Rasha al'adun marigayi 19th - farkon karni na 20th. Features na Rasha al'ada

Domin da fahimta da peculiarities na Rasha al'ada a nuna na XIX-XX ƙarni., Kana bukatar ka da wani ra'ayi game da yanayi na cikin gida da dokar, tattalin arziki da kuma siyasa na zamani. Wannan shi ne key. Rawar da Rasha al'ada ba za a iya overestimated. Godiya ga Bitrus ya gyãra a Empire kafa wani cikakken daular mulkinsu, kazalika da hukunci burokrasi. Wannan shi ne musamman nuna a cikin "zinariya shekaru" na Catherine II.

Events farko na XIX karni

Century alama da ministoci garambawul na Alexander I. A yi, shi ne da za'ayi domin a karfafa da mulkin gargajiya-absolutist domin. A daidai wannan lokaci shi wajibi ne a yi la'akari da sakamakon da sabon "ruhu na sau." Da farko, ya lura da tunani na Faransa juyin juya halin a ko'ina cikin Rasha al'adu. A soyayya na 'yanci shi ne daya daga cikin archetypes. An yi bikin a ko'ina cikin Rasha shayari daga Pushkin Tsvetaeva da kuma karewa. Bayan ma'aikatar an kafa, akwai wata kara bureaucratization na iko. Bugu da kari, don inganta tsakiyar na'ura na Rasha Empire. The kafa na majalisar gudanarwar kasar Sin - wani muhimmanci kashi na Europeanization da kuma zamanintar da dukan tsarin. Its main ayyuka ne: don tabbatar da daidaito da doka norms da kuma karkashin shugabancin tsakiya majalisu al'amura.

Golden Age

Rasha al'adun marigayi 19th - farkon karni na 20th shi ci gaba sosai maida. A karfi da tasiri a kan wannan tsari ya ci gaba Yammacin tunani da kuma duniya neman sauyi da ci gaba. Har ila yau ya ce dangantaka ta kusa da sauran Rasha al'adu. Wannan shi ne lokacin da Faransa ɓullo da utopian gurguzanci da Jamusanci gargajiya falsafa. Wadannan ra'ayoyi sun zama Popular a jihar. Rasha al'adu na farkon karni na 19th aka karfi da ya rinjayi gãdon bar baya da zamanin da. New harbe na kerawa a adabi haura gode masa. Wannan kuma ya shafi fannonin al'adu, art kuma shayari. Works of Fyodor Dostoevsky, P. Melnikov-Pechersky, Leskov da kuma litattafan Gogol imbued tare da addininsu na zamanin d al'adu. Har ila yau, ya kamata a lura da aikin na sauran wallafe-wallafen yan baiwa, wanda hali zuwa Orthodox igiyoyin kasance mafi rigima. Muna magana ne game Blok, L. Tolstoy, Alexander Pushkin, da sauransu. A su kerawa gano wani kafu daram hatimi, wanda ya nuna su Orthodox asalinsu. Za ka kuma ba zai iya manta da m Ivan Turgenev. A cikin aikinsa "The rai ikon" wakilta siffar mutane tsarki. Har ila yau, na da babban amfani ne Rasha m al'adu na lokaci. Wannan shi ne hoto na K. Petrov-Vodkin, Vrubel, M. Nesterov. The asalin kerawa ƙarya a cikin Orthodox icon-zanen. Ancient coci tsarkakewa kasance mai daukan hankali sabon abu na tarihi na m al'adu. Yana kuma iya dauke daga baya gwaje-gwajen da Rachmaninov, Tchaikovsky da Dmitry Bortniansky.

Major gudunmawar

Rasha al'adun marigayi 19th - farkon karni na 20th, tunawa mafi kyau nasarorin da sauran mutane da kuma kasashe. Duk da haka, ba ta rasa su ainihi. Bugu da kari, yana da wani gagarumin tasiri a kan ci gaban sauran amfanin gona. Amma ga tarihi na Turai al'umma, shi ya bar wani babba mark. Da farko, muna magana ne game da Rasha addini da tunani. Yana da aka kafa a ƙarƙashin rinjayar da West. Bi da bi, da kasashen yammacin Turai da al'adun da aka rinjayi tauhidin da kuma falsafa. Wannan shi ne bayyana musamman a farkon rabin na XX karni. Gagarumin taimako ga ci gaban Rasha al'adu sun yi ayyukan M. Bakunin, Berdyaev, Florensky, S. Bulgakov, Vladimir Solovyov, kazalika da yawa wasu. Kada mu manta game da "hadari goma sha biyu shekara". Muna magana ne game da wani karfi impetus ga ci gaban Rasha al'adu. Yakin duniya na II yana da inextricably nasaba da ci gaban kasa sani da samuwar "Decembrists". Yana ta shafa a Rasha al'adun. Belinsky rubuta cewa shekara ta girgiza da daukacin kasar, yayin da zuga kasa girman kai da sani.

