Na uku Reich: The Rise, Fall, bindigogi, zanga da kuma lambobin yabo

Na uku Reich (Drittes Reich) - abin da ake kira na wasa Jamus jihar daga shekara ta 1933 zuwa 1945. Reich Jamus kalma tana nufin "ƙasar da suke da batun guda ikon." Amma kamar yadda mai mulkin, shi ne ya fassara a matsayin "ikon", "Empire", kasa "mulki." A duk ya dogara a kan mahallin. Daga baya a cikin labarin da shi za a iya bayyana Yunƙurin da fall na uku Reich, da nasarorin da daular ta waje da kuma na cikin gida da manufofin.

janar bayanai

A historiography na uku Reich da adabi kira a matsayin farkisanci ko Nazi Jamus. The sunan farko mafi yawa ana amfani a Soviet wallafe. Amma wannan amfani da kalmar da ɗan daidai ba kamar yadda da farkisanci gwamnatocin na Mussolini a Italiya da kuma Hitler ya gagarumin bambance-bambance. Nuna bambance-bambance a akida da siyasa na'urar. A wannan lokaci Jamus ya kasa a cikin abin da aka shigar a totalitarian tsarin mulki. A daya-jam'iyya da rinjaye akidar - National gurguzanci. Gwamnatin iko kara da cikakken duk wuraren aiki. Na uku Reich su goyi bayan hukumomin na Jamus National Socialist Ma'aikata 'Party. The shugaban wannan samuwar ya Adolf Hitler. Ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin na dindindin shugaban kasar har mutuwarsa (1945). Hitler ta hukuma suna - "Fuehrer da Reich Chancellor." Fall na uku Reich ya a karshen yakin duniya na II. Jim kadan kafin cewa, a shekarar 1944, a kasa juyin mulki da kuma kisan gillar da Hitler ( "hada baki generals") da aka za'ayi. A Nazi motsi ya tartsatsi ne. Na musamman muhimmancin kasance da symbolism na farkisanci - da Swastika. Yana da aka yi amfani da kusan ko ina, ko da bayar da tsabar kudi na uku Reich.

kasashen waje da manufofin

Tun shekara ta 1938 a cikin wannan yanki shi aka lura a wasu so siyasa da kuma yankin bazuwa. Zanga na uku Reich tafi daban-daban jihohi. A watan Maris, a sama, da aka yi da Anschluss (annexation da karfi), Austria, da kuma a lokacin daga Satumba 38 ga watan Maris zuwa 39 ga watan da aka haɗe zuwa Jamus jihar Klaipėda yankin da Jamhuriyar Czech. Sa'an nan kasar widened fi. A 39th shi aka a haɗe da wasu Yaren mutanen Poland yankin da kuma Dantzig, kuma 41st faru annexation (annexation) Luxembourg.

duniya

Ya kamata a lura da unprecedented nasarar da Jamus Empire a cikin farkon shekaru na yaki. Zanga na uku Reich tafi, ta hanyar mafi nahiyar Turai. da yawa yankuna, tare da togiya daga Sweden, Switzerland, Portugal da kuma Spain da aka kama. Wasu yankunan da aka mamaye, wasu ne a zahiri shine dogara jihar abokai. A karshen, misali, hada da Croatia. A wannan yanayin, akwai ware - ne Finland da kuma Bulgaria. Sun kasance sũ ne masõyan Jamus da za'ayi a duk guda m siyasa. Amma ta 1943, a can ya kasance wani gagarumin canji a cikin tashin. Magabaci ne yanzu a gefe na anti-Hitler hadaka. By Janairu 45th fadan da aka mayar da su cikin pre-yaki Jamus ƙasa. Fall na uku Reich, ya faru bayan da rushe Flensburg gwamnati karkashin jagorancin Karl Doenitz. Haka ya faru a shekarar 1945, a ranar 23 ga watan Mayu.

