Menene zane-zane? Menene binciken ilmin kimiyya?

Organic duniya na yau da dukan da bambancin biomass za a iya raba biyar mulkokin halitta :

• Dabbobi;
• Tsire-tsire;
• Namomin kaza;
• Kwayoyin cuta;
• Kwayoyin cuta.

Kowane ɗayansu ana binciken su ta hanyar dukkanin ilimin kimiyya. Za mu bincika irin ilimin kimiyyar da ake ciki a nazarin wakilan mulkin dabba, yadda aka kira wadannan tarbiyya, daga inda aka fito da kuma abin da aka samu a yau.

Kimiyya na zane

Sanarwar kimiyyar da aka sadaukar da shi ga nazarin bambancin da kuma rayuwar rayuwar dabbobi shine ilimin zane-zane. Wannan tushe ne da ke riƙe da ilimin 'yan uwanmu.

Menene zane-zane? Wata magana ba zata iya amsawa ba. Bayan haka, wannan ba kawai kimiyyar bushe ne akan ka'idar ba, yana da dukkanin bangarori na sassan da ilimin kimiyya wanda ke tattara kayan aiki game da duk abin da ya shafi duniya.

Saboda haka, amsar wannan tambayar zai iya zama wani abu kamar wannan: ilimin kimiyya shine kimiyyar wannan ɓangaren halittu na duniya wanda ke da alaka da dabbobi. Sabili da haka, abu na nazarin ilimin dabbobi shine duk dabbobi - daga mafi sauki ga marasa lafiyar mahaifa. Ma'anar wannan kimiyya shine nazarin tsarin waje da na ciki, tsarin tafiyar da ilmin lissafi, da yadawa a yanayi, hanyar rayuwa da kuma halayyar, hulɗar tsakanin juna da sauran yankuna.

Goals da manufofin kimiyya

More cikakken gane abin da ilmin dabbobi, taimaka ta a raga, kuma manufofin matsayin kimiyya. Manufofin sune kamar haka:

• Don nazarin fasali na aiki, tsari, tsarin mahaifa da kuma cigaban tarihi na dukkan wakilan dabbobi;
• Don bincika hanyoyin da za a dace da yanayin muhalli da kuma gano siffofin ilimin halitta;
• Tabbatar da rawar da suke takawa a tsarin tsarin duniya;
• Don bayyana aikin mutum a cikin kariya da kariya ga duniya dabba.

Dangane da manufar, ayyuka na zoology sune:

1. Nazarin tsarin waje da na ciki, da kuma siffofin ilimin lissafi na dukan nau'in dabbobi.
2. Daidaita bukatunsu da mazauninsu.
3. Gina ma'anar da kuma rawar da ƙungiyoyi daban-daban suka yi a cikin yanayin da tattalin arziki na mutum.
4. Analysis na taxonomy na dabba duniya, don gane da mafi m kungiyoyin, tabbatar da kare lafiya da kariya.

Bayan an dauki burin, manufofin, abubuwa da kuma abubuwan da suka shafi zoology, za a iya tabbatar da cewa ilimin halittu yana nazarin halittu a duniya a dukkanin bayyanarsa.

Ƙayyade na sassan zoological

Fiye da nau'i nau'i biyu na dabbobi an san. Kowane yana da nasarorinta na musamman, kuma a lokacin da suke hulɗa da juna, suna wakiltar wani tsari na musamman. Nazarin wannan tsarin yana buƙatar lokaci mai yawa da ƙoƙari. Wannan aiki ne na yawan mutane. Sabili da haka, dukkanin kimiyya wani ɓangare na musamman na ilimin zane-zane.

Sakamakonsu ya danganta ne bisa ka'idoji guda biyu: abu na nazarin da ayyuka na kimiyya. Ka yi la'akari da duka biyu.

Ƙayyadewa ta abubuwa don binciken

1. Mammology (halayyar) shine kimiyyar dabbobin dabbobi.
2. Herpetology - game da dabbobi masu rarrafe da amphibians.
3. Ilimin kimiyya game da kifaye.
4. Ornithology - game da tsuntsaye (tsuntsaye).
5. Entomology - game da kwari.
6. Acarology game game da ticks.
7. Ilimin kimiyya game da arachnids ne.
8. Malacology - game da teku da teku molluscs.
9. Carcinology - game da crustaceans.
10. Ilimin kimiyya - game da unicellular (protozoans).
11. Helminthology - game da tsutsotsi parasitic.

