KV. Tank "Klim Voroshilov". KV-1 Soviet tank

By da farkon yakin duniya na II, dauke da makamai da wani shugaban sojoji a duniya ba kunshi nauyi tankuna. Tare da daya togiya. The Red Army sun kasance.

Me ya sa muke bukatar nauyi tankuna

The yaki - shi ne, da farko, kuma farkon, aikin, wuya, da datti da kuma matukar hatsari. Sojoji mafi yawan lokaci aikata zuwa digging da ƙasa. A mafi ya fitar cikin ƙasa, da hakan chances na rayuwa. Akwai wasu irin aiki, ba kasa lokaci-cinyewa, da kuma ga kowane daga cikinsu na bukatar wani daban-daban kayan aiki. Don jefa bam a kan mutum batu hari ba zai yi nauyi m - bukatar hari. Don halakar da masana'antu m na abokan gaba, wani jirgin saman soja kamata ba a yi amfani, babu wata dabarun kai harin, kuma a can ya zama yalwa. Light tankuna da ake bukata domin zurfi da kuma m hare-hare, kewaye maƙiyi defenses da kuma haifar da wani "aljihu" a cikin abin da manyan soja raka'a, hana wadata da kuma sadarwa, ba zai iya dogon tsira. Idan muka zana wani misalin da aiki kayan aiki, suka yi ta aiki na ruwa, m da kuma dace. Amma akwai yanayi a lokacin da kana bukatar wani abu mafi iko, da kuma sharpness ne na bayar da muhimmanci ba (gatari, misali, ko da wani gatari). Tã tankuna da ake bukata idan sauri karkata guda garu matsayi dauki, ko ba za a iya bypassed, kuma yana daukan wani methodical hutu, wani karfi frontal tasiri, destructional da kuma tausayi.

nauyi da kuma jini yãƙi a Karelia zo a Disamba 1939. Munin m sanyi, snow har zuwa ya kugu, ƙõramu fadama, kuma daskarewa. Idan yanayin yanayi ƙara mahakar, ganewa na wanda shi ne matsala. da aikin da makasa. ba zato ba tsammani tasowa classified emplacements kare m karfafa kankare. iyakacin duniya dare, yanã raunanar da psyche. da rashin yin wuta da kuma dumama a duk. boulders, boye, sake, a cikin dusar ƙanƙara, da kuma yawa, fiye da, shi ne bayyananne, "me ya sa haka dogon aiki tare da wasu irin kadan Finland". The wuya aiki na nasara "Mannerheim Line" karo na farko taka muhimmiyar rawa nauyi tankuna. Tarayyar Soviet a fuskar Stalinist jagoranci yanke shawarar kafa wani high-powered sulke dunkulallen hannu kafin sauran kasashe. A Finnish War dauki bangare gwaji samfurori, musamman na QMS. Disamba 17, kokarin shawo kan masu garu Hottinen, daya daga cikinsu a cikin zubar da 20th Brigade ya tashi da wani anti-tanki nawa. The ƙungiya bai sha wahala asarar da, amma aka tilasta su bar cikin mota. Yana daya daga cikin na farko-aikace na sabon makami.

Tã tank a matsayin tunani na Soviet soja rukunan

A soja masana'antu kome ake yi don wani dalili. Yana da wuya a kwatanta halin da ake ciki a wadda I. V. Stalin ne masu ikirarin sulke da motocin da, puffing a bututu, sai ya ce: "Kuma ka yi da ni a minti nauyi tanki. Ina son shi. Caprice a gare ni, irin ... ". A wannan yanayin, babu wani daga cikin jiha ba shi da isasshen kudi don saduwa da mafi gaggawa aiki na kare kan iyakokin. A'a, duk da ayyuka da cewa an saita a cikin Kremlin a cikin art, an substantiated.

Design mai fada inji cewa ya gana zamani da bukatun ga hari da makamai, ya fara a farkon 1939, dauke da fitar da shawarar da jihar kwamitin tsaron, soma a watan Disamba na shekara ta 1938. Kamar yadda da soja rukunan Tarayyar Soviet, yãƙi a cikin hali na m (kuma ana tsammanin) da yaki da za a ci gaba a yankin magabta a karkashin ta m 'yan adawa a wani wuri mataki. Irin wannan hali da rikici bukaci wasu fasaha wajen, saboda haka da zanen da aka ba m TK. Manufarta ita ce ta hanyar da fadi da breaches a cikin tsaron gida Lines za ta motsa gaba manyan raka'a, sanye take da haske da sauri tank BT-aji, iya motsa a kan hanyoyi a high gudun. Tare da wannan m labari, tare da cikakken iska keda daukaka, nasara da aka tabbatar da kadan asarar.

