Tarihi da Bitrus da Bulus sansanin soja a St. Petersburg

Rare baƙi zuwa birni a kan Neva ba ziyarci Museum of History of St. Petersburg a cikin Bitrus da Bulus sansanin soja. Akwai dutse gagarumin bayar da umarnin rike labarin haihuwar Rasha ta arewacin babban birnin kasar, da cibiyar wadda, a kan wani shirin Petra Velikogo, shi ne kagara, alama ce ta ƙarfi da impregnability na ikon halitta shi.

Kagara - brainchild na Bitrus I

Tarihi da Bitrus da Bulus sansanin soja ne inextricably nasaba da Arewa War, wanda Rasha da kuma Sweden sun kasance a cikin tsawon 1700-1721. A sakamakon haka, da dama nasara soja a 1703 gudanar ya kwato da Neva ƙasar, kuma domin su kariya ake bukata a dogara da sansanin soja da ta gina dukan dokokin da USAID kimiyya daga waɗanda shekara. Its yi ne duk da mafi zama dole cewa tsohon sansanin soja da Nienschanz, located a kan mahaɗar tsakãninsu da Okhta da Neva kogin, dauke arancinsu m.

Daga suke dashi takardun da muka sani cewa site ga sabon Fort kaina zabi Peter I. Don wannan karshen, May 8, 1703, ya yi tuhumar masu gaba da Neva da Aleksandrom Danilovichem Menshikovym da Bafaranshen Joseph Gaspar Lambert de Guerin. Selection Mamallaki fadi a kan Rabbit tsibirin, located a widest wani ɓangare na bakin Neva, da kuma ciwon dace girma zama - 750 mita a tsawon kuma game da 360 m a fadin.

A tarihin da sansanin soja fara 16 (27) May 1703, da kwanan wata da lokacin da aka sanya alamar shafi. Duk da cewa da castle aka gina ba kawai a kan shirin na Bitrus I, amma kuma domin da ayyukan kashe a hade tare da Lambert de Guerin, da sarki da kansa a wannan waki'a mai tarihin gaske kasance mahalarci. Kamar yadda labarinsa na wadanda shekaru, ya kasance a cikin Olonets masana'antar ƙera jiragen ruwa, located a gabashin tudu na Lake Ladoga, da kuma lokacin da na fara aiki a kan Hare Island jagoranci A. D. Menshikov.

Yau ne ranar da Bitrus da Bulus sansanin soja, dauke su da ranar haihuwa na St. Petersburg da aka kafa, amma 'yan san cewa asalin ta yi biyã zalla soja dalilai, da kuma ƙasa kewaye da shi da sabon babban birnin jihar da aka ba kamata ya. Kawai daga baya ya yi da biyu events aka alaka da juna, saboda haka cewa Pushkin ta "za a yi wani birni aza 'zo zuwa ga Sarkin sarakuna ta kai wani kadan daga baya fiye da farkon halittar da iko garu gagarumin.

A yi na maginin sansanin soja

Kamar yadda za a iya gani daga tarihi na gina kagara, da aka asali wani katako-duniya, amma, duk da wannan, ana ci gaba a lokacin USAID, kunsha na 6 gagarumin, wanda kowannensu yana da wani iko da biyar-gefe USAID gina a cikin sasanninta na sansanin soja bango.

Kafin shiga su tare da ganuwar (labule ganuwar) da aka gina 2 Ravelin - girma yi. Su manufarsa shine don rufe-up da ganuwar daga manyan bindigogi wuta da kuma maƙiyi wahala hari. Yana da aka gina a matsayin Kronverk - m support karfafa tsara yadda za su kara kare sansanin soja, da kuma haifar da wani bridgehead a cikin hali na wani counter.

Bitrus da Bulus sansanin soja da aka gina hannun Rasha sojoji da fursunoni Swedes. Bugu da kari, sarki umurnin kowane lardi aika wani adadi serf. Tã aiki yanayin a cikin sanyi da kuma damp sauyin yanayi, da Baltic zama dalilin cewa daruruwan m magina har abada bar kwance cikin kaburburansu, ya rufe marshy gaba da Neva. Su aka maye gurbinsu da sabon batches zo aiki mutane, a kan ƙasusuwan wanda ya yi girma da sansanin soja ganuwar, kuma ya tashi daga duhu gandun daji na babban birnin mai girma a daular.