A Tarurrukan na tattalin arzikin

A lokacin farko da shekaru Hitler mulki, Jamus ya yi nasara ba kawai a kasashen waje da manufofin. Dole ne mu ce a nan cewa Fuhrer da kuma nasarori sun gudummawar da tattalin arziki Tarurrukan na jihar. Sakamako na gudanar da ayyukanta kimanta lamba na kasashen waje manazarta da kuma a cikin 'yan siyasa a matsayin wata mu'ujiza. Rinjaye a postwar Jamus har 1932, rashin aikin yi fadi daga shida da miliyan daya bai cika zuwa 1936 Mu. A daidai wannan lokacin akwai wata karuwa da masana'antu samar (har zuwa 102%), ninki biyu, kuma kudaden shiga. Hanzarta da taki na samarwa. A lokacin farko shekarar da Nazi gwamnati a manajan da tattalin arzikin da aka fi mayar da m da Yalmarom Shahtom (Hitler kansa kusan ba ya tsoma baki da aikinsa). A wannan yanayin, da ciki da manufofin da aka yi niyya, da farko, kuma farkon, wani aiki ne na marasa aikin yi saboda kaifi karuwa a jama'a aiki, da kuma karfafa kamfanoni kansu. Domin unoccupied jihar rance azurta a cikin nau'i na musamman takardar kudi. A haraji kudi ga kamfanonin fadada babban birnin kasar zuba jari da kuma samar da wani kwari karuwa aikin muhimmanci rage.

Taimako Hjalmar Schacht

Ya kamata a ce cewa tattalin arzikin kasar tun 1934, sojoji dauki hanya. A cewar da yawa manazarta, da gaskiya Tarurrukan na Jamus dangane da rearmament. Wannan shi ya tilasta da ma'aikacin da kuma kasuwanci aji aka aiko tare da ayyukan sojojin. The yaki tattalin arzikin da aka shirya a irin wannan hanyar kamar yadda ta yi aiki a peacetime kuma a lokacin fadan da, amma aka mayar da hankali a kan dukan yaki. Da ikon na mine tafiyar da harkokin kudi an umurce biya domin shirya ayyukan, musamman sake. Daya daga cikin dabaru ya zuwa buga banknotes. Schacht da ikon kunna daban-daban dabarunsa na kudin quite handily. Ministan harkokin wajen tattalin arziki ma sun lasafta cewa a lokacin da Jamus lamba da zarar 237 darussa. Schacht kammala sosai m barter ma'amaloli da sauran kasashe, ya nuna mamaki ga manazarta, dole ne a ce cewa sama ta fi qasa wajibi aka kafa, da fadi ka iya fadada kasuwanci. Farfado haka Schacht tattalin arzikin kasar daga 1935 zuwa 1938 an yi amfani da musamman don biyan kudin rearmament. Yana da aka kiyasta a biliyan 12 da alãmarsu.

Control Germana Geringa

Wannan adadi ya zaci cikin ayyuka na Mine ya zama "fir'auna" na Jamus tattalin arziki a 1936. Duk da cewa ya kasance Goering, kamar yadda, lalle ne, haƙĩƙa, Hitler, wani ignoramus a cikin tattalin arziki Sphere, kasar ta mayar da su cikin soja tsarin na jimlar m siyasa. shekaru hudu da shirin da aka ɓullo, manufar wanda ya juya Jamus a cikin wani jihar da cewa zai iya da kansa samar da kansu tare da duk abin da ya cancanta a hali na yaki da kawancen. A sakamakon haka, da shigo da an rage wa da m yiwu, kuma fara iko farashin da kuma m albashi, dividends sun zama iyakance zuwa 6% annum. Mun fara massively gina Megastructures Uku Reich. Sun kasance babbar shuke-shuke da samar da yadudduka, roba roba, man fetur da sauran kaya daga kansa raw kayan. Har ila yau, suka fara samar da karfe masana'antu. A musamman, ta Uku Reich aka gina Megastructures - gigantic masana'antu Goering, a cikin abin da samar da ake amfani na musamman na gida tama. A sakamakon haka, da Jamus tattalin arzikin da aka cikakken shiri domin yaki kokarin. A wannan yanayin, da industrialists, wanda albashi sun tashi sharply, karfe sunadaran da wannan "yaki na'ura." Tare da wannan aiki na mine an daure tare da babbar gazawar da kuma bayar da rahoto.

Tattalin arzikin kafin yakin duniya na II

A wuri na Mine Walther Funk zo a 1937. Ya yi aiki na farko a matsayin ministan Tattalin Arziki, sa'an nan, bayan shekaru biyu, a shekara ta 1939, ya zama shugaban kasa na Reichsbank. A cewar masana, Jamus zuwa saman yakin duniya na biyu, a general, ba shakka, "m up" da tattalin arziki. Amma ya juya waje cewa hali tsawo fada da uku Reich ya shirya ba. kayan, da kayayyaki, raw kayan da aka iyakance, da kuma girma na cikin gida da samar da ya kadan. Kamar yadda aka musamman stressful, duka a ingantaccen da kuma gwada yawa sharuddan a lokacin yaki shekaru halin da ake ciki tare da aiki albarkatu. Duk da haka, duk da dukan matsaloli, saboda da duka iko na jihar na'ura da kuma Jamus kungiyar na tattalin arzikin har yanzu tsaya a kan so hanya. Kuma ko da yake da yaki ya tafi a kan, samarwa a kasar girma sosai a hannunsu. Karuwan da nassi na lokaci da kuma adadin na soja masana'antu. Saboda haka, misali, a 1940 shi amounted zuwa 15% na babban samar, da kuma ta 1944 th - riga 50%.