Fara zane ayyukansu

Ya jagoranci zane na QMS tank zh. Ya. Kotin, Cif Designer na Leningrad Kirov factory. Sunan tunãtarwa kwanan kashe shugaban, da shugaban jam'iyyar kungiyar, "shimfiɗar jariri, da juyin juya hali." Wani mota da aka ɓullo da a karkashin jagorancin A. Ermolaeva a nan kusa factory lambar 185, aka kira T-100. A zane ra'ayin wadanda shekaru ya multidirectional, musamman, daya daga cikin manyan shugabanci ne towered makirci a wadda wuta sashe zai iya zama madauwari. A SMK nauyi ya ma mai girma, kuma shi maimakon na uku hasumiyai sun yanke shawarar kafa biyu don inganta a guje yi da kuma booking.

Duk da haka, nan da nan bayan da farkon aikin aikin kungiyar na sana'o'in kammala karatu Wammen (Soja Academy of mechanization da motorisation) su. Stalin jagorancin NF Shashmurina, samarwa ka ci gaba: cire daya more hasumiyar (wanda matasa kwararru sun samu} arfin), shigar dizal maimakon fetur injuna da kuma rage shasi a kan biyu rollers. A gaskiya ma, cikin tawagar lamirinsu ya zo cikin makirci, wanda ya zama wani classic shekaru da dama kafin su waje abokan aiki, sun amince da ra'ayin kawai a cikin hamsin hamsin.

Kamar wancan ne aka haife Soviet KV-1 tanki.

Daga zane zuwa karfe

Ka zo da wani na daya-hasumiya tank izini jagorancin zanen N. L. Duhovu. Tunatarwata cewa da bata lokaci ba aka kawo hadari a Stalin shekaru, a yau babu wanda ya kamata. Da wani bata lokaci zai iya haifar da wani motsi zuwa kasa babbar aiki, a wani Quilted jacket, kuma tare da wani sawa ko gatari. Cif zanen na KV aboki ruhohi sun jimre da aiki. By Agusta nauyi tankuna KV da QMS mu da aka shirya da kuma gabatar da su ga jihar Sin, kuma a watan Satumba Kubinka hakikanta ƙasa ta girgiza tare da hayaniyar injuna a show na sabon model. Daidai da sauri ya dauki su yarda a cikin sabis, aka riga "da kwato yakin" to Finland, kuma wannan dabara na da muhimmanci. Designers ma sha'awar yadda ya dace da ci gaba. Tank 'Klim Voroshilov "shiga yaƙi.

Yadda ya yi da HF-2

Mannerheim line aka ƙarfafa sosai. Ba kamar Faransa Maginot, ta huta a gefuna da tekun (yamma da Gulf of Finland, a gabashin Ladoga), da kuma a kusa da shi ya gagara. Gina garun sun competently, tare da wani babban mataki na cin gashin kuma duk da ake bukata domin tsaron gida. A general, nauyi tank KV nuna kansa da kyau, amma da 76 mm zamo gun bai isa ya karya da karfafa kankare Tsarin fake Layer na kasar gona. Bukatar wani abu mafi tasiri, misali, 152 mm howitzer, wanda ya riga a sabis, ko bukatar wani iko da tarakta tarakta domin ta kai. Birnin Leningrad, designers yana sabon kalubale: hada biyu muhimmanci abubuwa, igwa da kuma sa ido shasi, amma har yanzu tabbatar da AMINCI na kariya da ƙungiya daga gun ƙungiya. Saboda haka akwai wani KV-2 tank-dan wasan, da nufin murkushe duk wani kufaifan.

A interwar lokaci

A Finnish War, ko da yake ya na jini, da sauri ya ƙare, amma, duk da wannan, da samar da nauyi kayan aiki, ciki har da wani yaƙi ya kewaye da irin ci gaba. Tun Fabrairu 1940 Tank "Klim Voroshilov" a biyu versions kaddamar da jerin kan LB (Leningrad Kirov factory), da kuma lokacin da na fara a watan Yuni da kuma CTZ (Chelyabinsk shuka kira da tarakta). Babbar sha'awa a cikin wadannan shekaru shi ne musamman high, na farko HF Ural taro daga cikin shagon nan da nan, ya kuma gina iyawarsa gina wani raba gini, da girman wanda ya nuna wata babbar damar. Mun bai dakatar da aiki da kuma zane teams, yayin da ci gaba da inganta fasaha yi da kuma warware gano ƙarara a lokacin yaqi. A cikin kaka na arba'in kamata bayyana biyu sabon samfurori da nauyi makamai zuwa 90 mm tare da wani karin iko manyan bindigogi da makaman (85 mm zamo, wanda yana da ko da ba zai iya mafarki motocin dakon sauran duniya). By ƙarshen shekara da aka shirya wani giant, wannan lokaci tare da 100-mm kariya. Wadannan inji ne sirrin ci gaban, su ne ya kira abubuwa 220, 221 da kuma 222. Don babu wanda ya san ...

