Harpoon shine makami mafi tsufa na farauta. Zane na harpoon da juyin halitta

Yawancin mutanenmu na zamani sunyi imani da cewa harpoon wani abu ne kamar mashi don kama kifaye. Yawanci sau da yawa yana rikicewa tare da kurkuku. Wannan abin fahimta ne: don farauta da kama kifi "don fun" komai maras amfani ne kawai ba a yi amfani dasu ba, amma ga mutanen Arewacin da ke zaune a cikin al'adun gargajiya, wannan kayan aiki har yanzu yana girmamawa. "Jama'a" Mutanen Turai da Amirkawa sun yi amfani da bindigogi, kuma ba shi da ma'ana da makami na dā: wannan kayan aiki mai rikitarwa ya haifar da canje-canje mai yawa a cikin ƙarni da yawa na wanzuwarsa. Special shahararsa shi ne, ba shakka, whaling hargi aka bayyana a cikin daki-daki, Germanom Melvillom, amma akwai sauran, daban-daban a cikin zane da kuma manufa. Bari mu yi ƙoƙarin gane bambancin siffofin su.

Ma'anar kalmar nan "harpoon"

Masu tarawa na kwakwalwan bayani sun yarda da cewa wannan harpoen yana da bayyanar ga masu fashin teku na Holland, wanda a cikin karni na 17 bai san kansu daidai ba. Kalmar nan ta zo daga latina harpo ("ƙugiya"). Duk da haka, akwai tabbacin cewa manufar ta samo asali ne tun da farko - a cikin Basques, mutanen da suke zaune a ƙasar Spain ta zamani. A cikin fassarar daga harshen Basque, "harpoon" shine "dutse". A Rasha, ana kira harpoon kutilom ko kakakin.

Ginin. Harpoon da kurkuku

Mafi sauki na'urar shi ne harpoon don kama kifi. Wannan harpoon ne kawai jagged javelin. A wasu lokuta, yana da zobe don ɗaurin jirgin ruwa. Har yanzu ana kiran harbin kurkuku (kuma a madadin), amma a gaskiya kurkuku wani kayan aiki ne daban. Yana da dogon hakora da yawa kuma ba a nufin shigewa ba. Hunter yayi kifi kifi, ba ya bar hannun daga hannunsa ba. Wani abincin da ake yi don farautar dabbobin daji (sakonni, walis) shi ne jigon kwalliya, wanda ya ƙunshi wani itace (yawanci katako), tip (iya zama kashi, dutse, karfe) da igiyoyin da ke haɗa su. A cikin mahallin kayan aiki da kayayyakin aiki, ba mai sauƙi ga mafarauci don yin hakan. Hoton ya nuna a fili abin da ke tattare da ƙwayar wannan na'ura.

Maganin, a matsayin mai mulkin, lebur da kuma yin amfani da shi, an saka shi a cikin shaft, amma ba a haɗa shi da shi ba. Bayan da mafarauci ya jefa jifa, shaft din ya raba daga tip wanda ya shiga jikin wanda aka azabtar. Ba kullum ko dabba dabba yana kula da kashe tare da jefa daya ba. Dabar da aka yi wa rauni yana kokarin ɓoyewa, igiya tana tasowa, da kuma shingen da ke kan ruwa ya nuna wa mafarauci jagorancin motsi. Wanda aka azabtar ba zai iya kawar da ma'anar da ya zauna cikin jikinsa ba: wannan abu ne mai haɗuwa da hakora.

Harpoon a cikin kasashe daban-daban

Harpoon wani makami ne na duniya. Mutane sun koyi su yanke su da baya a Paleolithic Age (Early Stone Age). An halicce su ne daga kasusuwan (Arewacin - daga walrus da mammoth) da kuma ƙaho, mafi yawan ƙwaƙwalwa. A Eskimos, Aleuts, Chukchi da Koryak an yi su ne daga tagulla, da tagulla, da jan karfe da kuma baƙin ƙarfe. Duk da haka, mutanen Alaska ba su raguwa da kuma cikakkun bishiyoyin katako ba. Wasu Afirka kabilan amfani da hargi (tare da wani baƙin ƙarfe tip) saboda farauta hippos. A cikin Andamans su kashe daji Boars. A cikin kogwanni na babban yankin Turai (a wani babba nesa daga teku) sami kashi tips daga nagartaccen harpoons, wanda aka yi amfani da, a fili ya kama wani babban kifi da farauta a gandun daji (ba ruwa!) Animals. An samo takalma na ƙasashen Neolithic a Rasha. An yi amfani da Harpoons a lokacin rani da kuma hunturu, daga jirgin ruwa, kusa da rami-rami ko kawai cikin ruwa. Tun zamanin d ¯ a, masu Indonesiyan sun yi amfani da harpoons don cire bugunan ruwa, dolphins da sharks. Tsarin su bai samar da rabuwa da tip ba, harbin kawai ya rataya zuwa jirgin ruwa tare da dogon layi. Ya kamata a lura cewa Indonesiya ba su jefa harpoon a cikin whale ba, amma, ba tare da saki igiya daga hannayensu ba, sai su yi tsalle a baya kuma suyi ta kamar makami na musamman.

Harpoon wani kayan aiki ne mai tsoka

Hanyoyin harpoons sun bambanta sosai. Wani kayan aikin falaga na Turai ko na Amurka yana da ƙuƙummaccen ƙarfe da gajere. Mafi sau da yawa, wadannan harpoons suna da katako na katako, wanda suke haɗuwa da jirgin ruwa tare da igiya mai tsawo. A karni na 19 (da kuma baya), ana bin koguna cikin kananan jiragen ruwa. Noma kusa da nisan mita 6, ƙananan karfe a cikin whale shine makaminsa (sau da yawa - biyu). A jefa jigon ba'a rabu da shi daga shaft. Lin, wanda aka daura da harpoon, da sauri, da whale tare da sauri ya jawo jirgi a cikin raƙuman ruwa sai an gama. Daga nan sai aka kashe whale, amma ba tare da harbin ba, sai dai ta mashi, kuma ba a yi shi ba ne da mai harbin kaya, sai dai da kyaftin din jirgin ruwa. Duk da haka, mai kirki mai kyau yana jin daɗin girmamawa.

Zuwa ga yankunan arewaci, ƙungiyoyin suna samun kansu, a cikin jikinsu an samo kayan kirki na karni na 19. Below yana daya irin wannan harpoon. Hoton, har ma da rashin tausayi, ya nuna cewa whale ya fi abokin gaba mai hatsari.

Har ila yau, 'yan Norweg suna da dokar da mutum wanda yake da iyali ya kasance ba zai iya kasancewa ba.

Juyin Halitta na kayan aiki

A rabi na biyu na karni na 19 an cire wani harbin na whaler a wani gungun harpoon, wanda injiniyyar Norwegian Foyn ya kirkiro shi. Ta sanya farauta don tudun jiragen ruwa mafi sauƙi kuma basu da hankali. Talakawa hargi samo asali a cikin wani speargun. Amma waɗannan na'urori sun riƙe manyan abubuwan "kakanninsu": magungunan da yake da hakora sun nuna baya, kuma wani kebul wanda bai yarda da mafarauci ya rasa abincin ba.

A 'yan asalin mutanen Arewa ta ci gaba da amfani da wannan kayan aiki kamar yadda kakanninsu. Harpoon shine kayan aikin kifi na duniya. Duk da cewa mazauna Alaska ko Chukotka suna da damar yin amfani da bindigogi, ba za su watsar da hanyoyi masu neman farauta ba.