Ƙididdigar sassan zoological ta ayyuka

Har ila yau, akwai jinsin wuraren zoological don ayyuka na kimiyya. Ya ƙunshi waɗannan Kategorien:

• Systematics - wani ɓangare da ke hulɗar da ƙayyadewa da ma'anar wani wuri a tsarin tsarin duniya don kowane wakilin dabbobi;
• Zoogeography - kimiyya da ke nazarin rarraba su da rarraba a fadin duniya;
• Kwayoyin halittar jiki - kimiyya da ke nazarin halaye na tsarin waje da na gida;
• Phylogenetics - nazarin tushen asali da kuma cigaban tarihi na mulkin dabba;
• Genetics - bincika dabi'u na ladabi da kuma canji a dukan tsararraki;
• Histology - nazarin salon salon salula;
• Ilimin burbushin halittu - kimiyyar burbushin halittu ya kasance kuma dabbaccen dabba na kowane lokaci na rayuwar duniya;
• Cytology - kimiyyar tantanin halitta da tsari;
• Ethology - nazarin siffofin tsarin halayyar dabbobi a cikin yanayi daban-daban;
• Embryology - hulɗa tare da amfrayo da kuma kafa kamance da bambance-bambance a tsakanin dukkan wakilan duniya na dabba bisa tsarin bincike na embryonic, da siffofin uwagenesis;
• Ilimin ilimin halitta - nazarin hulɗar dabbobi a tsakanin su, da kuma daidaitawa ga yanayin da ke kewaye da duniya da kuma hulɗa da mutum;
• Kayan aikin jiki - fasali na dukkanin matakan rayuwa;
• Anatomy - nazarin tsarin gida na dabbobi.

Zoology of vertebrates

Menene zane-zanen halittu? Wannan wani ɓangare ne da ke hulɗar da nazarin dukan wakilan duniya na dabba, yana da tashe-tashen hankula (a lokacin rayuwar da aka canza ta zama shafi na vertebral tare da kashin baya).

Da manufofin wannan ɓangare na horo dalibai matsahi na saba da na waje da kuma na ciki siffofin dukkan azuzuwan na vertabrate da hali da kuma salon, rarraba da kuma rawar da yanayi da mutum rayuwa.

Babban fassarar siffofin labaran, wanda ke da alaƙa da wannan rukuni, sune wadannan:

1. Sai kawai suna da tasiri - mai gabatarwa na kashin baya. A wasu nau'o'in, yana rayuwa ne, amma yawanci suna tasowa cikin kashin baya.
2. Kwayar juyayin irin wadannan dabbobi ana rarrabewa a hankali akan kwakwalwa da ƙwararre (ba tare da bambance-bambance ba, wanda har yanzu yana zama a cikin nau'i mai juyayi a kan tashar).
3. Tsarin kwayoyin halitta a wakilan daban-daban na waje ya buɗe waje tare da bakin buɗewa a gefen jiki, ƙarshen tube mai narkewa yana canzawa a cikin mazaunan ruwa a cikin gilashi. A ƙasa, ƙwayoyin huhu suna.
4. Dukan wakilan suna da zuciya - tsakiyar cibiyar tsabtace jiki.

Wadannan dabbobi ne ainihin wadanda suke da alaka da rarraba ilimin zane-zane game da ƙwayoyin vertebrates.

Zoology na dabbobi maras kyau

Menene ilimin ilimin binciken dabbobi ya yi? Yana nuna tsarin, salon rayuwa da ma'ana a cikin yanayin dukan dabbobin da ba su da siffofi na sama. Irin waɗannan dabbobi sun hada da wakilan nau'o'i masu zuwa:

• Sponges;
• Coelenterates;
• Ringi, zagaye da tsutsotsi tsutsotsi;
• Mollusks;
• Echinoderms;
• Arthropods (arachnids, kwari, crustaceans).

Invertebrates sun hada mafi yawan dabbobi da aka sani. Bugu da ƙari, suna taka muhimmiyar rawa a aikin tattalin arziki na ɗan adam.