Kwatanta da yuwuwar maƙiyi

A 1941, shi ya shirya ya nuna 1200 nauyi kayan aiki, musamman HF-1 - 400 HF-2 - 100 (da shi yana da matukar takamaiman aiki, da kuma bukatar shi ya kasa) da kuma HF-3 - kamar yadda mutane da yawa kamar 500 guda. Kuma shi ne kawai a Birnin Leningrad! Wani 200 raka'a ya ba da CTZ. A shekarar 1949, wani nauyi tank KV-1 da kuma KV-2 supercarrier kuma samar, da kuma babba lamba (243). Duk da Red Army, akwai 636. A yawa ko kadan? Soviet masana tarihi, da bayyana dalilai na bala'i da bazara na 1941, ya bayyana ra'ayin cewa zamani tankuna mu rasa. Duk da haka, da suka manta ya ambaci cewa da Wehrmacht tsallaka kan iyaka da Tarayyar Soviet, da ciwon a ta zubar da kadan fiye da dubu uku tankuna, kuma dukansu suna, ba tare da togiya, sun m. Haka kuma, sabon sunan su da wuya matuƙa. Turai blitzkrieg ya, ba shakka, fun yawo, amma engine bai damu ba, ya sa ko da lokacin da tuki a kan babbar hanya sosai kyau. Car kãma a Faransa da kuma Czechoslovakia, ma, bai je wani kwatanta ko da tare da mu sauki BT. Romania, wani na hannun daman Nazi Jamus, kuma aka dauke da makamai a duk "Reno 17" (17 - Wannan Shekara, 1917 th), a cikin Tarayyar Soviet, akwai 2 abubuwa, sun kasance a gidajen tarihi.

Kuma duk da haka, shi ne lokacin da za a tuna da cewa ba kawai samar da nauyi tankuna a cikin tarayyar Soviet. Akwai kuma matsakaita, T-34, da mafi kyau a duniya, kuma suka gina sosai aiki. Kuma haske, suka samar da wani unprecedented yawan kofe. Kuma a kan makamai, da kuma makamai kariya, da kuma yi injuna (yafi, ta hanyar, dizal, B-2, wanda ba wanda zai iya, ba kowa a duniya to maimaita a ko'ina cikin yaki) da suka wuce dabara Wehrmacht. Soviet KV kamar yadda na tsakiyar 1941 ba shi da analogues.

zane

A lokacin da na farko prototypes na yiwu Soviet tank masana'antu a yarda a yi amfani da mafi m fasaha. Game da kowane riveted gidajen abinci da kuma ko da an ba, al'amarin da aka yi da waldi. Haka ya shafi cikin turret, wanda aka kara inganta ta yin amfani da tselnolitevoy Hanyar. A kauri daga cikin makamai faranti ya 75 mm. Gyara zane damar damar zuwa kara ƙara kariya daga sama zuwa 105 mm da installing ƙarin kusoshi broneekranov, amma a 1941 babu wani daga cikin Jamus-board gun kuma ba tare da shi ta iya ba buga da tank KV-1.

A general makirci wani classic na Soviet sulke da motocin na biyu da rabi na thirties (daga baya soma a matsayin abin koyi da injiniyoyi a duk faɗin duniya): raya watsa, ban da propeller shaft, karkata zuwa ajiyan, Mai ĩkon dizal da kuma gun zamo 76 mm (L-11, F-32, da kuma daga baya ZIS -5).

shasi

Engine V-2k ya zuciyar wannan na'ura, iyãwarsa ne 500 HP a wani engine gudun 1800 rpm / s. Multi-farantin gogayya watsa da zane flaws, shi ne sau da yawa, sun ƙaryata, domin an ba tsara don karfi da ake bukata don canja gudun wani nauyi inji kamar KV (ya nauyi wuce 47 ton), musamman a cikin na farko guda biyu giya (akwai 5).