Babban yi shugabanninsu

Siyasa takardun da suka shafi cikin tarihin na Bitrus da Bulus sansanin soja a St. Petersburg, ya nuna cewa da gina ta gagarumin kaina dubawa da sarki, da kuma biyar na muƙarrabai, waɗanda sunayensu suke daga baya aka kira. Saboda haka, to sun tsira da tsarin rubutu Troubetzkoy Bastion Mamallaki, Menshikov, Naryshkin, Zotov da Golovkin.

Nan da nan ya kamata in ambaci cewa Bitrus I kawai ya dauki bangare a Mamallaki ta Bastion tab, da kuma duk m aiki a can aka kulawan dansa - Tsarevich Aleksey kuma A. D. Menshikov. Quite na ƙwarai ne gaskiya cewa wasu shugabanninsu, duk da Rasha hadisai ba kawai bai yi kuskure ya amso kudi a kan kasuwanci wakkala a gare su, amma a lokuta da dama, da kansu rufe sarrafawa kashe kudi.

Chronicle of kara aukuwa

A tarihin da sansanin soja da aka evidenced da wani yawan blunders sanya a lokacin da zane. Daya daga cikin su ya zo da haske ko kafin Oktoba 1st, 1703 da aiki a kan gina maginin kufaifan aka kammala. A sakamakon mai tsanani ambaliya da ya faru a kan 30 ga watan Agusta, ruwa, tanã fita zuwa 2.5 mita, cike a Rabbit Island, da kuma wanke da dama shirye-sanya gine-gine. Wannan lamarin ya sake tabbatar da bukatar gina wani dutse kagara.

A lokacin rani na 1703 akwai wani muhimmin taron, wanda shi ne tabbatar da sani duk wanda ya ziyarci Museum of History of St. Petersburg a cikin Bitrus da Bulus sansanin soja a kan Yuni 29 (Yuli 12) on da karkararta akwai da bukukuwan kwanciya daga cikin Bitrus da Bulus Cathedral - sa'an nan har yanzu a kananan katako coci. Ta ba da sunan da kagara gina, da kuma daga baya birnin mai suna a cikin Dutch style - "St. Bitrus-Burj". Saboda haka, kwanan watan Yuni 29th za a iya daukan sunan-rana birni a kan Neva.

A wannan shekara akwai kuma John ta Bridge, haxe Rabbit Island tare da Petrograd gefe, ko da yake a wancan zamani, wani zane da dama da suka hadu rafts. By fall to kusan duka rami shafts shigar da kayayyakin aiki. Waɗannan su da baƙin ƙarfe, da jan gun kamar yadda kama kama daga Swedish kuma m simintin gyaran kafa sanya armourers Novgorod. A daidai wannan lokaci da sarki da nada na farko Kwamandan sansanin soja. Wannan girmamawa da aka wakkala a daya daga cikin muƙarrabai - da Istoniyanci bafadan, Kanar Karl-Ewald von Rennes.

Fara rufi sansanin soja dutse

A 1705 ya fara wani sabon mataki a cikin tarihi na kagara. Da zarar gina duk earthworks, kuma haka wata damar daidai da yiwu hari na Swedes, Peter na yanke shawarar canza shi a dutse. Shirin zanen da sabon kagara da dubawa na ayyukan danƙa ga Italian Swiss asalin - an yi fice m, kuma m ya lokaci Domenico Andrea Trezzini.

Don aiwatar da shirin yi cikinsa na ƙarin panning yanki Hare Island aka za'ayi, sakamakon a fadin karu da 30 m. Ayyukansu fara a farkon watan Mayu 1706, da kuma fara su tare da gyara Menshikov Bastion, kamar yadda a cikin hali na kai farmaki, ya zai iya juya a kira su da mafi m. A kan aiwatar da shiri na tsohon itatuwa da aka kone, suka koma zuwa ga ƙasa podsypku tsibirin.

Earthy, a cewar wani sabon shiri, kawai crownwork zauna - da tsarin na fortifications, cikin sharuddan wakiltar kambi ( "rawanin" - wani kambi, "Werk" - sansanin soja) dake arewacin ɓangare na tsibirin da aka tsara don kare kan wani yiwu hari ta ƙasa. Daga shi zo da sunan Kronverskogo kwarara raba Rabbit Island daga Petrograd Side.

A sansanin soja, wanda har yanzu bai san Rasha

By 1708 a cikin dutse aka ado Menshikov da Golovkin gagarumin, kazalika da m labule (wall) da kuma foda mujallu. A daidai wannan lokaci da gina barikin da kuma na Bitrus ƙõfar, gina, bisa ga umarnin sarki, a kan model na Narva.

