Mene ne wani sonnet? The waka, a sonnet. A mawallafa na sonnets

A fi so na kasida da kuma shayari magoya sonnet aka sauko daga ayyukan Provencal troubadours, wanda Ya halitta a wadanda mutane lyrics kuma kasance na farko da ya tsara songs a cikin vernacular maimakon a Latin. The sunan Genre ke mayar da Provencal kalma sonet - sonorous, sonorous song.

Mene ne wani sonnet? A tarihin abin da ya faru

Albigensian War (1209-1229) abin da yake rufe kudu na Faransa, ya tilasta da dama troubadours matsawa zuwa Sicily, inda a cikin 1200s a Naples a kotu mawãƙi kuma ya zama majiɓinci na Frederick II, shayari makaranta aka kafa. Its wakilan sun gudummawar da canji na sonnet - Italian ya kira SONETTO - manyan Genre na aikinsa. Sicilian kasida jin dadin da Tuscan yare, wanda shi ne riga a nuna na 13-14 ƙarni kafa tushen da Italian harshe. Mutane da yawa daga cikin 'yan baiwa na Renaissance rubuta sonnets: Petrarch, Dante, Boccaccio, Per De Ronsard, Lope de Vega, Shakespeare ... kuma kowane daga cikinsu ya zo da abun ciki na waqoqi ne wani sabon abu.

Features siffofi

Classic sonnet kunshi goma sha huɗu ayoyi. A wannan zamanin da Italiyanci da kuma Faransa Renaissance mawãƙi waka da aka rubuta a cikin nau'i na biyu quatrains (quatrains) da kuma biyu Terzigno (triplets), da kuma a lokacin da Ingilishi - uku quatrains da daya couplet.

Waka-Sonnet wuce yarda musically, shi ne don haka da sauki a rubuta music for shi. Wasu kari da aka cimma godiya ga cikin sãɓãwar namiji da tamata Daddy, a lokacin da danniya da dama a kan karshen, saboda haka, a kan penultimate syllable. Da masu bincike gano cewa, da na gargajiya sonnet ƙunshi 154 syllable, amma wannan hadisi bai complied tare da duk kasida. Italiya, Faransa da kuma Ingila - shimfiɗar jariri, da uku daga cikin poetic form. A mawallafa na sonnets - zo daga kowace kasa - sun sanya wasu canje-canje a cikin tsari da kuma abun da ke ciki.

kambi na sonnets

Wannan musamman nau'i na waka samo asali a Italiya a cikin 13th karni. A ta 15 sonnets, da kuma karshen shi ne babban taken da ra'ayin da wasu goma sha huɗu. Saboda wannan dalili, mun fara aikin a karshen. A cikin goma sha biyar sonnet muhimmanci ne na farko da biyu stanzas, da kuma bisa ga al'ada, na farko sonnet dole ne dole a fara da farko line da kuma kawo karshen tare da na karshe na biyu. Babu kasa ban sha'awa ne da wasu sassa na wreath-waka. A wasu goma sha uku sonnets karshe line na baya dole na zama na farko line na gaba.

Na Rasha kasida a cikin tarihi na duniya adabi zuwa tuna sunayen Vyacheslava Ivanova da kuma Valery Bryusov. Su daidai san abin da a sonnet, don haka nuna sha'awa a cikin kambi na sonnets. A Rasha, wannan nau'i na rubuce-rubuce ta samo asali a cikin 18th karni. Genius Valeriy Bryusov ya master wannan salo, kuma ku yi ɗã'a ga kafa tushe. Ya karshe waka daga wreath na sonnets ( "Kaddara jerin") ta fara da Lines:

"Goma sha huɗu gaya mani ya zama dole

Sunayen fi so tunanin da rai! "

, Kana bukatar ka ciyar kadan bincike da Genre na abun da ke ciki ya fi m. By hadisin, da karshe stanza na farko sonnet fara da ƙare - na biyu. uku sonnet fara karshe line na baya daya, a cikin wannan harka - "sunayen fi so tunanin da rai!" Yana za a iya bayar da hujjar cewa Valeriy Bryusov kai kamala a cikin wannan salo. Don kwanan wata, 150 wallafe-wallafen kidaya wreaths sonnets Rasha kasida, kuma akwai kimanin 600 a duniya wakoki.

