Menene lysosomes: tsarin, abun da ke ciki da kuma ayyukan lysosomes

Ta yaya kwayar halitta "digest" zata shiga cikin cytoplasm? Za'a iya samun amsar ta hanyar la'akari da abin da lysosome yake. Mene ne tsari? Saboda wane kaya ne wadannan kwayoyin suna iya yin aikin su?

Lysosomes. Fasali na tsari da aiki

Lysosome - wannan organoid Kwayoyin ne game da 0.2 microns a size, kewaye da wata matattarar da kuma dauke da hydrolytic enzymes. Babban aiki na irin waɗannan kwayoyin cutar shine maganin abubuwa masu shiga cikin tantanin halitta ta hanyar endocytosis, ko kwayoyin su, wanda babu wani bukata.

Menene lysosome dangane da tsari?

Ana rarrabawa, ko raguwa da abubuwa, tare da taimakon hydrolases - enzymes masu aiki a cikin yanayin da ake ciki. Domin kula da ƙananan pH, irin nau'in ATPases (V-type) ana gina su a cikin membrane lysosome. Specific tsarin da hadaddun damar zuwa tsotso da wani taro dan tudu na hydrogen protons, game da shi kara adadin su a ciki yanayi da wasu gabbansa.

Hydrolases kawai zasu iya aiki a cikin yanayin yanayi. Yana taka muhimmiyar rawa m, t. Don. A cikin cytoplasm na cell matsakaici ne kusan tsaka tsaki. Idan membrane na lysosome ya lalace a wata hanya, kuma enzymes sun shiga cytosol, zasu rasa ikon iya karya abubuwa da organelles.

Rubutun da ke cikin lysosome yana kunshe da lambobi da yankunan micellar. Ramin tsakanin phospholipid yadudduka sun cika da ruwa. A duk faɗin membrane an watsar da pores da yawa, wadanda kuma suna cike da ruwa kuma kwayoyin polar zasu iya rufe su. Irin wannan hadadden yankunan membrane da kuma tsarin pore ya sa ya yiwu ya shiga cikin kwayoyin halitta duka biyu na hydrophobic da hydrophilic.

Ta yaya aka kafa lysosomes?

Wadannan sunadarai wajibi ne don gina lysosome da farko sun hada su a cikin ESR. Sa'an nan kuma dole ne a "alama" su ta hanyar haɗuwa da mannose. Wannan ragowar mannose alama ce ta musamman ga kayan Golgi: sunadarai sunyi hankali a wuri daya, bayan haka an tara kumfa tare da lyzy enzymes daga gare su. Wannan shine abin da lysosomes ke cikin ilmin halitta.

Bayanin ciki na lysosomes

Menene lysosomes kuma menene abun da ke ciki na yanayin ciki na wadannan kwayoyin?

Tu lysosomes goyon acidic yanayi, PH daga wanda ya kai 4.5-5. A karkashin irin waɗannan yanayi, enzymes zasu iya cika aikin haɗuwa. Hydrolases sunaye ne na kowa don dukan nau'in enzymes. A cikin duka, lysosome yana dauke da nau'in kwayoyin halitta 40 masu aiki da suka hada da kayan haɓakar kansu, ainihin maganganun.

Wadannan enzymes zasu iya samuwa a cikin abinda ke ciki na lysosome:

• Acid phosphatase - shafe abubuwa dauke da phosphate kungiyoyi;
• nuclease - halaka nucleic acid .
• Tsaro - kulle sunadarai;
• Collagenase - lalata kwayoyin collagen;
• Lipase - cleaves esters .
• Glycosidase - hanzarta karfin maganin carbohydrate;
• Asparaginase - janye aspartic acid;
• Glutaminase - rushe acid glutamic.

A cikin duka, lysosomes dauke da nau'in hydrolases guda 40. Sabili da haka, ana iya amsa tambayoyin abin da ke da ilimin ilimin lissafi, a cikin ilmin halitta: ɗakin ajiyar enzymes.

Nau'in lysosomes

Akwai nau'i 4 na lysosomes: firamare da sakandare na lysosomes, autophagosomes da ƙananan haɗuwa.

Samun lysosomes shine tsari mai mahimmanci wanda ke tare da aiki na wasu kwayoyin sigina a kan surface na EPR da AG. Lisosome na farko shine karami ne wanda aka raba daga membrane ta Golgi.

Hakan farko na lysosome ya ƙunshi dukkanin ƙwayoyin enzymes da suka cancanta don janyewar macromolecules.

Lysosome na biyu shine tsarin da yake girma a girma. An kafa shi ta hanyar haɗuwa da jigilar kayan aiki ta farko tare da abubuwa da aka kama da endocytosis, ko tare da samfurori na cell metabolism wanda dole ne a shirya.

Halin da ake samu na autophagosomes an hade shi da tsari irin su autophagy - sha da kuma "narkewa" daga cikin kwayoyin da aka kashe.

Yawan lokaci na mitochondria shine kwanaki 10. Da zarar organelle ba zai iya aiwatar da ayyukansa ba, dole ne a shirya shi. A karshen wannan, yawancin lysosomes na farko sun kewaye mitochondria kuma an haɗa su. A sakamakon haka, an kafa wani babban abu mai tsalle-tsalle, a cikin ciki wanda aka fara janyewa a cikin mahaukaci.

Menene jikin jiki na lysosomes? Wannan shine ƙarshen aikin aiki na kowane lysosome, lokacin da enzymes sunyi aikinsu, kuma a cikin kwayar halitta akwai abubuwa da basu iya kara karawa. An yi watsi da sharan gona ba tare da kariya ba.

Cututtuka hade da lalata aikin lysosomal

Abun enzymes ba kullum yin aiki daidai ba. Lysosomes sunyi aiki ne kawai kawai yayin da hydrolases basu da damuwa a tsarin. Saboda haka, cututtuka masu yawa da ke hade da lysosomes suna dogara akan aikin rashin lafiya na enzymes.

Irin wannan karkatacciyar suna da ake kira tara jari. Wannan yana nufin cewa idan wani ƙunci ya ɓace, maɓallin asalinsa ba shi da kyau a cikin lysosome, wanda shine dalilin da ya sa yake tarawa kuma yana haifar da sakamako mara kyau.

Sphingolipidosis, Ciwo Tay-Sachs, cutar Sendhoff, Niemann-Pick cuta, leukodystrophy - duk waɗannan cututtuka suna hade da aiki mara kyau na enzymes na lysosomes ko kuma cikakkiyar rashin su. Yawancin cututtuka suna da kwari.