Man - ma'adanai. Mai adibas. mai

Man - daya daga cikin duniya da ya fi muhimmanci ma'adanai (hydrocarbon man fetur). Shi ne da albarkatun kasa domin samar da habaka da kuma lubricants da kuma sauran kayan. Domin ta halayyar duhu launi da kuma na bayar da muhimmanci ga duniya mai tattalin arzikin (ma'adanai) lakabi da baki zinariya.

Overview

Ya ce abu ne kafa tare da irin gaseous hydrocarbons a wani zurfin (mafi yawa daga 1.2 zuwa 2 km).

Matsakaicin adadin man kududdufai an zubar a zurfin 1 zuwa 3 km. da abu ya zama lokacin farin ciki Malta Near ƙasa ta surface, semisolid kwalta da sauran kayan (msl, kwalta Sands).

Bisa ga distinctiveness na asalin da kuma sinadaran abun da ke ciki na mai, a photo cewa da aka gabatar a cikin labarin, kama da na halitta combustible gas, kazalika da ozokerite da kwalta. Wani lokaci duk wadannan burbushin habaka ake hada karkashin daya sunan - petrolytes. Amma duk da haka suna cikin wani fadi kungiyar - caustobioliths. Su combustible ma'adanai na biogenic yanayi.

Kunshe a cikin wannan kungiya da kuma ma'adanai kamar peat, shale, bituminous da kuma ruwan kasa garwashin, Anthracite. By ikon narke a cikin kwayoyin da taya na da irin (chloroform, carbon disulfide, barasa-benzene cakuda) mai, kamar sauran petrolytes da kuma abubuwa da cire bayanai kaushi daga peat, ci ko mai ladabi kayayyakin da ake kira a matsayin bitumen.

da yin amfani da

A halin yanzu, 48% na cinye makamashi a duniya da dama a cikin man fetur (albarkatun ma'adinai). Yana da wani tabbatar da gaskiya.

Man fetur (ma'adanai) - tushen yawa sunadarai amfani da daban-daban sassa a lokacin man fetur masana'antu, lubricants, polymeric zaruruwa, colorants, kaushi da sauran kayan.

Mai amfani girma ya kai ga mafi girma farashin for shi, kuma a hankali a hankali sha na albarkatun ma'adinai. Wannan kiwata tambayoyi game da miƙa mulki ga madadin makamashi kafofin.

jiki Description

Mai ne wani ruwa da haske launin ruwan kasa zuwa duhu launin ruwan kasa (kusan baki) a cikin launi. Wani lokaci akwai Emerald-kore samfurori. Average kwayoyin nauyi na man fetur ne daga 220 zuwa 300 g / mol. Wani lokaci wannan siga dabam a cikin kewayon daga 450 zuwa 470 g / mol. Nuna alama ta yawa aka ƙaddara a yankin 0,65-1,05 (yafi 0,82-0,95) g / cm³. A wannan batun, da mai ne zuwa kashi da dama iri. wato:

• Easy. Yawa - kasa da 0,83 g / cm³.
• Average. yawa nuni a cikin wannan harka - a yankin daga 0,831 zuwa 0,860 g / cm³.
• Tã. Yawa - fiye da 0,860 g / cm³.

Wannan abu ya ƙunshi wani babba yawan daban-daban Organic abubuwa. A sakamakon haka, da na halitta mai halin ba ta da kansa tafasar batu, da kuma a kan na farko matakin na nuna alama a cikin ruwa hydrocarbons. M shi ne> 28 ° C, da kuma wani lokacin ≥100 ° C (a cikin hali da nauyi mai).

Danko na abu dabam a cikin wani m kewayon (daga 1,98 zuwa 265,9 mm² / s). An ƙaddara da man fractional abun da ke ciki da kuma ta da zazzabi. A mafi girma da yawan zafin jiki da kuma yawan haske kasarun adadi, da mai danko da ke ƙasa. Har ila yau, wannan ne ya sa ta gaban abubuwa irin guduro-asphaltene. Wannan shi ne fiye da su, da hakan da danko na man fetur.

A takamaiman zafi na abu - 1.7-2.1 KJ / (kg ∙ K). Siga takamaiman zafi na konewa ne in mun gwada low - daga 43,7 zuwa 46,2 MJ / kg. A dielectric akai na man - daga 2 zuwa 2.5, da kuma ta watsin - daga 2 zuwa 0.3 ∙ 10-10 ∙ 10-18 ∙ ohm-1 cm-1.

Mai, wanda gabatar da wani photo a cikin labarin, shi ne wani flammable ruwa. Yana karya a zazzabi na daga -35 zuwa +120 ° C. Yana dogara a kan ta fractional abun da ke ciki da kuma abun ciki na narkar da gas.

