotherapy, tausa) da kuma Dietetics, kira Sahaban da mãsu mayẽwa a kula da sikẽli tsakanin kiwon lafiya na jiki da kuma ruhu. Ya dauki matakai na farko a cikin kwayoyin magani, domin lokaci ne da wani abu ba dama.

9. Sun Simiao - Sin likita Tian daular, rubuta a 30-girma aiki. "Sarkin kwayoyi" - sunan da baiwa wanda ya sanya wani gagarumin taimako ga ci gaban likita al'amura. Ya yi ishãra zuwa muhimmancin abinci mai gina jiki da kuma dama mix na kayayyakin. Da sabuwar dabara na gunpowder - shi ne ma wa bashi.

Kamar yadda a zamanin da fiye da bi

Medicine, a tarihin duniya, duk da dukan da baiwa da mashahuri likitoci, ya kasance kyawawan madalla. Duk da haka, yin hukunci da kanka. Ga 'yan ban sha'awa abubuwa game da hanyoyin da magani:

1. Hanyar tsoro da kuma kyama da rashin lafiya rayayye aikata a zamanin d Babila: cewa cutar bar mutumin, ya aka ciyar da kuma shayar rare shara, tofa a kan shi, kuma ya cuffs. Wannan "magani" sau da yawa kai ga sabuwar cuta (wanda shi ne ba abin mamaki ba).

2. A Misira a lokacin da Sarki Hammurabi magani aka quite wani hatsari kasuwanci, kamar yadda daya daga cikin dokokin sarki warkarwa yi wa'adi mutuwa idan ya haƙuri mutu a kan aiki tebur. Saboda haka lokatai amfani da karin da salla cewa an bayyana a kan 40 lãka Allunan.

3. A Masar firistoci bar haƙuri barci a cikin Haikali, da abin bautãwa ya kamata ya bayyana a mafarki to shi kuma sanar da hanyar da magani, kazalika da zunubi ga wanda ya azabtar da cutar.

4. Babu kasa da ban sha'awa da kuma tiyata Ancient Girka. Ga mu aiwatar da dukan gabatar da ayyukan, a cikin abin da likita Zagayawar ya ɓadda bautãwa na magani Asclepius. Wani lokaci a cikin shakka daga mataki, marasa lafiya sun mutu - mafi daga dogon bombastic tirades fiye da daga rashin ikon zuwa Dutsen likita.

5. yadada "epilepsy" cuta bi dope, bleached, masu ɗaci.

6. A Misira da kuma Mesofotamiya sau da yawa ya fadi na sukar ramuka a cikin kwanyar (wani lokacin ma fi) domin taimaka wa haƙuri na migraine sa da wani mugun ruhu.

7. tarin fuka da aka bi da kwayoyi, sanya haske fox da kuma maciji nama, tsomasu a tsanake cikin opium.

8. da dama, gani theriac (abin sha 70 aka gyara) da kuma falsafa dutse.

Middle Ages: karkatar magani

A mafi muhimmanci dũkiyar magani a tsakiyar zamanai shi ne gabatarwar wajibi lasisi don magani: doka farko kama Sarkin Sicily, Roger II, da kuma daga baya tsince Ingila, kafa a cikin 15th karni guild na likitoci da kuma barbers (wanda sau da yawa ya yi bloodletting marasa lafiya) da kuma Faransa tare da College of St. Como. Mun fara fito fili a fili da kuma irin rukunan cututtuka da kuma kiwon lafiya ayyuka. Gi De Sholyak, rustic likita na 14th karni, ya rayayye ciyar da rigakafin "makaryta" mu bi da mutane, ya samarwa sabon hanyoyin tafiyad da samu karaya (gogayya da nauyi, da yin amfani da majajjawa bandeji, suturing gefuna da bude raunuka).

A tsakiyar zamanai sun saba m yunwa, matalauta amfanin gona, tilasta mutane su ci spoiled abinci, da "daba na m jiki" da ke cikin doghouse. Wadannan abubuwa guda biyu da gudummawar da ci gaban da cutar: zazzabi, annoba da smallpox, da tarin fuka da kuturta. Kafa dake raba imani da warkar Properties na "hallows" da kuma cantrip (a cikinsa healers zamani ilimi gaba daya hana) tsokani ma fi girma cin gaban cututtuka da cewa kokarin da su bi addini processions da hadisin. The mace-mace kudi ne sau da yawa ya fi yadda haihuwa kudi da kuma rayuwa expectancy wuya wuce shekara talatin.