Features na tarihi tsari

Ya taki da aka kula kara. Wannan shi ne saboda da sama dalilai. Cikakken lilo bambantawa na daban-daban na al'adu ayyukan. Wannan shi ne musamman suna bayyana a kimiyya. Haka kuma an wahala da al'adu aiwatar da kanta. Yana lura da mafi hulda tsakanin daban-daban duniyoyin. A musamman, wannan yana zartuwa ga music, adabi, falsafa da sauransu. Har ila yau, ya kamata a lura da cewa tsananta matakai na hulda tsakanin bijiro da batun kafa abubuwa na kasa da al'ada. Yana da wani aikin hukuma na shi, wanda ya kula da jihar, da kuma yankin na talakawa (watau jama'a samuwar). A karshen zo daga ciwon hanji na Gabas Slavic tribal kwadago. Wannan Layer aka kafa a zamanin d Rus. Ya cikakken wanzu cikin tarihin kasar. Game da subsoil hukumance-jihar al'adu, akwai za a iya gano gaban "elitist" sashen dutsen. Ta ta ~ a hukuncin aji. Wannan da farko yana nufin da fādar sarki, da aristocracy. Wannan Layer ya kasance quite receptive zuwa kasashen waje don} ir}. A wannan yanayin, shi ne bu mai kyau zuwa ambaci romantic zanen Ivanov, K. Bryullov, V. Tropinin, A. Kiprensky da sauran san artists na XIX karni.

Tasiri na XVIII karni

A farkon rabin kuma ya bayyana masana commoners. By karshen karni, shi ya tsaya daga wata} kungiyar. Shi ne da Land na kawo dukkan. Akwai kasida, kida, gine-ginen da painters. Idan a farkon karni da rawar da haddasa mallakar aristocratic kawo dukkan, a karshen - commoner. A abun da ke ciki na wannan Layer fara gudãna daga ƙarƙashinsu zo daga manoma. Wannan ne musamman ji bayan da yarjejeniyoyin da serfdom. By commoner iya gudanar da ilimi wakilan da mulkin demokra] iyya da kuma masu sassaucin ra'ayi bourgeoisie. Ba shi yiwuwa a ce sun zama na nobility. Ã'a, sun bayyana su zama manoma, 'yan kasuwa, tausayin bourgeoisie da burokrasi. Kuma wadannan suna da goyan bayan irin wannan muhimmanci fasali na Rasha al'adu, kamar yadda farkon ta dimokuradiyya tushen. Su ainihi shi ne cewa ilimi shugabannin ne ba kawai 'yan gatan azuzuwan. Duk da haka, jagorancinsa ne har yanzu mallakar su. Kara yawan masana kimiyya, composers, artists, kasida da marubuta na galihu. A musamman, shi da dangantaka da serfs, kuma zai fi dacewa Range daga commoners.

A 'ya'yan itatuwa na XIX karni

Art of Rasha al'ada ta ci gaba da bunkasa. Wallafe-wallafe zama uban ta yankin. Da farko, a nan an rinjayi m 'yanci akida. A gaskiya, da yawa daga cikin ayyukan da lokaci suna cike da juyin juya halin Musulunci fama da kira, kazalika da siyasa wasu 'yan takardu. A cikin wancan, ya ta'allaka ne da manyan muhimmancin da Rasha al'adu. Ta aka sosai wahayi zuwa gare ta ci-gaba da matasa. Yana ji zamanin ruhu na gwagwarmaya da kuma 'yan adawa. Ya shiga ayyukan m marubuta. Saboda haka, adabi ya zama daya daga cikin mafi m sojojin na al'umma. Za ka iya yi, misali, a kan mawadãci duniya litattafansu kuma yi kwatanta da Rasha al'adu. Ko a ranar ta bango adabi na karni na karshe, shi tsaye wani na kwarai sabon abu. Tolstovsky Pushkinian shayari kuma litattafan za a iya kira mu'ujiza. Yasnaya Polyana ya da ilimi babban birnin kasar na hatsari.

