Metallurgy - shi ... Branches metallurgy Enterprises da kuma su jeri

A tarihin 'yan adam na da fiye da shekara dubu. Cikin dukanin tsawon zama na mu na tseren alama wani kwari fasaha ci gaba, da muhimmiyar rawar da aka buga ta da ikon da mutum lamba tare da karfe, don ƙirƙirar da kuma nuna shi. Saboda haka ma'ana cewa karfe masana'antu - shi ne da wani abu ba tare da wanda ba shi yiwuwa su yi tunanin rayuwarmu, al'ada yi na aikin aikinsu da kuma yafi.

definition

Da farko wajibi ne a magance hanya a kimiyance, daga wani fasaha ra'ayi, aka kira na zamani fanni na samar.

Kamar wancan ne, karfe - shi ne wani reshe na kimiyya da fasaha, wanda ya hada da aiwatar da samun daban-daban karafa daga tama ko wasu kayan, kazalika da dukan matakai da ciwon dangane da canji na da sinadaran abun da ke ciki, Properties da tsarin da gami.

tsarin

Don kwanan wata, metallurgy - shi ne mai iko masana'antu. Bugu da kari, shi ne - a m ra'ayi cewa ya hada da:

• Direct samar da karafa.
• Processing daga karfe kayayyakin a duka zafi da sanyi.
• Welding.
• A aikace-aikace daban-daban na karfe coatings.
• Branch of kimiyya - Materials. Wannan shugabanci ne a wani msar tambayar nazarin physico-sunadarai matakai mayar da hankali a kan cognition hali na karafa, gami da kuma intermetallic mahadi.

jinsunan

A duniya akwai biyu main rassan masana'antu - ferrous da nonferrous. Wannan gradation ya ɓullo da tarihi.

Ferrous metallurgy ne aiki na baƙin ƙarfe ne da duk gami, a cikin abin da shi ne ba. Har ila yau, da masana'antu ya shafi hakar daga ƙasa, kuma da m miya na ferrous karafa , karfe, da baƙin ƙarfe foundry, mirgina billets, ferroalloy samar.

Ga wadanda ba ferrous karafa ake aiki tare da wani karfe tama, fãce baƙin ƙarfe. Af, ba-ferrous karafa ne conventionally kasu kashi biyu manyan kungiyoyin:

- Tã (nickel, da kuza, da gubar, jan).

- Hur (titanium, magnesium, aluminum).

kimiyya Solutions

Babu shakka cewa karfe masana'antu - shi ne wani aiki da yake bukatar bidi'a. A wannan batun, kasashen da dama na duniya suna tsunduma a gudanar da bincike aikin, da nufin abin da yake a nazarin da m aikace-aikace da dama kwayoyin, wanda zai taimaka wajen warware, misali, a kona tambaya, kamar yadda ruwa mai guba da magani, suna da wani zama dole bangaren na karfe samar. Bugu da kari, tuni gaskiya tafiyar matakai kamar nazarin halittu hadawan abu da iskar shaka, shaida, adsorption, da sauransu.

Rabuwa da tsari

metallurgy shuke-shuke iya zama siddan rarraba cikin biyu main kungiyoyin:

- pyrometallurgy inda matakai faru a sosai high yanayin zafi (narkewa, roasting).

- hydrometallurgy, wanda ya kunshi extracting karafa daga ores da ruwa ko wasu ruwa-ruwa mafita na amfani da sinadarai.

selection manufa wuri na gina metallurgical shuka

Domin fahimtar bisa abin da binciken da shawara a kan yi na sha'anin musamman, a wata wuri, shi wajibi ne a yi la'akari da babban dalilai ajiye metallurgy.

A musamman, idan tambaya da dangantaka da sāke wuri-ferrous metallurgy factory, akwai zo da fore, sharudda kamar:

• Availability na makamashi da albarkatun. Production dangantaka da aiki na ferrous karfe, na bukatar babban adadin lantarki da makamashi. Saboda haka, wadannan kamfanonin gina kusa yadda ya kamata zuwa ga hydroelectric iko shuke-shuke.
• The bukata adadin raw kayan. Hakika, mafi kusanta ne tama adibas, don haka, saboda haka, mafi alhẽri.
• Environmental factor. Abin baƙin ciki, kasar post-Soviet sarari ba za a iya classified a cikin wani category inda kamfanonin na metallurgy ne tsabtace muhalli mai lafiya.