Tasirin addini a magani

A China da kuma India, musamman da imani da alloli ba ya tsoma baki da ci gaban likita harkokin: ci gaba dangane da lura na halitta mutum, da tasiri na shuke-shuke a kan yanayin, sun rare hanyoyin da aiki na nazari kwarewa. A Turai, a maimakon haka, camfi, da tsoro na fushin Allah yanke toho duk yunkurin na masana kimiyya da kuma likitoci domin ya ceci mutane daga jahilci.

Addini tsananta, zagin, kuma kamfen da karkatacciyar koyarwa da wani gigantic sikelin: wani masanin kimiyya suka yi kokarin magana a cikin ni'imar dalilin da kuma a kan nufin allahntaka ga warkewa, aka azabtar da daban-daban iri yanke hukuncin kisa (an yadada motoci) - tsoratarwa talakawa mutane. A binciken da na mutum ilmin jikin mutum da aka dauke wani mummunan laifi a wanda azãba aka zaci.

Har ila yau, wata babbar drawback ya da fatawowi Hanyar magani da kuma koyarwa a cikin m likita makarantu: All abstracts dole ne a wassu sharudda yarda a kan addini, wani lokacin ba da ciwon a wani m ƙasa kuma ci musu na samu kwarewa da kuma rashin iyawa su yi amfani da dabaru na m sakamako a kan "ba" to da dama daga cikin nasarorin da baiwa wayewar.

Inda likitoci horar da a zamanin da?

A farko da kiwon lafiya da makarantu a kasar Sin, sun bayyana ne kawai a cikin 6th karni AD, kafin wannan warkaswa art mika saukar kawai daga malami zuwa almajiri baki. jihar-matakin makaranta farko bude a 1027, ta manyan malami ya Wang Wei da.

A India, da hanyar da na baka watsa daga malami zuwa dalibi ya kasance har sai da 18th karni, zabin sharudda sun sosai m: likita ya nuna shi da wani model na wani lafiya salon da wani babban matakin da hankali, san daidai ilmin halitta da kuma sunadarai, fi dacewa shiryar da a magani shuke-shuke da shirye-shiryen hanyoyin potions a koyi. M da tidiness sun kasance a cikin fari.

A zamanin d Misira, doctoring horar da firistoci a haikalin, yayin da sau da yawa amfani kofur azãba sabõda m dalibinsa. A layi daya da magani aka faruwa koyon rubutun rhetoric, kowane mai aikin faratis likita mallakar wani musamman caste da kuma coci, wanda ya karbi kudin a nan gaba domin lura da mãsu haƙuri.

Mass magani horo a kan wani babban sikelin fara a zamanin tsohuwar Girka da aka kasu kashi biyu rassan:

1. Croton likita makaranta. Its main ra'ayin da aka da wadannan zantuttukan: Health - wannan ma'auni na hamayya da juna, da kuma cutar da za a bi da gaske kishiyar (m - dadi, sanyi - dumi). Daya daga cikin dalibai na wannan makaranta ya Akmeon, ya gano duniya da kunne canal da na gani jijiyoyi.

2. School of Cnidus. Its asali sanin sun yi kama da koyarwar Ayurveda: jiki na zahiri da aka yi sama da dama abubuwa, wani rashin daidaituwa da take kaiwa zuwa cuta. A makaranta ci gaba da inganta aiki lokaci na Masar da likitoci, don haka kafa rukunan cututtuka da kuma ganewar asali. Evrifon, wani almajiri na wannan makaranta, ya da wani zamani Hippocrates.

likita ta da rantsuwa

Domin da farko lokacin da rantsuwar da aka rubuta a kan takarda a cikin karni 3rd BC ta Hippocrates, da kuma kafin cewa na dogon lokaci daukar kwayar cutar baki daga tsara zuwa tsara. An yi imani da cewa da farko ya ce Asclepius.

Modern Hippocratic rantsuwa riga nisa daga asali: ta kalmomin da canza dangane da lokaci da kuma kabila, da ta ƙarshe lokacin da shi ƙwarai gurbata a 1848, lokacin da Geneva da aka sanar da sabon version na magana. Kusan rabin na rubutu da aka yanke:

- wa'adin taba yi abortions da castration hanyoyin.

- a karkashin wani yanayi ba euthanasia.

- wani alkawari ba ga saduwa da haƙuri.

- Babu wani hali da ya kamata sauke su girma, kaucewa daga doka ayyuka.

- wani ɓangare na su samun kudin shiga ga rayuwa ba ga malami ko makaranta, horar da likita hali.

Daga cikin wadannan abubuwa shi nuna yadda zamani magani ya rage da halin kirki da kuma da'a mashaya ga likita a matsayin mai matuƙar ruhaniya mutum, ya bar kawai na asali ayyuka - taimakon mabukata.