The man fetur (man fetur) a al'ada yanayi ba narke a cikin ruwa. Duk da haka, shi ne iya kafa barga emulsions da ruwa. Narkewa da man fetur zuwa wasu abubuwa. Wannan ne yake aikata ta amfani da Organic sauran ƙarfi da irin. Domin ware man fetur daga ruwa da kuma gishiri ne da za'ayi wasu ayyuka. Su suke da muhimmanci sosai a cikin tsari. Wannan desalting da dehydration.

Description da sinadaran abun da ke ciki

A fitai da wannan topic kamata ya yi la'akari da dukkan siffofin da dũkiyõyinsu a tambaya. Yana da wani general, da hydrocarbon man fetur da kuma elemental qagaggun. Next, dubi kowane daga cikinsu a daki-daki.

A] aukacin abun da ke ciki

Halitta burbushin man fetur ne cakuda game da 1000 da abubuwa na daban-daban yanayi. Babban aka gyara su ne wadannan:

• Liquid hydrocarbons. Shi ne 80-90% by nauyi.
• Heteroatomic gudanar da mahadi (4-5%). Daga cikin wadannan, mamaye sulfur, oxygen da kuma nitrogen.
• Organometallic mahadi (yafi nickel da vanadium).
• A narkar hydrocarbon gas kamar (C1-C4, daga 'yan tenths har zuwa 4 cikin dari).
• Ruwa (daga kufan zuwa 10%).
• ma'adinai salts. Mafi yawa chlorides. 0,1-4000 MG / l kuma mafi girma.
• Solutions na salts na Organic acid da kuma inji impurities (barbashi daga lãka, farar ƙasa, yashi).

hydrocarbon abun da ke ciki

M paraffinic man yana da wani (yawanci 30-35 wuya - 40-50% na jimlar) da kuma naphthenic (25-75%) mahadi. Don a karami har aromatic mahadi gabatar. Sun zauna 10-20%, da kuma akalla - 35%. Wannan yana rinjayar ingancin da man fetur. Har ila yau kunshe a cikin abu a cikin tambaya fili gauraye ko matasan tsarin. Alal misali, aromatic da naphthene-paraffinic.

Heteroatomic aka gyara da kuma bayanin irin elemental abun da ke ciki na mai

Tare da hydrocarbons a cikin samfurin ne abubuwa da kazamta kwayoyin halitta (mercaptans da monosulfides di-, thiophane da thiophenes kuma ko da polycyclic da kamar). Su muhimmanci shafi ingancin da man fetur.

Har ila yau a cikin man ne abubuwa dauke da nitrogen. Yana m homologs indole, pyridine, quinoline, pyrrole, carbazole, porphyrites. Suna da hankali mafi yawa a cikin sharan kuma nauyi kasarun adadi.

A abun da ke ciki ya hada da oxygenates man fetur (naphthenic acid, resinous-asphaltene, phenols da sauran abubuwa). Yawancin lokaci suna cikin kasarun adadi na wani babban irin.

Total mai samu a fiye da 50 abubuwa. Tare da aka ambata abubuwa ba a cikin samfurin V (10-5 - 10-2%), Ni (10-4-10-3%), CL (daga kufan har zuwa 2 ∙ 10-2%) da sauransu. Da abun ciki na wadannan impurities a cikin raw kayan da mahadi dukkan yiwu filayen dabam a cikin m iyaka. A sakamakon haka, magana game da man fetur da sinadaran abun da ke ciki talakawan akwai kawai yanaye.

Kamar yadda abu ne classified da abun da ke ciki na hydrocarbons?

A wannan batun, akwai wasu sharudda. Share ra'ayoyi kan mai hydrocarbon aji. Akwai ya kamata ba fiye da 50%. Idan daya daga cikin azuzuwan na hydrocarbons ba kasa da 25%, da gano man fetur gauraye iri - naphthene-methane, methane-naphthenic, naphthene-aromatic, aromatic, naphthenic, kuma aromatic methano-aromatic-methane. A farko bangaren da suke dauke da fiye da 25%, da kuma na biyu - fiye da 50%.

Danyen mai da aka ba amfani. Ga zahiri muhimmanci da kayayyakin (yafi mota man fetur, raw kayan for sinadaran masana'antu, kaushi) shi aka sarrafa.

Hanyoyin da samfurin bincike

A ingancin da abu kimanta domin zabi mafi aminci m makircinsu ta aiki. Wannan ne yake aikata ta amfani da hadaddun hanyoyin: sinadaran, ta jiki, da kuma musamman.

