Samuwar, Kimiyya
Mene ne nasarorin da Rasha kimiyya a farkon karni na 20th? A binciken kimiyya na karni na 20th
Barin Stone Age kogwanni, al'ummar dan Adam ya wuce mai girma hanyar da shafi tunanin mutum da kuma ruhaniya ci gaba. Wannan yarda mutane su zauna a kwamfuta fuska da kuma sadarwa tare da juna a wani nesa, to shiga asirin yanayi da aika kumbon sama jannati zuwa sauran taurari. Wannan ya yiwu ne da godiya ga kimiyya, wanda aka halitta da kuma ci gaba da yawa.
Historical ci gaba
Kimiyya a Rasha kafin Bitrus da Great muhimmanci wanzuwa da Turai. Wannan shi ne saboda da zamantakewa da al'adu da halaye na jihar da kuma qananan rinjayar Rum.
A farko ilmin lissafi aiki a zamanin d Rasha da aka kafa a 1136 a m Kirik. Da ɗan baya bayyana fassara littattafai a kan dabaru da kuma ilmin lissafi cosmography.
Kimiyya a matsayin zamantakewa ma'aikata ya tashi a kasar mu a karkashin Peter I. Sai ya zama a wannan zamanin mulkinsa, a Amirka da kuma a Siberia aika farko balaguro Vasily Tatishchev da Vitus Bering.
1724 aka alama ta bude na St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences. Aiki a wannan ma'aikata gayyaci mutane da yawa sanannun Turai masana kimiyya. Invaluable ga ci gaban Rasha kimiyya sun ayyuka da ayyuka na Academician Mikhail Lomonosov.
1755 yana dauke da kwanan watan kafuwar Moscow University. A tarihin Rasha kimiyya sa'an nan samu wani sabon zagaye na gaba. Da ɗan baya jami'o'i da aka kafa a Dorpat (1802), a Vilna (1803), a Kharkov, kuma Kazan (1804), St. Petersburg (1819). Tuni a cikin marigayi 19th karni. abun da ke ciki wadãtar Kiev, Warsaw, Odessa da Tomsk cibiyoyin wannan irin.
Kimiyya Elite a Rasha su ne:
- lissafi (NI Lobachevsky, M. V. Ostrogradsky et al.).
- Physics (A. S. Popov, AG Stoletov).
- sinadaran (D. I. Mendeleev, AM Butlerov, N. N. Zinin et al.).
- likitoci (S. P. Botkin, NI Pirogov).
- tarihi (NM Karamzin, V. O. Klyuchevsky).
A farkon karni na ashirin da
Wannan lokaci da aka halin da canji na agrarian Rasha a cikin wani iko masana'antu jihar. Wadanda gyãra, wanda gudanar da gwamnati, janyo hankalin zuwa kasar babban birnin kasar. A Rasha, za mu fara vigorously ci gaba daban-daban duniyoyin na masana'antu, kazalika da Railway masana'antu.
Riga Yunƙurin na al'ada ya fara da karshen karni na sha tara, gine, adabi, da dai sauransu A kimiyya a farkon karni na 20th kuma kai wani gagarumin ganiya. A wannan lokacin, akwai wani real juyin juya halin na halitta kimiyya, wanda ya mai da muhimmanci a ci gaban al'umma. Major binciken kimiyya na karni na 20th, sanya a cikin wannan lokaci, sun kai ga bita data kasance ra'ayoyi game da mutum duniya.
Halittar kimiyya da fasaha al'ummu
A binciken kimiyya na karni na 20th a pre-neman sauyi Rasha da aka yi godiya ga aikin da daban-daban da'irori. A karshen ne a kananan al'umma, wanda hada da ba wai kawai masu bincike, dole, amma kuma m yan koyo. Akwai kulake daga gudunmawar da membobinta da kuma masu zaman kansu da gudummawa. Wasu al'ummu, gwamnatin kasaftawa manyan tallafin.
Bugu da kari ga likita da kuma aikin gona, metallurgical da Botanical, Gwargwadon, jiki da kuma sinadaran wanzu m kimiyya da'irori. Wani misali na wannan na iya zama da Society of Astronautics. Its mambobi sun nan gaba da girma masana kimiyya na karni na 20th - Tsiolkovsky, Korolev, da sauransu.
Duk wadannan kungiyoyin sun cibiyoyin bincike da kuma inganta ilmin kimiyya tsakanin yawan jama'a. Duk da haka, babban taimako ga samuwar kasar har yanzu ya kasance da fuska da jami'o'i, na da a da kuma fita daga sama al'umma.