Har ila yau, yawancin wakilan invertebrates sune kwari da ke haifar da matsananciyar wahala (tsutsotsi, mai ci da amfanin gona da sauransu).

Wannan shine dalilin da ya sa nazarin ilimin invertebrates yana da muhimmancin gaske kuma yana da sha'awar kimiyya mai girma.

Zoology of Protozoa

Mafi sauƙi sun hada da dukan dabbobin da suka hada da dabbobi. Wato:

• Sarcomastigophores (amoebas, haskoki, foraminifera, sunspots);
• Flagellates (wolvox, euglena, trypanosome, opaline);
• Infusoria (ciliated da sucking infusoria);
• Sporoviki (gregarins, coccidia, toxoplasm, malarial plasmodium).

Wasu amoebas, infusorians da duk kayayyaki suna da cututtuka na cututtuka masu tsanani a cikin mutane da dabbobi. Saboda haka, nazarin cikakken nazarin rayuwarsu, hanyoyi na gina jiki da kuma haifuwa yana da muhimmin bangare na binciken hanyoyin da za a magance su. Wannan shine dalilin da yasa ilimin kimiyya na masana'antu bai zama wani bangare na kimiyya mai mahimmanci fiye da sauran ba.

Binciken bita akan cigaban kimiyya

Wannan kimiyya mai ban sha'awa ne sosai. Zoology fascinated da yaudarar mutane da yawa a kowane lokaci. Kuma wannan, ba shakka, yana barata. Bayan haka, kallon 'yan' yan uwanmu na da kyau sosai.

Babban matakin da ci gaba da ilimin halittu ya faru ba su da bambanci da wadanda ke cikin ilimin kimiyya. Waɗannan su ne manyan lokuta hudu:

1. Tsohon lokaci. Tsohon Girka - Aristotle, Tsohon Roma - Pliny dattawa.
2. Tsakiyar zamanai shine lokacin stagnation. Duk ilimin kimiyya ya kasance ƙarƙashin rinjayar coci, binciken da ya shafi dukan abubuwa masu rai ya hana shi.
3. Renaissance shi ne mafi yawan aiki a cikin ci gaba da ilmin halitta. An tattara yawan bayanai game da rayuwar dabbobi, an tsara dokoki na asali, haraji da haraji da aka gabatar, da sunan binary nomen dabbobi da tsire-tsire. Cikin shahararrun sunayen a wannan lokaci su ne: Charles Darwin, Zhan Batist Lamark, Karl Linney, Zhorzh Kyuve, Dzhon Rey, Saint-Hilaire, Antoni Van Levenguk.
4. Sabuwar lokacin yana nufin XIX-XX karni. Wannan lokaci na ci gaba na ilimi game da kwayoyin da kwayoyin tsarin da dabbobi, da bude da biogenetic dokokin da sunadaran da amfrayo da physiological ci gaba da dabbobi da duk iri. Sunan mafi girma sune Sechenov, Haeckel da Müller, Mechnikov, Kovalevsky.

Zoology zamani

Shekaru na XXI shine lokacin fasaha na dijital da kuma nasara na fasaha mai girma. Wannan yana ba da komai mai yawa ga duk ilimin kimiyya wanda ke nazarin dabbobin daji, amma a lokaci guda yana da sababbin ayyuka a gare su.

Menene tsarin ilimin zamani na zamani na ci gaba? Wannan kimiyya ce wadda ke shirin shirya tambayoyin:

• Menene dabba dabba?
• Ta wane dokoki ne yake rayuwa kuma wane fasali yake da shi?
• Ta yaya mutum zai iya ba tare da wani lahani ga muhalli don amfani da dabba bambancin na duniya domin nasu dalilai?
• Shin yana yiwuwa a gwada jinsin dabbobin da bacewa (tsautsayewa) na halitta?

Bincike na amsoshi zai dauki masana kimiyya na dogon lokaci, duk da irin wannan fasaha mai kyau.

Muhimmancin ilimin zane-zane yana da wuyar samun karimci. Tuni fiye da sau daya an ambaci shi a sama game da irin babban rawar da yake takawa a rayuwar mutane, aikin kiwon lafiya da tattalin arziki. An yi nazarin shekaru da yawa kuma za a koyaushe a koyaushe, saboda har yanzu akwai matsala mai yawa na maganganun dabbobi.