Game da cewa, yadda za iko da shi shi ne kagara, gina a kan Hare Island, bisa ga takardun gabatar a Museum na tarihi na kagara. A takaice zayyana abun ciki, mu kawai lura cewa ga Rasha da irin wannan USAID kasance cikakken sabon.

Isar da shi a ce da kauri daga cikin sansanin soja ganuwar ya kai 20 da mita da kuma tsawo na 12 m. A domin a karfafa kwasfan dirkoki guda a cikin ƙasa da aka zira kwallaye 40 dubu. Sharrin tara. Kowane Bastion mallaki firepower, wanda bayar game da 60 bindigogi. A Curtin - ganuwar tsakanin gagarumin, sanya sojojin barikin da kuma casemates ci gaba da hannun jari na gunpowder.

Shin, ba a manta da kuma m Lines sadarwa tare da waje duniya. A musamman, a karkashin matsanancin gine-gine dug tunnels ga saukowa waje da sansanin soja, da kuma a cikin ganuwar ta gina, da ake kira Paterna - wani wuri tsara don bayyanar da sojoji bayan maƙiyi Lines. A jimloli suna hõrarru daya Layer na tubalin da aka sani kawai zuwa amintacce sanda.

A sansanin soja, wanda ya zama ainihin cikin birnin

Nasarori a kan Swedes a cikin shekaru 1709-1710, ya kawo wani daban-daban matakin na tarihi na kagara. Tun wannan lokacin ta taba rasa ta soja muhimmanci, da kuma gun saka a kan ta kusurwoyi, tsawa kawai a cikin kwanaki na aikin hukuma bikin. Around da sansanin soja tare da m rapidity ya fara girma cikin birni samu matsayi na sabon babban birnin na Rasha Empire, kuma suna St. Petersburg a cikin girmamawa ta zama majiɓinci saint St. Bitrus da ManzonSa.

Ko kafin karshe kammala Arewa War on Hare Island fara majalisar dattijai, da kuma babban siyasa kurkuku na Rasha da aka kafa in an jima. Wannan kama da tarihi na Tower da sansanin soja. A kagara, gina a kan bankunan na Thames, kuma gudanar da su bauta, kuma fortifications, da kuma Gudanarwa cibiyar da kuma kurkuku, kuma a karshe gidan kayan gargajiya.

Shi ne m cewa na farko da fursuna na "Rasha Bastille" - sunan da aka ba shi a saboda Hakika, shi ne dan da kafa - Tsarevich Aleksey, da ya rasu (mutu ko a asirce) a ƙarshe na 25 Yuni 1718. Architect Trezzini gina a kan ƙasa na sabon gidajen yarin da kuma musamman gidan, wanda housed da Asirin Chancellery. Ya kuma yi alkawari tsakanin Naryshkin da Trubetskoy Bastion aka gina da farko Mint, zauna wani shahararren wuri a cikin tarihi na Rasha kudi. Bitrus da Bulus sansanin soja, haka ma, ya zama wani wuri inda tsabar kudi da aka minted ba kawai, amma kuma jihar awards.

A 1731 Naryshkin Bastion lashe da Flag Tower, inda kullum tãyar da Rasha flag, kuma bayan shekaru biyu kammala gina da dutse Bitrus da Bulus Cathedral, wanda ya zama a kan lokaci binne wuri na Rasha wadanada. Kamar sauran gine-gine na sansanin soja, aka gina shi a karkashin aikin da kuma karkashin kai tsaye dubawa na Domenico Trezzini. A cikin 30 na da shekaru ya zama al'ada don a samar da siginar da tsakar rana harbi da Naryshkin tsattsauran abin da ke faruwa a zamaninmu.

Ya gidan kayan gargajiya darajar da Paul sansanin soja samu a 1766, lokacin da karkararta aka gina gini zuwa gidan shi a cikin jirgin ruwan na Bitrus I, wanda ya zama sarki bayan mutuwar daya daga cikin kayayyakin tarihi na Rasha tarihi. A karshe, kamar yadda mai kauri sansanin soja soma da ƙarshen 80s, a lokacin da shi da aka yi liyi tare da dutse da kuma gina wata tashar jiragen ruwa da kuma Kwamandan Narva Gate aka kammala.

Fursunoni "Rasha Bastille"

A Rasha tarihi Bitrus da Bulus sansanin soja a St. Petersburg, ya zo yafi a matsayin siyasa kurkuku. Yana da aka ambata a sama cewa shi ne na farko da fursuna na Tsarevich Alexei Petrovich. Bisani, ya ƙaddara shared da yawa daga waɗanda suka zo a cikin rikici tare da data kasance tsarin mulki.