A ci gaba da magani, halittar jini da kuma ilmin halitta
Mene ne nasarorin da Rasha kimiyya a farkon karni na 20th a cikin wannan yanki? Wadannan sun hada da classic aikin na Academician I. P. Pavlova. Rasha masana kimiyya sun yi karatu da Physiology na narkewa kamar tsarin da zuciya da jijiyoyin jini tsarin. Saboda aikinsa a 1904, Pavlov aka bayar da kyautar Nobel. A wannan kyautar a 1908, aka bayar da I. I. Mechnikovu. Ta masanin kimiyya ya samu ga aikinsa a kan cututtuka da kuma immunology. Mechnikov ma karatu da sakamako na mafi girma m aiki a cikin shakka daga physiological tafiyar matakai. Bisa ga sanin masana kimiyya ya kaddamar da ka'idar sharadi reflexes.
Da bude daga cikin karni na 20th a fagen ilmin halitta da ya zama mai iko impetus ga ci gaban da magani. A farkon karni na aka alama ta ci gaba da alluran ciwon hauka, kaza kwalara da Anthrax. Duk wannan shi ne sakamakon bincike bacteriologist Louis Pasteur Institute a Paris. Bisa ga ayyukan da wadannan masana daga kasashen da dama, ciki har da Rasha, ya jagoranci da ci gaban matakan da nufin a rigakafi da rigakafin daban-daban annoba.
Ya ɓullo da wani m Hanyar da sanya msar tambayar karshe zõ da wani iri-iri na hybrids da suke da sabon abu da kuma m Properties ga mutane.
Inganta soja kayan aiki
A ci gaba da wannan yanki da gudummawar da mutunci daga cikin manyan kasashe a duniya da kuma kara fasaha yiwuwa. Tuni a cikin shekara 1911-1915 Rasha injiniyoyi AA Porokhovshchikov, VL Mendeleev da AA Vasiliev halitta na farko na kudirin sulke abin hawa, wanda daga baya aka kira tanki.
Ƙirƙirãwa da kuma binciken da karni na 20th kuma kasance a cikin filin daga jirgin sama. Saboda haka, da farko jiragen yakin dauki bangare a cikin horar da za'ayi a 1911, Warsaw, St. Petersburg da kuma Kiev gundumar. A fama, wannan dabara da aka yi amfani da lokacin da Balkan yaƙe-yaƙe na 1912-1913. A shekara ta 1914, na farko ya kai harin ya soma da Rasha sojojin, wadda aka mai suna "Ilya Muromets".
Bai rabu daga jiragen sama da sojojin ruwa. Ga gasar mallakar sulke tururi-jirãge. Daya daga cikin na farko daga cikinsu shi ne "Petr Veliky".
Da sabuwar dabara inji
Kimiyya da fasaha na karni na 20th a Rasha ne sau da yawa kafa da kansu da aiki karfafa sojojin kasar damar. A wannan filin mun yi gagarumin strides. Saboda haka, a 1916, da makamai zanen Fedorov da aka kirkiro duniya na farko inji. Domin wannan shi ya zama dole don rage ganga bindigogi samfurin a 1913 da kuma aiwatar da ta akwatin mujallar, kazalika da rike for sauki harbi. A sakamakon haka shi da wani wuta kayan aiki da yau shi ne tushen dakaru makaman da wani shugaban sojoji a duniya.
A ci gaba da sunadarai da kimiyyar lissafi
Mutane da yawa binciken kimiyya na karni na 20th a cikin wannan yanki da aka sanya a Yammacin Turai. Godiya a gare su, da bil'adama da tururi injuna suka fara dauka a kan ciki konewa injuna. Duk da haka, sabon hanyoyin da babban albarkatun kasa domin samar da irin wannan sunadaran (mai) an samarwa wato Rasha masana kimiyya.
Zuwan more iko injuna prompted da masu bincike da ra'ayin na halitta na jirgin sama. A farko yunkurin karya a cikin filin na aeronautics aka sanya a cikin karni na 19th. An sa'an nan gani da hasken airships da balloons.
Mene ne nasarorin da Rasha kimiyya a farkon karni na 20th a cikin wannan yanki? A kasar mu muna da aka halitta biyu bayan da hudu-engine jirgin sama ya bugi Sahaban su m size. A kan su halittar aiki injiniyoyi kamar I. Sikorsky kuma V. G. Lutskoy.