Janar halaye na man - danko, yawa, zuba batu da kuma sauran physico-sinadaran sigogi, kazalika da narkar da gas abun da ke ciki da kuma yawan guduro abun ciki, paraffin da kakin zuma da kuma resinous-asphaltene mahadi.

Babban manufa na sauka a hankali nazarin mai zo saukar zuwa hada da dabaru na rabuwa da wasu aka gyara tare da m simplification na abun da ke ciki na wasu kasarun adadi. Suna nan bincikar tare da dukan jiki da kuma sinadaran hanyoyin. Mafi na kowa hanyoyin kayyade a primary mai sulusi da murabba'i abun da ke ciki ne daban-daban iri barasan (barasan) da kuma gyãrawa.

Bisa ga sakamakon zabin zuwa cikin kunkuntar (kusa da ruwan 10-20 ° C) da kuma m (50-100 ° C) sulusi da murabba'i, da aka gina kwana (TIC) na gaskiya tafasar zafin jiki na abu. An sa'an nan za'ayi kafa da m na mutum content abubuwa, man fetur da samfurori da kuma su gyara (kerosinogazoylevyh, fetur, man distillates, dizal da man fetur mai da Tars), hydrocarbon abun da ke ciki, kazalika da sauran kayayyaki da kuma sinadaran jiki halaye.

A barasan ne da za'ayi a al'ada barasan na'ura. Suna sanye take da wani fractionating shafi. A wannan yanayin pogonorazdelitelnaya iya aiki yayi dace 20-22 msar tambayar faranti guda.

Kasarun adadi aka gano a sakamakon da barasan, sa'an nan rabu cikin gyara. Sa'an nan, ta amfani da dama hanyoyin da za'ayi domin sanin su abun ciki da kuma kafa Properties. Bisa ga hanyoyin da magana da man abun da ke ciki da kuma kasarun adadi bambanta ta kungiyar, mutum, kungiyar na da fasali da kuma elemental da ƙididdiga.

Lokacin da kungiyar da aka kaddara dabam nazarin da abun ciki na naphthenic, paraffinic, kuma aromatic gauraye hydrocarbon.

Lokacin da fasali kungiyar bincike na hydrocarbon mai kasarun adadi da abun da ke ciki aka bayyana a matsayin talakawan abun ciki na naphthenic, aromatics da sauran cyclic Tsarin, kazalika da paraffinic sarƙoƙi abubuwa. A wannan yanayin, a daya more mataki - lissafi na zumunta adadin hydrocarbon a naphthene, paraffin, da kuma fagage.

Binds hydrocarbon abun da ke ciki m ga fetur da kuma iskar gas kasarun adadi. Lokacin da elemental bincike na man fetur abun da ke ciki bayyana adadin (yawan) C, Ya, S, H, N da micronutrients.

Babban Hanyar raba aromatics daga naphthenic da paraffinic da kuma rabuwa a kan arenes ne monocyclic da poly- ruwa adsorption chromatography. Yawanci absorber a cikin wannan harka hidima a matsayin takamaiman kashi - biyu sorbent.

A abun da ke ciki na hydrocarbon mai multicomponent garwayayye m da kunkuntar band kullum decrypted ta hade da chromatography (ruwa ko gas lokaci), da adsorption ko wasu rabuwa da hanyoyin da na da taro spectrometric hanyoyin karatu.

Kamar yadda duniya akwai nufi m sako tsari irin ci gaban da man fetur, shi ya zama da muhimmanci cikakken bincike (musamman high-tafasar da kuma saura kayayyakin - Tars da kuma nauyi man fetur mai).

Babban filayen man fetur a Rasha

A cikin ƙasa na Rasha adibas na abu yana da wani gagarumin adadin. Man fetur (ma'adanai) - a kasa taskar Rasha. Shi ne daya daga cikin babban fitarwa kayayyakin. Hakar da kuma aiki na man fetur - tushen gagarumin haraji kudaden shiga ga Rasha kasafin kudin.