Saboda haka, da jeri na karfe - wani hadadden batun cewa ya kamata a bai wa mafi hankali, shan la'akari da kowane irin bukatun da kuma nuances.

Don cimma mafi cikakken hoto don bayyana aiki da karafa ne mai muhimmanci don nuna da key yankunan da samar.

Ironworks an hada da wani yawan abin da ake kira darajar-kara. Daga cikin su: tsãwa-makera, steelmaking, mirgina. Bari mu bincika kowane daga cikin wadannan a more daki-daki.

tsãwa Tanderu

A wannan mataki saki ne da za'ayi kai tsaye daga tama. Wannan na faruwa a wani harin bom makera a yanayin zafi sama da 1000 digiri Celsius. Kamar wancan akwai wani alade baƙin ƙarfe. Da kaddarorin zai dogara ne a kan hanya na narkewa tsari. By daidaitawa narkewa tama iya ƙarshe samun daya daga biyu daban na baƙin ƙarfe: alade (nan amfani da samar da karfe) da Fitar (na Cast baƙin ƙarfe billet).

samar da karfe

Hada carbon, da baƙin ƙarfe tare, dole, tare da daban-daban alloying abubuwa, a sakamakon samu karfe. Its hanyoyin da smelting isa yawa. Mun lura musamman oxygen-Converter da lantarki smelting, wanda su ne mafi zamani da kuma sosai m.

Yana halin da narkewa Konverternaya transience da haka ya samar da wani karshe so karfe sinadaran abun da ke ciki. Dalili na aiwatar da hurawa da narkakkar azurfa da oxygen ta cikin tuyere, inda baƙin ƙarfe ne oxidised da kuma canza kama zuwa karfe.

Na baka - mafi inganci. Shi ne da godiya ga yin amfani da wutar lantarki baka Tanderu iya smelt da mafi ingancin gami steels. A cikin irin wannan dumama raka'a ɗora Kwatancen karfe a su ne sosai azumi, yayin da yana yiwuwa su ƙara bukata adadin alloying abubuwa. Bugu da kari, karfe samu ta hanyar wannan hanya yana da wani low abun ciki na ba na ƙarfe ba inclusions, sulfur da phosphorus.

alloying

Wannan tsari ne don canja abun da ke ciki na karfe ta hanyar gabatar da shi a lasafta yawa na karin abubuwa domin kara bada shi takamaiman Properties. Daga cikin da aka fi amfani alloying aka gyara bayyana: manganese, titanium, cobalt, tungsten, aluminum.

hayan

Mutane da yawa masana'antu da kuma karfe Yana da aka hada da mai yi kungiyar nazarinsa. Sun samar da duka biyu Semi-ƙãre, kuma ƙãre kayayyakin ne riga cikakken. Jigon da tsari ne auku da karfe a cikin Nip tsakanin counter-juyawa Rolls na mirgina niƙa. Bugu da ƙari, cikin key batu ne cewa da nisa tsakanin rollers ya zama kasa da kauri daga cikin workpiece tsalle. A wannan hanya da karfe aka kõma a cikin lumen, an koma kuma ƙarshe deform zuwa qaddara sigogi.

Bayan kowane wuce da rata tsakanin Rolls aka sanya karami. An muhimmanci - sau da yawa ƙarfe ne ductile isasshen sanyi. Kuma haka domin lura da pre-mai tsanani ga bukata da zazzabi.