Ku tuna da shahara kusurwoyi na sansanin soja Princess Tarakanov, tamkar wani magaji zuwa kursiyin, marubuci Radishchev da Decembrists kunshe ne a cikin Alexeyev Ravelin. A cikin ganuwar Petrashevzy ziyarci, da Mutane da Nechayev, gangarawa ta m shugaban. A cikin sanar farfajiyoyi da sansanin soja ji matakai N. G. Chernyshevskogo, F. M. Dostoevskogo, M. A. Bakunina, kuma da yawa wasu fitattun Figures na zamanin.

A lokacin juyin juya halin Oktoba na 1917, ƙungiyar sojojin goyon bayan Bolsheviks, abin da a cikin Soviet zamanin ba manta ambaci ko a cikin gajeren tarihi na kagara. Yana tuno cewa a lokacin storming na Winter Palace, da ganuwar ta aka yi blank Shots, da kuma bayan ta kammala fursunoni casemates zama ministoci na wucin gwamnatin.

Kadan shirye Soviet masana tarihi ya tuna da rawar da cewa Fort taka leda a Cheka kurkuku tsarin, inda ta tafi nan da nan bayan da Bolsheviks zo da wuta. An sani cewa a shekara ta 1919, a yankin ƙasarta da aka harbe 4 babban shugaba na Romanov Dmitry K., Georgy, Nikolay da Pavel Aleksandrovich.

Musamman ma duhu surori a cikin tarihi na kagara ya ga lokaci na Red Firgitar, wanda ya fadi a kan ganiya na 1917-1921. Mass yanke hukuncin kisa da aka za'ayi yayin da sansanin soja bango daga Kronverksky mashigar. A shekarar 2009, akwai ragowar daruruwan mutane da suka kasance wadanda misanthropic gwamnatin shekaru da yawa kafa a kasar da aka samu.

A rabo daga cikin castle a cikin Soviet lokaci

A shekara ta 1925, tarihi da sansanin soja da aka kusan yanke takaice bayan da Leningrad Council mulki a kan ta dismantling (halaka), da kuma samar a kan Hare Island Stadium. Amma, an yi sa'a, da wannan dabbanci da aka ba ƙaddara ta faru, da kuma gidan kayan gargajiya da aka halitta a kan ƙasa na kagara. Har ila yau, lura shi ne cewa a cikin lokaci 1925-1933 gg. a daya daga cikin gine-gine housed farko Rasha Gas kuzarin kawo cikas Laboratory, wanda ma'aikatan sun fara m roka. A wurinsa a 1973 bude Museum of rocketry da astronautics, har yanzu wanzu a yau.

A lokacin babban Patriotic War, da sansanin soja da aka located anti-aircraft baturi, kare sama na Birnin Leningrad, daga maƙiyi jirgin sama, da kuma spire Bitrus da Bulus Cathedral an rufe ta da sake kamanni net. Duk da akai dakarun da bom, wanda aka fallasa a cikin birnin, buga babban coci da aka ba, amma samu tsanani lalacewa katangu.

A shekarar 1975, to alama da 150th tunawa da boren a majalisar dattijai Square a St. Petersburg, a Kronwerk inda biyar na Decembrists, shigar da wani abin tunawa obelisk a ruwan hoda marmara da aka kashe a kan Yuli 25, 1826 dare. A da shi su ne sunayen niƙe A. Pestel Kahovsky P., K. Ryleeva, S. Muraviev-Apostol kuma M. Bestuzhev-Rumin.

A labarin yana da ba ta da iyaka

Yau a kan ƙasa da zarar karaya kagara gina Jihar Museum of History of St. Petersburg, "Bitrus da Bulus sansanin soja." Kamar yadda a cikin tsohon kwana, kowace rana da tsakar rana tare da Naryshkin Bastion siginar da aka ji igwa harbi, sa cewa sau da yawa samar da manyan baki daga cikin birnin. A shekarar 1991, akwai wani mutum-mutumi na Bitrus I, sanya Rasha-American sculptor M. jan hankali sansanin soja Shemyakin, kuma a cikin post-perestroika lokaci a kan m rairayin bakin teku fara shirya daban-daban nisha abubuwan. A XXI karni, ya sami wani sabon rai na St. Petersburg Bitrus da Bulus sansanin soja. Tarihi, takaita a cikin wannan labarin, na'am ta ci gaba.