Francesco Petrarca (1304-1374). A Italian Renaissance

Sun kira shi mutum na farko daga cikin Renaissance da kuma kafa gargajiya philology. Franchesko Petrarka aka ilimi da lauya, ya zama firist, amma bai yi rayuwa bisa ga ka'ida na theocentrism. Petrarch tafiya ko'ina Turai, a cikin sabis na Cardinal ya fara wallafe-wallafen aiki a kauyen Vaucluse a kudancin Faransa. All ransa ya fassara da rubutun d¯a da kuma fĩfĩta tsoho litattafansu - Virgil da Cicero. Da yawa daga cikin waqoqi, ciki har da sonnets, Petrarch sanya a cikin wani tarin "Canzoniere", wanda ma'anarsa shine "Littafin Songs". A 1341 domin ya wallafa nasarori lashe tare da wani Laurel wreath.

art Features

A babban alama Petrarch - to son da za a kaunace, amma cewa soyayya kamata ba za a iyakance ga mata amma kuma ga abokai, iyali, yanayi. Wannan ra'ayin da aka ta nuna a cikin aikinsa. Littafinsa "Kantsonere" yana nufin lissafci Laura de Sabon, a jarumi 'yar. Tarin aka rubuta kusan dukan rai da ya biyu bugu. Sonnets farko littafin da ake kira "Domin cikin rãyuwar Laura," na biyu - "A mutuwar Laura." A cikin duka, da tarin - 366 ayoyi. The 317 sonnets na Petrarch lura boko muhimmancin ji. A cikin "Canzoniere" marubucin ganin aiki wakoki a Chanting da kyau da kuma m Madonna. Ya idealizes Laura, amma shi ba ya rasa ta real halaye. A lyrical gwarzo ne fuskantar dukan wahalar da unrequited soyayya da kuma sha, cewa ya yi karya mai tsarki alwashi. Mafi shahara sonnet marubucin - 61, a cikin abin da ya kasance yardajje a kowane minti ciyar ɗin da ya ƙaunataccen:

"Yabo ya tabbata ga rana, da wata, rani, hour
Kuma, lokacin da idanuna hadu da waɗanda idanu! "

Tarin Petrarch - a poetic ikirari, a cikin abin da ya nuna ciki 'yanci da kuma ruhaniya' yancin kai. Ya ke faruwa ta hanyar ba, amma ba ya yi nadama da soyayya. Ya sũranta su gaskata kuma ka yi tasbĩhi a duniya so, saboda ba tare da soyayya, bil'adama ba zai iya tsira. Verse, sonnet nuna wannan ra'ayi, kuma shi ya ci gaba da tallafawa kasida daga baya sau.

Dzhovanni Bokkachcho (1313-1375). A Italian Renaissance

Babban Renaissance marubuci (mafi kyau a san shi da aiki "The Decameron") an shege yaro, don haka da farko dai an ƙina, amma iyawa rinjaye, da kuma matasa mawãƙi aka gane. Mutuwar Petrarch Boccaccio haka koma cewa ya rubuta wani sonnet a masa mutunci, wanda bayyanar da ra'ayin impermanence na duniya rai.

"By Sennuchcho zuwa Chino shiga,

Kuma Dante ku, kuma kafin ka

Sa'an nan a ɓoye yake daga gare mu gabatar da kanta fili. "

Dzhovanni Bokkachcho sadaukar sonnets Dante Aligeri da sauran 'yan baiwa, da kuma mafi muhimmanci - mata. Masõyansa ya kira daya sunan - Fiametta, amma da soyayya ba kamar yadda daukaka matsayin Petrarch, kuma mafi saukar zuwa duniya. Ya dan kadan ya musanya masa a sonnet Genre da murna da kyakkyawa da fuska, gashi, cheeks, lebe, ya rubuta cewa game da janye zuwa kyakkyawa da bayyana physiological bukatun. Dodger da aka fi so na mata tsammani mai kauri rabo: taka rawar gani ba a cikin hali da kyau halittun da sha wahala cin amana, Boccaccio a 1362 dauki tsarki umarni.

Per De Ronsard (1524-1585). Faransa Renaissance

Haifa a cikin wani iyali na arziki da kuma daraja iyaye, Per De Ronsard da kowane zarafi ga mai kyau ilimi. A 1542, ya ba hanzari sabon Faransa shayari poetic mita da kuma Daddy, wanda ya sa aka wajaba a kira da "Sarkin kasida." Alas, domin nasarar da ya mugun biya da kuma batar da ya ji, amma bai bar cikin muguwar sha'awa mai kai-kyautata. Advanced tsoho mawãƙi ya yi tunani Horace da Virgil. Per De Ronsard aka shiryar da aikin magabata: ya san abin da a sonnet, kuma ya bayyana kyakkyawa da mata, da soyayya a gare su. A mawãƙi ya uku muses: Cassandra Marie kuma Elena. A daya daga cikin sonnets, ya furta soyayya da wani duhu-masu gashi kuma ruwan kasa-sa ido na farko, da kuma tabbatar mata cewa babu redheads ko svetlookie taba sa shi haske ji:

"Ina da launin ruwan kasa idanu da rai tare da wuta ƙũna,
Ina da m idanu da kuma ganin ba na so ... "

Fassarori sonnets yi da wannan marubucin Rasha marubuta karni na ashirin da - Vilgelm Levik da Vladimir Nabokov.