Development of kimiyya da fasaha tushe

A Jamus, akwai wani gigantic tsarin na jami'o'i kimiyya kansu. Don shi ya kasance daga cikin mafi girma da fasaha cibiyoyi da jami'o'i. By wannan fannin hada SRI "Society Kaiser Wilhelm". Kungiya duk cibiyoyin suna subordinated ga ma'aikatar ilimi, ilimi da kimiyya. A wannan tsarin, wanda ya kunshi dubban masana kimiyya, ta yi da kansa Research Council, wanda mambobin akwai wakilai daga daban-daban tarbiyya (magani, foundry da karafa, sunadarai, kimiyyar lissafi, da dai sauransu). Kowane irin wannan masanin kimiyyar ya zama ƙarƙashin wani raba rukuni na masana na daya profile. Kowane memba na majalisar ya zuwa shiryar da kimiyya da bincike aiki da kuma shiryawa da su kungiyar. A lokaci guda akwai m bangaren kimiyya masu zaman kansu da bincike kungiyar. Da muhimmancin ya bayyana ne kawai bayan a 1945 da Jamusanci abokanta sun kasafta da sakamakon da ayyukan da kanta. By kansu daga masana'antu kungiyar bi da dakin gwaje-gwaje babbar damuwa "Siemens", "Zeiss", "Launuka", "Telefunken", "Osram". Wadannan da sauran kamfanonin da gagarumin wajen, kayan aiki, sadu da fasaha da bukatun na lokaci, da sosai m ma'aikata. Wadannan damuwa iya aiki tare da fiye da, misali, da institute awon yi.

Ma'aikatar Speer

Bugu da kari a gudanar da bincike da kuma masana'antu kungiyoyin da daban-daban da bincike dakunan gwaje-gwaje, a jami'o'i ne quite babban shiri ne aka Research Institute of sojoji. Amma, sake, wannan sashen ya ba m, kuma aka raba cikin da dama sassa, warwatse ko'ina mutum iri na sojojin. Na musamman muhimmancin samu a lokacin yaki da ma'aikata Speer. Dole ne in ce cewa a cikin wannan lokaci muhimmanci rage da yiwuwar bayarwa na dakunan gwaje-gwaje da cibiyoyi na bayar da albarkatun kasa, kayan aiki da kuma ma'aikata, da masana'antu a kasar wuya jimre da manyan girma na umarni daga soja iko. Speer ma'aikatar samu ikon warware daban-daban samarwa matsaloli. Alal misali, a kan abin da bincike ya kamata a tsaya a matsayin dole ba, wasu ci gaba, kamar yadda yana da dabarun muhimmancin da bincike ya zama mai fifiko, wasa babbar rawa.

yaki

Makamai na uku Reich da aka sanya da gabatarwar daban-daban kimiyya aukuwa, musamman halitta fasaha. Hakika, idan aka zaɓa hanya tattalin arziki da kuma sauran ba zai iya zama. Jamus da aka ba kawai don samar da kansu tare da wani m ji amma kuma zama sanye take sojojin. Bayan da ya saba, ya fara zana da kuma "sanyi karfe" na uku Reich. Duk da haka, duk ayyukan da aka daskarewa kafin shan kashi da farkisanci. A sakamakon yawa da bincike ayyukansu sun yi aiki a matsayin masomin bincike ayyuka na Jihar anti-Hitler hadaka.

Awards na uku Reich

Kafin Nazis zo ikon, akwai wani tsarin, bisa ga abin da gabatar da commemorative insignia dauki sarakunan ƙasar, wato, ya kasance na wani yankin hali. Da zuwan Hitler gwaji canje-canje da aka sanya a cikin tsari. Saboda haka, kafin duniya na biyu Fuehrer da kaina nada da kuma gabatar awards na uku Reich na kowane irin. Daga baya wannan dama samu matakai daban-daban na umurnin sojoji. Amma akwai wasu fitattun abubuwa da cewa, ban da Hitler, bai iya ba daya (misali, Knight ta Cross).