Amfani da sake yin fa'ida kayan

A halin yanzu kasuwar yanayi, mabukaci juyin biyu ferrous da kuma wadanda ba ferrous karafa da aka steadily tasowa. Wannan shi ne sun fi mayar saboda gaskiyar cewa tama albarkatu, da rashin alheri, ba su iya sabunta. Kowace shekara, su samar da muhimmanci rage ajiyar ketare. Ganin cewa a cikin bukatar da karfe a cikin aikin injiniya, yi, jirgin sama, Shipbuilding da sauran sassa na tattalin arzikin da aka girma steadily, ga alama m wajen samar da aiki bayani ya cika ta da sabis na rayuwa daga sassa da kuma kayayyakin.

Yana da hadari a ce ci gaban da karfe masana'antu wasu har bayyana ta da kyau ƙarfafa muhimmancin kashi na masana'antu - da yin amfani da sake yin fa'ida kayan. A daidai wannan lokaci tsunduma a cikin aiki da ya da karfe da kuma manyan da kananan kamfanoni.

Global yayi na ci gaba metallurgy

A cikin 'yan shekarun nan da aka samu a sarari karuwa a cikin juz'i na karfe saki, karfe da kuma jefa baƙin ƙarfe. Wannan ne sun fi mayar da bayyana ta fadada daga cikin halin yanzu, kasar Sin, wanda ya zama daya daga cikin manyan 'yan wasa a cikin kasuwar planetary metallurgical samar.

A daban-daban karafa dalilai yarda China lashe kanka kusan 60% na duniya kasuwar. Sauran saman goma babbar kera su ne kamar haka: Japan (8%), India da kuma Amurka (6%), Rasha da kuma Koriya ta Kudu (5%), Germany (3%), Turkey, Taiwan, Brazil (2%).

Idan muka yi la'akari da dabam- dabam, a 2015, sa'an nan akwai wani hali rage aiki daga karfe kayayyakin masana'antun. Haka kuma, babbar ƙi rubuce a cikin Ukraine, inda sakamakon da aka rubuta, wanda shi ne 29.8% m, fiye da bara.

New fasahar a metallurgy

Kamar kowane sauran masana'antu, da karfe masana'antu ne mai wuya ba tare da ci gaba da kuma aiwatar da sababbin abubuwa a yi.

Saboda haka, ma'aikatan na Nizhny Novgorod State University sun ci gaba da kuma fara aiwatar da a yi sabon nanostructured lalacewa-resistant carbides, wadda ake bisa tungsten carbide. Babban shugabanci na aikace-aikace na bidi'a - samar da na zamani da karfe-aiki dasu.

Bugu da kari, Rasha da aka sabunta hanyoyin grate drum da musamman ball bututun ƙarfe don ƙirƙirar sabuwar fasahar sarrafa ruwa slag. Wannan taron da aka yi a kan tushen da jihar domin na ma'aikatar ilimi da kuma Science. Irin wannan mataki ya wajaba cikakken kanta, tun da shi results a sakamakon wuce duk tsammanin.

The most Enterprises daga metallurgy a duniya

International ratings da'awar cewa manyan karfe masana'antun a duniya su ne:

• Arcelor Mittal - kamfanin da hedkwata a Luxembourg. Its rabo ne 10% na jimlar duniya karfe samar. A Rasha kamfanin rike da mahakar Berezovskaya, Pervomayskaya Anzherskaya da kuma "Severstal-kungiyoyin".
• Hebei Iron & Karfe - wata katuwar na kasar Sin. An cikakken mallakar jihar. Bugu da kari ya samar, kamfanin ke tsunduma a karafa na raw kayan, sufuri da kuma dauke da fitar bincike aikin. A da kamfanin ya shuke-shuke suna amfani kawai da sabon ci gaba, da kuma mafi zamani samar Lines wanda a yarda da Sin don koyon don samar da matsananci-bakin ciki karfe farantin karfe kuma matsananci-bakin ciki sanyi-birgima takardar.
• Nippon Karfe - wakilin Japan. Da kamfanin ya gudanar, wanda ya fara ta aikin a 1957, ya nemi ya gama da wani mahaluži, kira a matsayin Sumitomo Metal Industries. A cewar masana, irin wannan ci zai sauri fita zuwa Japan a cikin fari a duniya, gaba na duk da fafatawa a gasa.