Da bude daga cikin karni na 20th a filin jirgin sama na ba ka kawo karshen akwai. A fice Rasha masanin kimiyya B. N. Yurev a 1911 ƙirƙira asali naúrar amfani a cikin taro na zamani jirage masu saukar ungulu. Wannan na'urar yarda da dabara don ƙirƙirar high yi kwanciyar hankali. Wadannan jirage masu saukar ungulu za a iya sarrafa amince da talakawa matukan jirgi. A ci gaba da kimiyya a cikin karni na 20th a fagen saukar ungulu da aka aza daidai Yuriev.
A daidai wannan lokacin, aka haife asalin zamani astronautics. Major binciken na karni na 20th a cikin wannan yanki da aka sanya da malami na Kaluga motsa jiki a nugget KE Tsiolkovsky. A 1903 ya buga m ayyuka, wanda ya tabbatar da yiwuwar sarari jirgin.
Mene ne nasarorin da Rasha kimiyya a farkon karni na 20th a fagen kimiyyar lissafi? Wannan samu dokokin general muhimmi matakai kalaman (electromagnetic, Ft Irfan, da dai sauransu). Suka kafa mashawarta likita P. N. Lebedevym.
A mafi girma binciken a cikin kimiyya na 20th karni da aka sanya V. I. Vernadskim. Wannan masanin kimiyyar zama da aka sani a duniya bayan buga wa encyclopedic ayyuka, wanda sune tushen domin cin gaban sabuwar trends a Radiology, geochemistry da Biochemistry. Vernadsky ta aikin na noosphere da biosphere ne asalin zamani da lafiyar qasa.
Da sabuwar dabara jakarka ta baya laima
A 1910, GE Kotelnikov ziyarci da All-Rasha festival sadaukar da aeronautics. Shi ya zama daya daga cikin shaidun da ban tausayi mutuwa da matukin jirgi L. Matsievich. Kotelnikov ya ba wani zanen, kuma actor. Duk da haka, da mutuwa da matukin jirgi haka gigice da shi cewa a shekara daga baya ya ƙirƙira da laima RK-1, ta sha bamban daga baya kayayyaki.
Dome a matsayin hanyar ceto da baya amfani balloonists. Duk da haka RC-1 ya fi karami. Bugu da kari, da laima ya zama dokoki gaggawa martani naúrar, kullum kasancewa a karkashin hannunsa. Slings Dome da RK-1 da aka sanya a cikin wani katako farko Satchel, wanda daga baya aka maye gurbinsu da aluminum. A kasa na akwatin spring shirya Kotelnikov. A hakkin lokacin parachutist ja da zobe. A wannan lokaci, da spring ya buɗe akwatin cover kuma jefa waje da Dome. A halin yanzu wannan sabuwar dabara ne parachutists a duk faɗin duniya.
Bayyanar da TV
Rasha kimiyya a cikin karni na 20th duniya ya gabatar da ƙiren ƙarya cewa ya zama bude lokaci. A 1907, Farfesa Cibiyar Harkokin Fasaha, located in St. Petersburg, B. L. Rozingom yi a lamban kira aikace-aikace na "Hanyar ga lantarki watsa daga daban-daban images da su liyafar ta wajen wani cathode ray tube."
A cikin kaka na 1910 da masanin kimiyyar sanya jama'a rahoton a taron na Rasha Technical Society, da ya yi magana game da al'amurran da suka shafi tsaye a hanya na talabijin. Rosing tabbacin cewa amfani da irin wannan na'urorin ya kamata a yi amfani electron masaƙa. A mafi ban mamaki shi ne cewa wannan ƙarshe da aka kai a cikin tsawon lokacin da lantarki a matsayin masana'antu da aka har yanzu a cikin jariri. A talabijin ya halicci wani tsarin Rosing samu farko Rasha patent, da kuma bayan - da Jamus, Turanci da kuma American.
Binciken a labarin kasa
Mene ne nasarorin da Rasha kimiyya a farkon karni na 20th a cikin binciken na duniya domin? A wannan lokacin sai ya yi tafiya zuwa Oceania da kuma Arewacin Afrika, Gabas da kuma Asiya ta tsakiya. Kowane daga cikinsu yana alama ta wani duniya bude. Yana da daraja yana cewa Gwargwadon kimiyya a farkon karni na 20th, shi ya dogara ne a kan nasarori samu ta hanyar Rasha bincikensa.
A samuwar da Tarayyar Soviet
Kimiyya a Rasha karkashin Soviet gwamnatin ba duniya da yawa mai girma binciken da kuma nasarori daban-daban a duniyoyin na mutum aiki. Har ma da doguwar listing nuna nasara cewa an yi da masana kimiyya.