Dalili na shasi aiki a matsayin mutum torsion dakatar da gwada da kananan hanya ƙafafun (akwai shida a kowane gefe). Sagging caterpillars shafe ƙarin goyon bayan rollers, rollers, uku ga kowane. Har 1942 da suka kasance sunã an rufe shi da roba don rage amo, amma saboda karancin kayan daga wannan "alatu" da za a yi watsi. Caterpillars yi fadi (700 mm) don rage takamaiman load a ƙasa.

makamai

Experience na mataki da wata matsananciyar maƙiyi, shirye su tafi, su yi yaƙi da tank tare da wani kwalban Molotov cocktails, kafa sabuwar bukata - da ikon haifar da wani barrage na wuta labule. Don warware wannan matsala, da na'ura sanye take da uku na'ura-gun, daya daga wanda aka mayar da shi zuwa kare engine daki. Wani na'ura gun turret yake, ya rufe daga iska hari. Free ciki sarari cika ergonomically harsasai, shi ya ishe su gudanar da dogon grueling yaƙi (135 akai-akai da kuma 2770 akai-akai). Weapon Kauce wa kuskure samar Tantancewar kayan aiki kunshi gani (Tod-6 kawo nesa kusa, periscope PT-6). Kwamandan ya bayar da damar duba mai kyau Siffar. A cikin tanki da fama jadawalin sun mutane biyar, suka iya sadarwa ta wayar teleho na cikin gida, external sadarwar da aka bayar a rediyo 71-TK-3 ko IOP.

Kusan 48-ton manyan abu zai iya isa gudun 34 km / h, kuma yana da wata hidima rai na 250 km. Wannan mai yawa.

A farkon wata babbar yaki

Sananne ne cewa yaki ya fara a musamman unfavorable yanayi na Tarayyar Soviet. A daya hannun, da tasiri na Nazis yi gargadin daban-daban m kafofin, a daya bangaren, shi ne musamman illogical. Idan taro na Jamus sojojin kudi da aka sani, ga shi kuwa, ba m da unwillingness na Wehrmacht for soja mataki da Tarayyar Soviet, shi ne rashin dumi tufafi da sanyi-resistant man fetur. Duk da haka, Hitler ya ba da umarni don kai farmaki mu kan iyakoki, da kuma babban adadin Soviet soja stockpiles an halaka ko kama tsokana. KV sa quite a buga, kamar yadda a cikin Jamus umurnin da sojoji a kan Eastern Front. The sosai gaban makiya kamar dodo, duk da nasara gaba zurfi a cikin Tarayyar Soviet, ya jagoranci wani m gabar nasu fasaha ci baya. Tare da mamaki Jamus dauke kama su babbar propelled howitzer KV-2, da kuma gano cewa, a dab da yankunan da wani KV-1 hana m sojojin inganta bataliya. Wani batun da aka raunana tasiri na wadannan dodanni a tsaron gida fadace-fadace. Idan m wajibi ne don "hayaki" maƙiyi daga cikin ramuka, sa'an nan Ya daidaita a kan yanayin da dako - wannan shi ne kawai abin da ka bukata. Wuta da dama a kan shugaban zaune a bukkoki sojoji daga sama, da kuma wani wuri a boye. Amma a kan tunani harin bukatar yanayin flatness to yanka da dannawa sarkar da yajin dabaru. Yana tabbatar da mara amfani kamar huhu, da kuma heaviest tankuna. Tarayyar Soviet da aka ba shirya domin tsaron gida.

Soja masana Wehrmacht, ba shakka, gane abin da aka nufi kama m. Its nazari, a Bugu da kari ga wayar da kan jama'a na da ikon da Soviet tsaro masana'antu, sanya shi yiwuwa a yi da sauran binciken. Ya tabbatar da niyya ta Stalin kai farmaki Jamus da kuma KV. Photo na lalace sulke kewaye da makamai amfani da Goebbels 'farfaganda a matsayin hujja da m nufi da Bolsheviks. Wasu kama Wehrmacht amfani da na'ura don nasu bukatun.

Aminiya huhu da sauran samfurori m art zarar cire daga samarwa kamar yadda ba dole ba a cikin wannan halin da ake ciki. A wannan rabo kuma gashi 152mm howitzer. Yana da jũna da cewa irin wannan ƙaddara ta sãme duka "Klim Voroshilov". Amma tarihi ya yanke shawarar in ba haka ba. Duk da cewa jerin KV tankuna a kusan duk mutunta baya ga T-34, da samar da ci gaba ko da a cikin kewaye Leningrad. Domin wasu dalilai, don tafiyar da sake fasalin kudin aiwatar da sake zagayowar ya yiwuwa a nan, da kuma sulke gaban nema, don haka da cewa inji release ba kawai ya juya, da kuma ko da gina up ta haɗa da karfe, kuma Izhora shuke-shuke. Hakazalika mun yi da kuma "Tankograd" birnin Chelyabinsk. Matsalolin da engine B-2: babban samar da karfin kafin yaki sun kasance a Kharkov, kuma shi aka shagaltar da ta Nazis. Daga wannan wahala ta kafa da fetur engine M-17, wanda, ba shakka, rage fama damar da fasaha.