Uilyam Shekspir (1564-1616). Turanci Renaissance

Bayan da m comedies da bala'in da aka jera a cikin taskar duniya adabi, Shakespeare ya rubuta 154 sonnets, na musamman sha'awa ga zamani da wallafe-wallafen sukar. Rubuce-rubucen da aka gaya cewa, "wannan key, ya bude ya zuciya." A wasu sonnets marubuci shared ya m abubuwan, yayin da wasu da aka kange, ban mamaki. Shakespeare kishin chetyrnadtsatistrofnye waka wa aboki da kuma Swarthy Lady. Kowane sonnet ne peculiar number, don haka shi ne mai sauki gano gradation marubucin ji: idan a farkon ayyukan lyrical gwarzo bata sha'awa kyakkyawa, bayan 17 sonnets zo lãbãru ga juna. A cikin kasidu a karkashin lamba 27-28, da ji - ba farin ciki amma da wani kamu da wani ra'ayi.

Shakespeare sonnets aka rubuta ba kawai a cikin soyayya jigogi: wani lokacin marubucin abubuwa a matsayin Falsafa, yin mafarki game da rashin mutuwa, kuma Allah wadai da mũnãnan ayyuka. Duk da haka, mace ga shi - a can ne mai cikakken, kuma yana da hadari a ce kyakkyawa aka qaddara domin ya ceci duniya. A cikin shahararrun sonnet 130 Shakespeare bata sha'awa da kyau na duniya da ya ƙaunataccen: ta idanu ba kwatanta da taurari, da kama ne da nisa daga m inuwa fure, amma ya ce a karshe couplet:

"Kuma duk da haka ta ba da haka da wuya,

Wanda a kwatanta Lush arya game da. "

Italian, Faransa da kuma Turanci sonnets: kamance da kuma bambance-bambance

Renaissance ya bawa bil'adama da yawa Masterpieces na wallafe-wallafe. Bayan fara a Italiya a cikin goma sha uku karni, kadan daga baya epoch ya koma Faransa, da kuma ƙarni biyu daga baya - a Ingila. Kowane marubuci, kasancewa a 'yan qasar na kasar, ya kawo a cikin wani nau'i na sonnet wasu canje-canje, amma ya ci gaba da zama mafi dacewa batutuwa - Chanting mata kyakkyawa da soyayya da ita.

The classic Italian sonnet quatrains rubuta a kan biyu Daddy, Terzetto kuma yarda ka rubuta kamar yadda biyu ko uku, da sãɓãwar namiji da mace Daddy ya tilas ba ne. A wasu kalmomin, da girmamawa a cikin stanza iya fada kamar yadda na karshe, kuma a kan penultimate syllable.

A Faransa, wani ban aka kafa wa maimaitawa kalmomi da kuma amfani da imprecise Daddy. Quatrains daga tercets tsananin rabu da juna syntactically. Poets na Renaissance a Faransa rubuta sonnets desyatislozhnikom.

bidi'a da aka gabatar a Ingila. Poets san abin da a sonnet, amma maimakon ya saba form, kunsha na biyu quatrains da biyu TERCET da uku quatrains da daya couplet. Kammala ayar tana dauke da wani key, kuma ta haifa da ma'ana aphoristic Maxim. Tebur nuna da bisa al'ada versions na Daddy a cikin kasashe daban-daban.

sonnet yau

Chetyrnadtsatistrofnaya asali ayar form ya samu nasarar samo asali da kuma aiki na zamani da marubuta. A cikin karni na ashirin, ya fi na kowa ne Faransa model. Bayan Samuil Yakovlevich Marshak brilliantly fassara Shakespeare sonnets, da mawallafa da sha'awar a cikin harshen Turanci form. A karshen ne a bukatar ko da a yanzu. Duk da cewa duk sonnets aka fassara mashawarta yan baiwa na adabi, sha'awa a cikin wannan salo da ya rage dacewa da wannan rana: a shekarar 2009, Alexander Sharakshane wallafa wani tarin tare da fassarorin na Shakespeare sonnets.