Field na aikace-aikace, da kuma kaddarorin da Tungsten dabara

Mene ne tungsten? Babban Properties daga cikin kashi dangane da peculiarities na ta sinadaran tsarin. Ba da bukatar da tungsten, dole ne ka sosai fahimta da tsarin.

The matsayi a cikin lokaci-lokaci Table

Idan akai la'akari da asali Properties na tungsten, fara da cewa shi yana da 74th lambar. Karkashin al'ada yanayi, shi wakiltar wani sauyin karfe ciwon blue-azurfa launi. Tungsten ne m, yana da wani ƙarfe luster. Wannan shi ne mafi tsaurin kashi ne mafi girma daga narkewa batu yana da kawai carbon. ² 5p ⁶ 5d ⁴ 6s ² , E _ион (Ме => Ме ⁺ + e) = 7,98 э В. Lantarki dabara: KLMN5s ² 5p ^{4 6} 5d 6s ^2, E _ion (Ni => Ni ^{+ +} e) = 7,98 e V.

Provenance

Its sabon abu da sunan da wannan karfe an daure su da ma'adinai wolframite. "Wolf kumfa" aka sani tun 16th karni. Wannan sabon abu da sunan da aka bayyana ta wurin ma'adanai a shi tin ores. Tungsten hana smelt tin, fassara shi a cikin kõgi ya ɗauki kumfa daga slags. Mene ne jiki Properties na tungsten sune tushen ta fadi da yin amfani a masana'antu? A Amurka da wannan karfe an kira "nauyi dutse".

A cikin marigayi 18th karni Swede Scheele tare da nitric acid bi da ma'adinai scheelite ya samu, samun tungsten trioxide. A kadan daga baya, da 'yan'uwa gudanar a samu Eliyar tungsten oxide daga wolframite Saxon. Yana da wadannan chemists, wasu da aka gano sinadaran Properties na tungsten.

Kasancewa a cikin yanayin

Shin, akwai wani abu a cikin yanayi na tsarki tungsten? Chemical Properties na karfe da shawara da kasancewar a cikin ɓawon burodi ga mafi part a cikin nau'i na mahadi. Alal misali, a cakuda oxides na manganese, da baƙin ƙarfe, tungsten. Domin masana'antu aikace-aikace na fili da aka zaba ferberite da Gyubnera. Su ba a Bugu da kari ga tungsten, da baƙin ƙarfe, da manganese. Jiki Properties na tungsten karfe da kuma ba da damar ware na tungsten ma'adanai. A cikinsu, da maida hankali ba ya wuce kashi biyu cikin dari. Daga cikin mafi girma da adibas na tungsten, mu lura da kasar Sin, da Amurka, Kazakhstan. Bugu da kari, da gano da kuma gwaji reserves daga karfe ores a Koriya ta Kudu, Bolivia, Rasha, Portugal. Excellent jiki Properties na tungsten zaton ta gwaji masana'antu samar. Duniya ta shekara-shekara samar da game da dubu 50 da ton na tsaurin kashi. Babban exporters na tungsten aka dauke Korea ta kudu, China, Austria. Daga cikin shigo da tsaurin karfe dabino daga shugabancin nasa ne da United Kingdom, Japan, Amurka, Jamus.

samar Features

Shiri na tungsten ne da za'ayi via wani tsaka-tsaki mataki, yana ambaton rabuwa da tama tattara tungsten trioxide. Next, shi aka yi don mayar da powdered karfe. Irin wannan mataki faruwa a zazzabi na game da 700 digiri Celsius. Mene ne jiki Properties na tungsten ne a cikin zuciya na wannan fasahar? A high narkewa zafin jiki damar da shi via foda metallurgy hõre foda compaction, sintering a hydrogen yanayi a zazzabi na game da 1300 digiri Celsius. Next, bayan da ya samu tungsten lantarki halin yanzu an shige. Lokacin da karfe da aka kona zuwa da zazzabi na 3000 digiri lura monolithic abu. Ta wajen zone narkewa yana da za'ayi m tsarkakewa da kuma shirye-shiryen da guda-crystal karfe.