Development of man fetur a kan wani ciniki sikelin da aka fara a cikin marigayi XIX karni. A lokacin a Rasha akwai manyan wuraren aiki da man fetur. Suna located in yankuna daban-daban na kasar.

sunan ajiya	bude Kwanan wata	recoverable stock	Mai arzikin man fetur yankunan
mai girma	2013	300 ton miliyan	Astrakhan yankin
Samotlor	1965	2.7 biliyan ton	Khanty-Mansiysk
Romashkinskoye	1948	2.3 ya kai tan biliyan	Jamhuriyar Tatarstan
Likitan mata	1982	2.7 biliyan. T	Khanty-Mansiysk
Arlanskoe	1966	500 ton miliyan	Jamhuriyar Bashkortostan
Lyantorskoye	1965	2 tan biliyan	Khanty-Mansiysk
Vankor	1988	490 ton miliyan	Krasnoyarsk Territory
Fedorovskoe	1971	1.5 ya kai tan biliyan	Khanty-Mansiysk
Rasha	1968	410 ton miliyan	Yamalo-Nenets cin gashin kanta Okrug
mamontovskoye	1965	1 tan biliyan	Khanty-Mansiysk
Tuymazinskoe	1937	300 ton miliyan	Jamhuriyar Bashkortostan

Shale mai a Amurka

A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, da kasuwar na hydrocarbon habaka ya canja da cika fuska. A gano shale gas da kuma ci gaban da samar da fasahar a cikin wani gajeren lokaci kawo United States a cikin wani babban yawan hakar gwal na abu. Wannan sabon abu da aka bayyana da masana a matsayin "shale juyin juya halin". A lokacin, duniya na fuskantar akalla wani babban taron. Muna magana ne game da taro ci gaban mai shale adibas. A baya can masana annabta sananne karshen man zamanin, amma yanzu shi iya wuce illa ma sha Allahu. Kamar wancan zama m magana a kan madadin makamashi.

Duk da haka, bayani kan tattalin arziki da al'amurran da ci gaban mai shale adibas ne sosai sabanin. A cewar jaridar "Duk da haka", nuna shale mai a Amurka (Texas) Kudinsa $ 15 da 1 ganga. Yana da quite idon basira don kara cheapening na aiwatar sau biyu.

The shugaban duniya na samar da "gargajiya" man - Saudi Arabia - yana da kyau al'amurra a man shale masana'antu: kudin da ganga ne a nan kawai $ 7. Rasha a cikin wannan girmamawa da aka rasa. A Rasha, 1 ganga na shale mai zai kudin game da $ 20.

Kamar yadda muka ambata a sama littafin, shale man za a iya samar a duk yankuna na duniya. Kowace} asa na da gagarumin arzikin man fetur. Duk da haka, da AMINCI na sama bayanai ne m, tun da bayanai game da takamaiman darajar da shale mai samar da tukuna.

Analyst H. Birg mayar da data. A cewar shi, da kudin na ganga na shale man ne 70-90 daloli.

A cewar Bankin na Moscow Analyst Dmitry Borisov, da kudin man fetur a Mexico da kuma yankin Gulf of Guinea ya kai $ 80. Wannan shi ne wajen daidaita da halin yanzu kasuwar price.

H. Birg kuma ikirarin cewa mai adibas (mai shale) an rarraba a ko'ina a fadin duniya. Fiye da kashi biyu cikin uku na jimlar girma da aka mayar da hankali a Amurka. Rasha lissafinsu kawai 7 bisa dari.

Domin samar da samfurin karkashin shawara da su aiwatar da babban kundin na dutse. Gudanar da wani tsari kamar mai shale, da hanyar da aka kwashe aiki. Wannan tsanani ya cũtar yanayi.

A cewar Birge, haduwar da irin wannan tsari, kamar yadda hakar na shale mai, da aka cika da ruwan dare daga cikin abu a duniya.

Idan muka ɗauka cewa shale mai samar da fasaha za su zo da wani isasshen matakin, kasa da kasa man farashin iya kawai durkushe. Amma dai babu manyan canje-canje a cikin wannan yankin da aka ba lura.

Tare da data kasance fasaha na shale mai iya zama riba a wani batu - kawai a lokacin da farashin man fetur ne $ 150 ganga ko mafi girma.

Rasha, bisa ga Birge, da ake kira shale juyin juya halin ba zai iya yin illa. Gaskiyar cewa, kasar amfana biyu tatsuniyoyinsu. Asiri shi ne mai sauki: high man farashin kawo babban riba da kuma mai nasara a cikin shale samfurin zai kara fitar da kaya masu tasowa dacewa filayen.

D. Borisov a wannan batun ba haka ba ne kaffa. A ci gaba da shale mai samar da, bisa ga shi, ya yi alkawarin a auka a farashin man a kasuwa da kuma kaifi drop a Rasha fitarwa kudaden shiga. Duk da haka, a cikin gajeren lokaci, wannan ya kamata ku ji tsoro, saboda shale ci gaba ne har yanzu matsala.

ƙarshe

Albarkatun kasa - mai, iskar gas da kuma alaka da abubuwa - suna da dukiya na kowace jiha a cikin abin da suka suna mined. Wannan za a iya gani da karanta labarin, da sama.