taimako Pushkin

Yana da wuya a ce abin da zai zama da al'adun Rasha ba tare da shi. Pushkin - wanda ya kafa Rasha da labarun almara. Isar da shi a tuna, "Evgeniya Onegina". Wannan labari a ayar da aka mai suna a shahararren sukar lamiri na kundin sani na Rasha rayuwa. Shi ne mafi girman magana da labarun almara a cikin ayyukansu na baiwa. Akwai kuma wani misali mai kyau na wannan Trend za a iya dangana adabi labari "Dubrovsky", "The Captain ta 'Yata," da wasan kwaikwayo "Boris Godunov." Game da duniya muhimmancin Pushkin, shi ne inextricably nasaba da fahimtar hadisin na duniya darajar cewa an halicci by shi. Ya paved hanya domin wallafe-wallafen Chekhov, Tolstoy, Dostoevsky, Turgenev, litattafan Gogol, Lermontov. Ta zama cikakken fledged al'amari na Rasha al'adu. Bugu da kari, wannan hanya ne mafi muhimmanci lokacin na ruhaniya ci gaban 'yan Adam.

Lermontov ta taimako

Yana za a iya kira magaji da ƙaramin zamani Pushkin. Na farko shi ne mu haskaka da "Hero of Our Lokaci". Ba shi yiwuwa ba a lura da consonance da labari "Eugene Onegin". A halin yanzu, "Hero of Our Lokaci" - saman Lermontov ta da labarun almara. Aikinsa wakiltar tsororuwar juyin poslepushkinskogo lokaci shayari. Godiya ga wannan sabon hanyoyin ci gaban da Rasha litattafan da aka bude. Byron Creativity - babban ado alama. Rasha romantic individualism yakan haifar da wanzuwar mai sadaukarwa na Titanic sha'awa. Har ila yau, a nan za a iya dangana lyrical magana da matsananci yanayi, wanda ake hada da falsafa kallo. Saboda haka, ya bayyana a gravitation Lermontov poetic waka, romance kuma Ballad. A wuri na musamman a cikin wadannan shi ne soyayya. Har ila yau kada ka manta game da "Dialectics of ji" - Lermontov Hanyar m bincike, wanda da gudummawar da m wallafe-wallafe.

litattafan Gogol binciken

Aikinsa ya ci gaba a cikin shugabanci na romantic siffofin da labarun almara. Litattafan Gogol halittun sun kawo da yawa wajen raya Rasha wallafe-wallafe. A matsayin misali, sama da "maraice a kan wani Farm kusa Dikanka". Ga aiwatuwa manufar da Ukraine - wani irin Slavic Ancient Roma. Shi ne kamar dukan nahiyar a kan taswirar duniya. Dikanka - asalin cibiyar, da cibiyar na kasa da makoma da kuma ruhaniya ainihi. Bugu da kari, litattafan Gogol kafa "halitta makaranta". Yana da wani m da labarun almara. Rasha al'adu na karni na 20th aka alama ta duniya fitarwa daga litattafan Gogol. Daga lokacin da ya zama aiki da kuma girma na duniya da wallafe-wallafen ci gaba. Aikinsa yana mai zurfi falsafa m, wanda aka denoted hankali.

Tolstoy ta taimako

Ya m aikin cancanci kulawa ta musamman. Yana wani sabon mataki a cikin ci gaban duniya da kuma Rasha da labarun almara. Da farko, shi ne don samar da ikon da sabon abu na Tolstoy ta kerawa. An sosai ta dogara a kan mulkin demokra tushen ta aiki, da halin kirki nema da kuma duniya-sani. Hakikanci Tolstoy bambanta musamman gaskiyarsu. Har ila yau, wajibi ne a ware frankness da gaskiya da sautin. Sakamako ne mai kaifi zamantakewa sabani da kuma ganewa juggernaut. "Yaki da zaman lafiya" - musamman sabon abu a duniya da kuma Rasha wallafe-wallafe. Wannan shi ne na musamman sabon abu na art Tolstoy. Shi ne m hade da Multi-siffa almara "murals" da m labari a cikin wani babban hanya. A kashi na farko na aikin da aka buga a dogon lokaci da suka wuce. ƙarni da dama na masu karatu domin wannan lokaci. Duk da haka, "yaki da zaman lafiya" da ya rage a Topical samfurin ga dukan zamanai. Yu Nagibin, wani zamani marubuci ya kira wannan aikin wani na har abada abokin mutumin. An sadaukar da m yaki na XIX karni. Ta bayar da hujjar da halin kirki ra'ayin na rabo na rayuwa a kan mutuwa. Rasha al'adu na karni na 20th ci amanar matukar muhimmanci.