Properties

Mene ne halaye na wani tungsten? Chemical Properties dangane da babban narkewa zafin jiki. A kashi na da valence na daga 2 zuwa 6. The mafi barga tare da wani valency na tungsten ne shida. Metal halin da ingantattun lalata juriya. Yana ba oxidize a iska a dakin da zazzabi. A tungsten oxide, shi dai kawai a lokacin da yawan zafin jiki na fari bends. A electrochemical jerin karafa karfafa aiki kashi ne dake bayan da hydrogen, don haka shi ne, ba narkewa a tsarma hydrofluoric da sulfuric acid. Tungsten ne iya soke hydrogen peroxide, kazalika da gaurayawan na hydrofluoric da nitric acid.

A gaban oxidants aiki karfe iya maida martani tare da zubi alkalies. Farko, na dauki fitowa wajen sannu a hankali, amma bayan kai da zazzabi na 400 digiri auku spontaneously Warming da karfe, wanda accelerates da dauki. Tungsten a cakuda hydrofluoric acid da kuma nitric acid siffofin geksaftorvolframovuyu. Matsakaicin yawan amfani a cikin masana'antun tungsten trioxide. A tungstate yana da ikon haifar da wani polymeric anion. Wannan ƙarfe shi ne tushen tsaurin kayan a zamani masana'antu.

Fields na aikace-aikace

Ta yaya zan iya amfani da tungsten carbide? Properties na fili amfani rarrabe shi daga m tungsten. Plasticity da kuma tsaurin karafa, Mun sanya shi dalilin halittar filaments a yawa lighting maras motsi. Bugu da ƙari, tungsten da ake amfani a hoto shambura da kuma injin shambura. Tun da yake wannan kashi ne a high yawa, shi ya zama mai tushe don samar da nauyi gami. Su ne ba makawa ga halittar ma'aunan, da kuma makamai sokin tsakiya, high-gudun gyroscopes rotors for ballistic makamai masu linzami. A babban kundin na tungsten da ake amfani a wani argon-baka waldi matsayin lantarki. Gami, wanda a cikin abun da ke ciki ya žunshi tungsten, da wani babban zafi juriya, acid juriya, su ne resistant zuwa inji damuwa. Irin wannan halaye ba da damar yin amfani da su domin yi daga m kida, makamai tankuna, jirgin sama injuna, don saukar kwantena na rediyoaktif abubuwa. Wannan tungsten ne wani muhimmin bangaren da yi na high quality-karfe maki.

Ana amfani da a high zazzabi injin Tanderu matsayin dumama rabi. A wani gami cikinta, tare rhenium thermocouples samar da irin wannan Tanderu.

ƙarshe

Shi ne saboda high yawa na tungsten karfe ne dace da surface kariya daga ionizing radiation. Karuwan taurin da karfe bijirewarsu haifar da gagarumin matsaloli a cikin aiki. Don warware matsalolin gabatar a cikin nickel, tagulla da kuma ƙarfe. Tungsten juriya ya sanya shi rare a yi na yi da kayan da zamani a fannin aikin injiniya.

Wajibi ne ga milling, chipping, juya, hakowa. Alal misali, a win aka hada da tungsten carbide. Wannan cakuda ne amfani da wata rawar soja amfani da su haifar da ramuka a cikin kankare. tungsten sulfide abubuwa a matsayin high-zazzabi man shafawa. Ya da'awar a samar. Part tungsten mahadi amfani da pigments da catalysts. Aiwatar da wannan karfe fili da kuma matsayin alloying kashi a cikin steels da kuma gami dangane da baƙin ƙarfe. Nazarin halittu darajar da karfe tungsten yana ba.