Chemosynthetic kwayoyin: misalai. Rawar da chemosynthetic kwayoyin

Yadda za a yi da kuma gudanar da wani m tafiyar matakai na kwayoyin cuta, chemosynthetic daban-daban abubuwa? Don amsa wadannan tambayoyi, shi wajibi ne don magance kewayon ilman.

Halayyar siffofin da kwayoyin cuta

Na farko, gano wanda suke da kwayoyin. Wannan dukan mulkin yanayi. Su ne guda-celled kwayoyin ne microscopic size, wanda suke bã tãre da nuclei. Amma wannan ba ya nufin cewa kwayoyin cuta ba su da Tsarin alhakin riwayar hereditary bayanai. Ta kawai yana da wani karin m kungiyar. Wannan madauwari DNA din cewa sun mayar da hankali a wani ɓangare na cytoplasm kira nucleoid.

Jigon autotrophic abinci mai gina jiki

Chemosynthetic kwayoyin cuta, misalai na wanda za a tattauna a wannan labarin, a kan nasu kayan kwayoyin halitta. Su autotrophs, kamar shuke-shuke. Duk da haka, da karshen da ake amfani da wannan makamashi na hasken rana. A gaban kore plastids chloroplast kunna su don gudanar da wani tsari na photosynthesis. Its ainihi ta'allaka ne da samuwar glucose daga wani carbohydrate inorganic abubuwa - carbon dioxide da kuma ruwa. Wani samfurin da sinadaran dauki ne oxygen. Kwayoyin cutar ne ma autotrophic. Amma domin samar da makamashi ba su bukatar hasken rana. Sun gudanar da wani tsari - chemosynthesis.

Mene ne chemosynthesis

Chemosynthesis kira da samuwar kwayoyin abubuwa saboda redox halayen. Halinsa ne da za'ayi kawai prokaryotes. Chemosynthetic kwayoyin za a iya amfani da kira na gudanar da mahadi daga sulfur mahadi, nitrogen, da baƙin ƙarfe. Wannan saki da makamashi wanda ake tara a cikin ta farko shaidu na ATP, bayan da kwayan Kwayoyin za a iya amfani da su.

Chemosynthetic kwayoyin: mazauninsu

Tun rayuwa chemotroph ba a dogara a kan gaban hasken rana, su rarraba iyaka ne fadi da isa. Alal misali, sulfur kwayoyin iya rayuwa a mafi zurfin, wani lokacin a matsayin akwai kawai wakilan halittu masu rai. Mazauninsu data prokaryotes ne mafi sau da yawa cikin ƙasa, ruwa mai guba da kuma substrates arziki wasu sinadaran mahadi.

baƙin ƙarfe bacteria

By chemosynthetic kwayoyin hada prokaryotes, musanyãwa da abun da ke ciki na baƙin ƙarfe mahadi. Suka gano da shahararren Rasha Sergei microbiologist Nikolaevich Vinogradskii a 1950. Wannan irin kwayoyin cuta a cikin hadawan abu da iskar shaka dauki musanya mataki na hadawan abu da iskar shaka na baƙin ƙarfe, yin shi trivalent. Suna zaune a sabo ne da kuma gishiri ruwaye. A yanayi da suka kawo baƙin ƙarfe wurare dabam dabam a cikin yanayi, a masana'antun da ake amfani da su samar da m jan karfe. Wannan bacteria ma da dangantaka da litoavtotrofam iya ulekisloty haduwa wasu abubuwa na ta Kwayoyin.

sulfur kwayoyin

Kwayoyin cutar chemosynthetic abu na sulfur mahadi, akwai iya zama daban a kan kasa na ruwa jikinsu ko siffar symbiosis da Shellfish da marine kwaro. Kamar yadda su ne tushen hadawan abu da iskar shaka ta amfani da hydrogen sulphide, sulphide, thione kwayoyin acid ko sulfur. Wannan irin kwayoyin da ya kasance babban batu na bude da kuma karatu chemosynthesis tsari. Wannan kungiya sun hada da prokaryotes da kuma wasu phototrophic prokaryotes. Alal misali, kamar magenta ko kore sulfur kwayoyin.