A nasarori na Soviet kimiyya sun taka babbar rawa a cikin kasa tattalin arzikin gaba. A wannan yanayin, dangane da su ne ake halittawa da latest a lokacin masana'antu, duka biyu tarakta da kuma jirgin sama, mota da kuma karafa. A sakamakon bincike da sanya shi yiwuwa a ci gaba da samar da roba roba, motor man fetur, da dai sauransu
Nasarori samu ilmin halitta, zai iya saduwa da kalubalen abinci da haske masana'antu, da kuma aikin noma. Bugu da kari, da yawa karatu sun kai ga kiwon lafiya ci gaba da kiwon lafiya da kansu.
A cikin Tarayyar Soviet m bincike shirye-shirye da aka tura. Buɗe sama sabon cibiyoyin bincike. Saboda haka, a cikin 1934, Vavilov kafa Physics Institute, Academy of Sciences, a daidai wannan lokacin da aka kaddamar Cibiyar Organic Chemistry. 1937 - shekara na kafuwar Cibiyar Geophysics. Aikinsa aka ci gaba da physiologist Pavlov da makiyayin Michurin. A sakamakon nazarin da masana kimiyya sun yi yawa binciken a daban-daban tarbiyya. Duk da haka, a cikin shekaru na danniya ilimi yuwuwar na jihar m lalacewar da aka yi.
da postwar lokaci
Tarurrukan Soviet kimiyya ya a 1950, da Academy of Sciences bincike ayyuka jagoranci a cikin wadannan shekaru. Academy of Sciences an mayar, kuma a duk cikin jamhuriyoyin kasar. Wannan sanya shi yiwuwa a dauki patents kuma motsa jiki da iko a kan bayar da kudi kasaftawa ta jiha zuwa wannan fanni.
Tuni a cikin tsakiyar hamsin hamsin, da wani girma sha'awa cikin nazarin sararin samaniya. A wannan yankin, wani girma yawan masana kimiyya. Akwai musamman litattafan da ikon tunani a jami'o'i. Duk da wannan ne yake aikata purposely ga ilimi na matasa masana kimiyya.
1957 ya kawo wani real abin mamaki a cikin duniyar kimiyya. Da shi shi ne shekara na jefa na farko wucin gadi Duniya da tauraron dan adam. Kasar gwada da kwanan nan da suka ji rauni a wani mummunan yakin, ba kawai kõma ta kimiyya m, amma kuma ya zama shugaba a fannin kimiyya. Wannan taron ya bude wani sabon zamanin bil'adama da kuma a lokaci guda shi ne farkon "sarari tseren" tare da Amurka, wanda ba ya so ya rasa ta duniya yiwuwa.
A shekarar 1959, Tarayyar Soviet da tauraron dan adam buga da watã. Wannan sabuwar kyautata Rasha ta girma a duniya al'umma. Tuni a cikin farkon sittin, Tarayyar Soviet ya zama na biyu bayan da Amurka superpower a duniya. Amurka ta kãma kasar mu kawai da su tattalin arziki.
Afrilu 12, 1961, akwai wani m taron, wanda aka a baya aka bayyana a cikin ayyukansu almarar. A wannan rana, mutum na farko a cikin tarihin da aka kaddamar a cikin sararin samaniya da kuma koma duniya.
A cikin shekaru 80 a kasar mu fara da ci gaba da kuma samar da na zamani lantarki kwakwalwa - kwakwalwa. Wannan dabara ya m, kuma ba zauna dukan gini da dakuna. Waɗannan su ne shekarun lokacin da Tarayyar Soviet ciyar a kan kimiyya ikon yinsa, daga cikin sararin albarkatu, shi ne goma ɓangare na jihar kasafin kudin. Wannan ba zai iya ba, babu kasa a duniya.
Daga cikin yawan adadin kimiyya karatu da za'ayi a Rasha, akwai da yawa daga waɗanda suka yi da kuma ci gaba da har yanzu suna da tasiri a kan kimiyya da fasaha ci gaba na duniya al'umma. Muna magana ne game da yawa binciken a fagen sinadaran, nazarin halittu, ta jiki da kuma aikin injiniya kimiyyar. Wadannan sun hada da gano sabon abu na paramagnetic rawa E. K. Zavoyskim. A muhimmanci irin rawa da Rasha masana kimiyya da kuma magance al'amurra da makamashin nukiliya.
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