Dostoevsky binciken

Ya zauna a buga da su Titanic yanayi. Dostoevsky shi ne babban Rasha marubuci. Ya halin kirki safiyo bambanta da ɗan daga Tolstoy. Da farko, wannan yana bayyana a cikin rashi na bincike na almara rabbai. Wannan ne bayanin abin da ke faruwa a can. Dole mu "tafi karkashin kasa". Kamar haka ba za ka iya ganin abin da ke faruwa da gaske. Saboda wannan akwai damar duba a kanmu. Dostoevsky da gagarumin ikon, wanda ya shigar azzakari cikin farji cikin jigon da mutum rai. A sakamakon haka, aka ba su wani bayanin na zamani nihilism. Wannan hali na hankali da aka bayyana a gare su ƙi. Masu karatu har yanzu fascinates inexplicable daidaito da kuma zurfin. Amma ga tsoho nihilism, shi aka inextricably nasaba da Epicureanism da shakka. Ya manufa ne mai daraja ni'ima. Yana kuma nufin da rabo daga kwanciyar hankali zuwa vicissitudes na arziki.

Aleksandr Makedonsky da zarar warai burge nihilism na zamanin d India. A wannan Feel da kewaye. Idan muka yi la'akari da falsafa hali, da shi da ɗan kama da matsayi na Pyrrho na Elis. A sakamakon haka ne wõfintattu kallo. Amma Nagarjuna, sa'an nan, ga shi da mabiyansa nihilism wani dokin addini.

Modern ga 'yan daban-daban daga baya. Tushensa shi ne har yanzu da ilimi tofin. Yana ba mai albarka jihar equanimity ko falsafa dispassion. Ã'a, shi ne rashin ci gaba da kuma riƙe. Wannan ba wani falsafa, amma a ruhaniya aibi.

Babban matakai na Yuan na m art

XIX karni fice m ci gaban wallafe-wallafe. Tare da wannan haske ya haskaka Rasha m al'adu. Kamar haka hankali tare da wallafe-wallafe. Saboda haka, Rasha m al'ada wadãtar da maida. Bayyana sabon gaba daya images. A ado manufa na Rimsky-Korsakov shi ne tushen da ya m kerawa. Perfect a cikin art na mai cikakkar darajar a gare shi. Ya operas suna cike da hotunan da vysokopoeticheskogo duniya. Wannan a fili ya nuna cewa art yana da wani dual sakamako. Yana canza da kuma ya rinjãya mutum. Rimsky-Korsakov, wannan aiki na gwaninta an haɗa da ra'ayin wani wajen halin kirki kammala. Wannan ne inextricably nasaba da sadaukarwa na romantic affirmation-Man mahalicci. Ya aka hannu a wani adawa da alienating nufi da suka gabata. Wannan music tasbihi duk mutum. Its manufa - ya kawo ceto daga "m jarabobi" cewa ne muhimmi a bourgeois karni. Wannan shi ne wani darajar Rasha al'adu. Godiya ta amfani al'umma da kuma samu babban yakin manufa. Creativity Tchaikovsky ya yi babban taimako ga flourishing na kasa m al'adu. Ya rubuta da yawa m ayyukansu. A wasan opera "Eugene Onegin" ya na gwaji hali. Bugu da kari, marubucin ya fassara shi a matsayin "lyrical scenes". A m yanayin da wasan kwaikwayo ne don yin tunãni wani sabon m wallafe-wallafe.

Rasha al'adun farkon karni na 20th

Ya kamata a lura cewa a nuna na XIX-XX ƙarni. a kasar da akwai hadaddun tarihi da kuma siyasa da suka faru. Shi ne da godiya ga su da cewa Rasha al'adun farkon karni na 20th, wadãtar da wani salo da dama da kuma kwatance. Ta samu sabon yayi, wanda ake bukata fassarar tasowa zamantakewa da kuma halin kirki matsaloli. Ba dole ne a ce cewa a cikin farkon karni XX Rasha ya kasa tare da manyan yawan jahilci yawan jama'a. The ilimi tsarin kunsa matakai uku: babba, na tsakiya, da kuma na farko. Development of marigayi tashi saboda da himma da wani rukuni na dimokaradiyya a kasar. A sakamakon haka, da makaranta ya fara bayyana cikin sabunta irin. Rasha al'adun marigayi 19th - farkon karni na 20th yana da babban tasiri a kan ci gaban ilimi da kuma kara rubuce-rubuce. Daga cikin ci-gaba da ilimi ma'aikata kamata a lura da ilimi da kuma al'ummomin da darussa, kazalika da mutane ta gidajensu. Rasha al'adun marigayi 19th - farkon karni na 20th da wani tasiri ba kawai a kan rayuwa a cikin jihar amma kuma a waje da shi.