nitrite kwayoyin

A kan tushen da leguminous shuke-shuke shirya nitrifitsiruschie kwayoyin. Chemosynthetic prokaryotes wannan kungiyar oxidize ammonia zuwa nitric acid. Wannan dauki yana da za'ayi a cikin da dama matakai ta samar da tsaka-tsakin. Filaye ne ma nitrogen-kayyade kwayoyin. Sun shirya a kan tushen da leguminous shuke-shuke. Iya shiga a cikin subterranean jiki nama, sai suka samar da halayyar thickening. Tu wadannan Tsarin Halicci m yanayi domin kwarara daga chemosynthesis. shuka symbiosis da rhizobia amfanar. A farko prokaryotes samar da kwayoyin halitta samar a lokacin photosynthesis. Kwayoyin cutar suna iya kafa yanayi nitrogen da kuma maida shi cikin wani nau'i samuwa ga shuke-shuke.

Me ya sa wannan tsari da muhimmanci? Bayan da nitrogen maida hankali a cikin yanayi ne isasshe manyan kuma shi ne 78%. Amma a cikin wannan tsari da tsire-tsire ba zai iya shanye da abu. A nitrogen shuke-shuke na bukatar ci gaba da tushen tsarin. A wannan halin da ake ciki, da kuma zo da taimakon na nodule kwayoyin cuta, wadda maida shi cikin nitrate da kuma ammonium form.

thiobacteria

Chemosynthetic kwayoyin ne prokaryotes da thione. Su makamashi Madogararsa ne daban-daban sulfur mahadi. Wannan irin kwayoyin mayar da su zuwa sulfuric acid. Wannan dauki yana tare da wani gagarumin raguwa a cikin PH tamanin da matsakaici. Thiobacteria acidophiles kunshe a cikin kungiyar. Wadannan sun hada da kwayoyin da cewa zai iya tsira a high acidity. Irin wannan yanayi ne halayyar dausayi. Tare da wannan thiane kungiyar qunshi lactic da acetic acid kwayoyin cuta, flagellates da rotifers.

hydrogen kwayoyin

Wadannan irin prokaryotes ne gona mazaunan. Su kwayoyin hydrogen aka oxidized zuwa ruwa da saki da makamashi. Irin kwayoyin ne ma a cikin kungiyar thermophiles. Wannan yana nufin cewa za su iya kula da viability a high yanayin zafi, da kudi na wanda mozhetdo kai 50 digiri Celsius. Wannan ikon da hydrogen kwayoyin saboda gaskiyar cewa da suke ɓoyewa musamman enzymes cewa aiki ko da a karkashin irin wannan yanayi.

Rawar da chemosynthetic kwayoyin

Chemotroph na taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin hadaddun matakai na canji da kuma wurare dabam dabam na sunadarai na damuwa a cikin yanayi. Tun da hydrogen sulfide da kuma ammonia ne quite mai guba abu, akwai bukatar a neutralize su. Wannan ne ma kwashe chemotrophic kwayoyin. A cikin shakka daga sinadaran halayen haifar da wata abu da ake bukata da sauran kwayoyin da sa su zuwa al'ada girma da kuma ci gaba. Manyan adibas na baƙin ƙarfe ne da manganese ores a cikin kasa daga cikin teku, da swamps bayyana saboda da aiki chemotroph. Wato - baƙin ƙarfe kwayoyin.

Man da ya koya don amfani da musamman Properties na chemotroph da ayyukan. Alal misali, yin amfani da sulfur kwayoyin tsarkake sharar gida da ruwa daga hydrogen sulfide, kare karfe da kuma kankare bututu tun daga lalata da kuma daga ƙasa acidification.

Saboda haka, chemosynthetic kwayoyin ne na musamman prokaryotes, iya bada dace sinadaran dauki karkashin anaerobic yanayi. Wadannan kwayoyin oxidize al'amarin. A samar da makamashi wanda ake haka saki, suna ta farko adana a cikin shaidu na ATP, sa'an nan amfani da m tafiyar matakai. Babban wadanda su ne da baƙin ƙarfe, sulfur da nitrogen-kayyade kwayoyin. Suna zaune biyu a ruwa da kuma a cikin ƙasa yanayi. Chemotroph ne ba makawa mahada a cikin wurare dabam dabam na abubuwa, samar da wani rai gabar tare da zama dole abubuwa da kuma yadu amfani da mutum cikin harkokin tattalin arziki da masana'antu da ayyukan.