Treblinka (taro sansanin): tarihi. Memorial a Treblinka

Treblinka - wani taro sansanin kusa Warsaw (Poland), inda daga 1942 zuwa 1943, da Nazis halakar da Yahudawa yawan ya shagaltar da kasa. Masu bincike yi imani da cewa akwai aka kashe game da dubu ɗari takwas maza, kuma mafi yawansu ba su - Yahudawa. Yanzu game da wadanda masifu da suka faru reminiscent na tunawa a ƙwaƙwalwar ajiyar da marar laifi ya shafa na Holocaust.

Mahauta sarrafa a wani yanayin na sirri: kewaye na daya kilometer tafi daga sansanin da aka sa up tsaro, bude wuta a kan duk wanda ya matso kusa da kusa matsayi. Railway ma'aikata da kuma soja rakiya convoys aka ba a yarda ya sauka a kan zafi na mutuwa. Bugu da ƙari, ko da Luftwaffe jirgin sama da aka hane su tashi a wadannan tsarawa.

Yahudawa na Poland

Poland - a kasar a wadda wata babbar Yahudawa al'umma da aka mayar da hankali. By farkon na Jamus zama na yawan al'ummarta ya fiye da mutane miliyan uku. Daga cikin su sun fice masana kimiyya, malamai, artists - babu daya nadãma Hitler ta na'ura.

Wasu, gabansa da hadari a lokacin da mayar da su cikin ƙasa da Tarayyar Soviet da kuma Belarus, wani ɓangare sun gudu zuwa Vilnius. Saboda haka, a karkashin ofishin Nazis a kan Satumba 1 1939 (shekaru da kwanan wata na Poland ta kama) bar 2 da miliyan Yahudawa. Dukkan su sun hõre "karshe bayani." Riga 21 ga watan Satumba da aka je wani aiki kungiyar, wanda ya yanke shawarar ya haifar da wani ajiyar, inda Yahudawa daga shagaltar da yankuna za a mayar da hankali.

Alal misali, a Poland shi halitta uku ghettos - musamman wuraren da Nazis sanya Yahudawa yawan. Rayuwa a cikin duhun - wani yunwa, cuta, rashi da wulakanci. Amma shi bai warware batun halaka. Saboda haka akwai ne mai girma shirin - abin da ake kira Operation Reinhard, wanda a da ganiya kuma an lalata wuri, ciki har da maida hankali sansanin Treblinka. Wadannan Yahudawa da aka aiko yafi daga Warsaw duhun kai. Amma za mu bayyana a kasa.

Tarihi na halitta

Lokacin da aka gina shi Treblinka? Taro sansanin, wanda tarihi ne don haka bakin ciki, ya fara zama a cikin 1942. By domin na Reichsführer Genriha Gimmlera a kan Afrilu 17 ya fara yi na wargajewa sansani. Alhakin da aka nada Arfad Wigand - Nazi gwamnan Warsaw.

Bayan shawarar da ba komai haqqinsa jinkiri, a marigayi May fara yi, da kuma ta 22 Yuli wannan shekarar, na farko taro sansanin Treblinka dauki Warsaw Yahudawa. Da farko m ba zasu kare a wannan gangami lambobi, amma nan da nan, ta hanyar Oktoba 1942, bayan gina ƙarin gas da bẽnãye, kuma crematoria, da infernal inji halaka aiki a cike da karfi.

MUTU Treblinka (taro sansanin) har 1943. Da juyo shi ne yunkuri na aiki sansanin fursunonin, bayan wanda shi ne eerie wuri shafe ta.

kayayyakin more rayuwa

Ta yaya wannan wuri gudana? Kamar yadda Nazis gudanar ya hallaka a wani lokaci da dubban mutane: mata, yara da tsofaffi? A qagaggun na ashirin da kekunan shanun, cunkus, ya tafi nan da nan zuwa ga halaka da iskar gas da bẽnãye. Af, d / f "Treblinka" da bayyana wadannan lokacin, kyale su dulmuya a cikin tsoro na abin da ke faruwa.

Ka yi la'akari da tsarin Treblinka. Saboda haka, a 80 km daga Warsaw, a filin wasa, hudu kilomita daga kauye na wannan sunan, shi ne wani wuri inda Polish Yahudawa aka kawo azãba. Manyan filin na 24 kadada An masu garu uku-mita shinge na barbed waya, wanda aka sallama a babban ƙarfin lantarki. Bugu da kari, wani uku-mita tsanya - wani karin hanyar da kariya a kan Tserewa. A yankin ƙasar ya a zobe daga cikin dazuzzuka. Don sansanin kusata wani reshe Railway, a kan wanda Allah wadai da tsĩrar.

A sansanin kanta da aka kasu kashi biyu. A cikin farko (Treblinka 1) da aka mayar da hankali fursunoni, samar da wani bangare na zangon kayayyakin more rayuwa. Hakika, mafi yawan abin da ake kira "aiki sansanin" wani wuri na jinkirin mutuwa hatsarori. Na biyu - Treblinka 2 - nufin na musamman ga kisan Yahudawa. A da karkararta aka undressing barikin, gas da bẽnãye, crematoria da rami domin binne. Bugu da kari, a nan ya rayu da ake kira Sonderkommando - Yahudawa aka zaba bauta wa kisan. A lokaci-lokaci da suka canza ( "haihuwa" Sonderkommando da aka yi hadaya).