"C" na nufin "m"

Duk da cewa na zamani yanayin da yãƙi ya shafi bada har low-gudun gashi, tarihi tank KV-1 ya ba ƙare. Lokacin da yawa daga cikin shortcomings wannan mota, kuma ta na da bayyane abũbuwan amfãni, kamar kyau kariya da kuma high permeability. Low gudun halayyar kewaye kayan aiki, tilasta ƙoƙari ya daidaita da da halaye na "Klim" maneuvering da yanayin zamani fama. Yana bayyana KV-1C, wanda taro rage wa 42,5 m. An kai irin wannan "lightness" makamai thinning, caterpillars da ragewa ƙuntatawa to harsasai projectiles 94 (daga baya 114). Kuma la'akari da da'awar da sojoji zuwa gearbox, an maye gurbinsu da wani karin cikakken. Medium tank har yanzu m, T34 auna dan kadan fiye da tan 30, kuma a wannan ikon shuka da yawa fiye da maneuverable. Kuma kara wa sunan harafin "C" na nufin "m".

wasu gyare-gyare

A watan Agusta, 1942, ya shiga cikin wani sabon samfurin da sulke da motocin, KV-85. Shi ne mai bayyanawa gyara daga cikin wannan KV-1C, bambanci ya kasance a cikin zamo turret gun (a gun dt-5 ne, bayyananne su sunayen, shi ne 85 mm), Munã rage yawan ma'aikatan jirgin su hudu mutane (tabbatar da ba dole ba sojan igwa), cuts harsasai yayin da rike wannan shasi. Hasumiyar da aka za'ayi da Fitar.

Akwai sauran yunkurin amfani da nasara gefen SQ. A kan tushen da su kai-propelled bindigogi da aka gina, halitta crawler "gashi", dauke da makamai biyu ko fiye da bindigogi daga daban-daban calibers (CV-7), 122-mm howitzers U-11. Bayan nasara a Moscow, ya bayyana cewa m ne makawa, da kuma sake dauki samfurori da m makamai. KV-8 ya externally sosai kama da samfur, kuma ko da ya silhouette aka abunda aka kwaikwaya saboda da musamman kayan ado depicting wani manyan bindigogi ganga, amma shi ya kasance wani flamethrower. Gun a hasumiyar kuma samu suna fadin a kwanakin "EP,".

Akwai wasu irin karin kayan aiki bisa shasi HF: farfadowa da na'ura daga yaƙin lalace motocin da tractors.

HF da kuma "Tiger"

KV tank rabo ya tarihi ba sosai nasara. A farkon rabin na yaki, ya yi kadan a bukatar, da ake bukata a quite daban-daban dabara, da kuma lokacin miƙa mulki na Soviet sojojin a cikin hukunci m m. Akwai sabon nauyi NE tankuna, da halaye na wanda ya hada da dangantaka da halaye na HF, kamar yadda Iosifa Stalina siyasa nauyi ya m ga sakamako na ofishin siyasa na "farko ja jami'in".

A nuna na 1942 da kuma 1943 ta, da Jamus bayyana "Tiger". Wannan inji shi ne musamman jinkirin da mãsu nauyi, ta shasi ne ko kasa a dogara da fiye da abin da na HF, amma 88-mm gun ya ba shi damar buga powerfully sulke hari a nesa, bai yarda ya koma wuta. A watan Fabrairu 1943, a yini ɗaya, a Birnin Leningrad, ya kashe mutane 10 HF-1, wanda aka harbe daga nisa da uku "Tiger". Tun 1943, da samar aka rage.

Ya bayar da gudunmawar da Nasara KV tankuna har yanzu suna da, da kuma hujja da wannan ne da yawa Monuments gina a cikin girmamawa mu motocin dakon a birane da yawa, ta hanyar da ta share wani rashin tsoro shaft ta faɗa. Tunatar da zarar karaya na'ura da kuma na heroism na ma'aikata a baya, Cova takobi cin nasara, kuma ƙaddamar gabatowa mu mai haske hutu.