Treblinka - wani taro sansanin, suka yi aiki 30 SS sojoji, a Bugu da kari, ya kawo Ukrainians, da kuma fursunonin yaki, gefe da abokan gaba. Ya aka nada Kwamandan Franz Stengel. Bayan yaki, ya aka yanke masa hukumcin ɗaurin rai da rai.

Famous abõkan: J. Korczak

Mutane da yawa rayuwarsu da'awar Treblinka. Taro ya hana duniya da kuma shahararrun mutane. Akwai mutu girma Polish pedagogue, author of "The Heart aka bai wa yara," Janusz Korczak. The yara da duk rayuwarsa, da kuma lokacin da Nazis zo ikon, Korczak ya kula da a kowane yiwu hanya su dalibai - yara da marayu Home. Da farko, a cikin duhun kai, da kuma daga baya a Treblinka.

Suna so su cece, to kai daga cikin duhun kai, sa'an nan kuma akwai wata sa'a - Korczak kasance a shirye su dauki kashe tare da mota, ya aiko daga Warsaw a karshe kyaun -Treblinku. Ya ƙi. Heroically Korczak ya tafi tare da yara da gas da bẽnãye, kwantar da hankali yara, ƙarfafa mazan.

S. Pullman: azabtarwa makadi

Simon Pullman - an yi fice makadi da malami - wanda rayuwa da aka yanka a takaice Treblinka. A taro sansanin shi ne na karshe tashar bayan rayuwa a cikin Warsaw duhun kai gare shi. Akwai ya halicci wani symphonic ƙungiyar makaɗa, sa'an nan tare da 'yan'uwanmu masu kida kashe a wani gas jam'iyya. Ga wasu mutuwa kwanan unknown mawaki, kazalika da abubuwan da riga shi.

Tawaye a 1943

A 1943, da mutuwa sansanonin da ghettos kama da kalaman na yunkuri. Mafi m, da samar da kuzari da aka gilla suppressed a haddin shari'a cikin Warsaw duhun kai. Ko da yake 'yan sarƙa da kuma gane wa wani rauni idan aka kwatanta da Jamus yaki na'ura, sun fi so su mutu a cikin yaki for' yanci.

A haddin shari'a cikin Treblinka farko an wanzuwa ga gazawar. Lalle ne, cewa zai iya yin aiki da kuma m da yunwa maza dauke da makamai ne kawai tare da pickaxes da manyan cokula, da mambobi daga sansanin da inji bindigogi? Duk da haka, da fursunoni da gangan ya tafi a shi.

A lokaci shi ne abin da ake kira "Operation 1005". Bayan an ɗebe daga cikin na karshe jirgin kasa na Yahudawa daga Warsaw Nazis da kamar yadda a hankali kamar yadda yiwu ga boye daga kufan laifuka. Sauran 1,000 fursunoni aka tilasta tono ramuka da aka binne wadanda kuma ƙone rabin-rududdugaggu gawawwaki.

A hankali ta zo m ganin cewa da zaran sun gama, su za a kashe. Kamar wancan ne aka haife ra'ayin tawaye. A lokacin bore sansanin da aka kone kusan gaba daya. Mafi yawa daga cikin fursunonin da aka harbe da yake kokarin tserewa, wasu da aka kama a cikin dazuzzuka, da kuma an tilasta wa gama aiki, ma, an harbe. Kawai 'yan gudanar ya tsere. Daga cikin su ya Sama'ila Willenberg.

Sama'ila Willenberg - daya daga cikin wadanda suke tsira

Serendipitously bai rabu da rai Samuila Villenberga Treblinka. Maida hankali (da photo za ka iya gani a cikin labarin), inda ya isa a daya daga cikin jiragen kasa, kawai da jũna m wa Sama'ila. Saboda haka ya saurari shawarar da daya daga cikin greeters da za a kira a matsayin bricklayer. Saboda haka, ya zama tafin kafa tsira da wanzuwa dubban abun da ke ciki.

Ya rayu a Treblinka, yin wani iri-iri na aikin, daga sorter abubuwa to Sonderkommando members. Tserewa Willenberg yi sa'a - ya aka harbe a kafa, amma ya iya tserewa zuwa. Fiye da haka, Sama'ila samu mahaifinsa da rai da kuma shiga karkashin kasa. Ya mutu a karshen Fabrairu 2016. Willenberg bar baya da wani littafi na memoirs, "The Rise of Treblinka."

tunawa

Cewa yanzu ne Treblinka (taro sansanin)? Memorial a shafin na mugayen kisan kai da sojojin zuwa tuna duk da azabar Holocaust. Yana da aka bude a 1964. Yana da wani abin tunawa, kuma a kusa da 17 dubu duwatsu - m. Wannan shi ne yawan mutanen da zasu kare a zango a wani lokaci.

A wuri evokes musamman karfi da tausaya, inda a 1943, ya ƙone gawawwakin - 'yan reluwe, ƙẽƙashe kuma mai rufi da Layer na baki toka.

A wannan shekarar 1964 a Treblinka, ya bude Museum of memory na fama da fi sani da Naziyanci.