Tsaro na Pskov: Hakika na tashin da kuma sakamakon

A Livonian War (1558-1583) - mafi muhimmanci taron na arewacin ƙasashen Rasha, da kuma mafi muhimmanci shi ne kare Pskov for soja tarihi. A kasar da aka at yaki ga kasa da kasa da cinikayya hanyoyi da kuma damar zuwa Baltic da na Livonian Order. Rasha farko sa'a - mai nasara m a kan gabashin ɓangare na Livonian asashe ƙare a cin nasara. Amma bayan rushewar da Order a 1561 muka shiga yaki da makwabta, ma, Yã yi nufin Ya riƙi guda daga cikin karye kasar. Rasha da su yi yaƙi da Lithuania, Poland da kuma Sweden.

jaruntakar Pskov

A farkon kwanaki na Livonian War Pskov ya dauki mai aiki bangare a shi: shi ya dauki wani sojojin Ivana Groznogo in winter 1558, kuma a lokaci guda mutanen Pskov, karkashin jagorancin Shuisky Prince shiga wannan yakin. Pskov tsaro ya basu fito ba, amma a cikin 1559 da Jamus lalatar da unguwa na Red da kuma Sebezh kullum rebuffed. Sa'an nan Lithuania mamaye kusan zuwa gari, game da malalowar da kuma kona kome a cikin hanyar, su ma sun dukan tsiya fairly da sauri, amma koma a 1569 da kuma dauki birnin Izborsk.

Dogayen sanda karkashin jagorancin Sarkin Stefan Batory a 1579-m dauki Polotsk, da kuma a shekara daga baya mamaye Pskov da Novgorod ƙasar. Sojojin Rasha a halin yanzu ba fuskantar mafi kyau na sau, Batory da shi ne da aka sani, amma saboda ta hanyar da jakadun bukaci Poland da kuma Livonia 'yan qasar Rasha ƙasar tare da Pskov, Novgorod da Smolensk. Da sauƙi, Ivan Grozny to irin wannan yarjejeniyar da bai je, kuma a lokacin rani na 1580 da Polish sojojin zo da Great Bow. The mazaunan wannan babban birni iya tsayayya da wani ƙarfi sojojin, sabili da haka kansu kone Posada da kuma tattara a cikin sansanin soja na duk. Suka ƙi yin sallama. The tsaro sun zalunci, birnin da aka dauka, duk aka kashe.

Batory Maris zuwa Pskov

A 1581 da sarauta sojojin Poland tafi Pskov. Idan Batory gudanar ya kama wannan birni, watakila, Ivan Grozny aka tilasta yarda to wannan wani zãlunci duniya, kuma ba duk da arewa maso yammacin Rasha asashe. Amma da tsaro na Pskov ya faru. Wadannan jaruntakar events da muka sani daga m shaida, shaida daga duka takaddama jam'iyyun. Description of wani taron kamar kāriyar Pskov, ba zai iya watsi da magatakardan sarki Stanislaw Piotrowski, wanda ya kiyaye a diary, ta kwatanta a daki-daki, a kowace rana da kewaye. Talatin da makonni kare msa dukan birnin zuwa Yaren mutanen Poland sojojin, wadda aka nacewa kutsa cikin kagara, yana kokarin tono karkashin ganuwar hawa, har zuwa wani abu m. Shi ne duk a banza. Pskov tsaro ta Ivan da 4 tsaya da tabbaci.

Ko a lokacin da Batory yanke shawarar kai Pechora sansanin soja, da yunkurin kasa. da kare aka kashe. Sa'an nan ya tafi a kan aikin yi, a matsayin yaki ƙasa zuwa dakatar, da kuma sojojin da aka gaji. 1582 Janairu aka lokacin da ta sayi wani tsagaita wuta na shekaru biyar, a cikin abin da Bathory ki sa hannu nufi da koma kama Rasha birni. Pskov Tsaro 4 a lokacin da Ivan ya iya ajiye invaders daga ƙasar haihuwarsa, a gaskiya - an kiyaye da kuma tsohon Rasha kan iyaka. A farkon karni na goma sha bakwai shi ne na biyu tsaro na Pskov. Abokan hamayyarsu wannan lokaci ya daban-daban, da kuma mai ceto, kuma matsari daga Rasha ƙasar - wannan birni, kula heroes. A farko, yaƙi ya kewaye ta sanar da 'yan ƙasa. Yanzu sun kasance iya ba kawai kare amma kuma kai farmaki. A tsawo da wuya lokacin da waje baki ƙare a nasara ga m, kuma m Rasha mutane. A 1611, da Swedes aka ci birnin na Staraya Russa, Ladoga, Novgorod, Gdov, Porkhov da Swedish King Gustavus Adolphus yanke shawarar cewa jaruntakar tsaro na Pskov a baya. Duk da haka, ya ɓace musu.

Swedes

A Swedes kokarin daukar Pskov a farkon 1615, sun dukan tsiya, da kuma a lokacin rani tattara wata babbar runduna karkashin iko da Janar Kakakin kuma sake kewaye garin. Sarkin zo a ga yadda Pskov fada. Amma kare birnin zai zama alfahari da kansa riga ya tashi Ivan Grozny. Tsaro na Pskov, inda makiya wannan lokaci ta fi sandunan, da kuma Livonian Knights, kiyaye duk abin da matsayin tam ayyuka da ake zaton fita, kai hare-hare sun yawanci tasiri. Yaren mutanen Sweden sojojin kama Snetogorsky sufi da kuma zauna a can. A zahiri a wannan rana mazauna Pskov sanya wani sortie kuma ya jawo gagarumin lalacewa, ko da Janar Kakakin bai tsira. Sarkin ya ji tsoron irin wannan gazawar, da kuma yanke shawarar cewa sojojinsa ne babbar isasshen. Ya jũyar da rundunarsa zuwa gaba na babban kogin, da kuma nema reinforcements.

Bayan 'yan watanni zo da harsunan' yan barandan dakarun, da kuma Gustavus Adolphus Snetogorsk koma ga sufi. A birnin da aka kẽwaye, duk hanyoyi suna da An katange - cikakken kawancen. Beat makiya yanke shawarar daga arewa - daga ƙofa zuwa Ilyinskikh Varlaamovskoy hasumiya. Gina garun, manyan bindigogi, da kuma sa wani bango a hankali hallaka. Pskov tsayayya. Wall kanti nan da nan gyara, da kuma harin ya faru kusan kullum, yawanci tare da nauyi asara ga abokan gaba.
Gustavus Adolphus ya gaji da irin juriya da kuma ci gaba da zaman lafiya shawara tare da Rasha. Ya so m zaman lafiya sharuddan, amma sai ya busa Pskov a ga sansanin duk gunpowder. Dole na yi baya daga Pskov da kuma komawa da Rasha biranen Rasha - Ladoga, Novgorod, Porkhov, Staraya Russa, Gdov da kuma wasu ƙasar shagaltar da ta invaders. A farko tsaro na Pskov - daga Stefan Batory dakarun - ya da yawa wa mutum, amma townspeople koyi abubuwa da yawa.

The Sanadin Livonian War

The Livonian Order da aka kafa a cikin marigayi goma sha biyu karni da kuma kwace kusan dukan ƙasa na zamani Baltic - Courland, Livonia da Estonia. Duk da haka, ta karni na sha shida, ta ikon da aka kusan bushe. Da farko, gurgunta ikon da Order of ciki jayayya generated da ƙara krepnuvshim canji motsi: lambar Masters ba zai iya samun yarjejeniya a cikin dangantaka tare da Akbishop na Riga, birnin bai gane kowa daga gare su, adãwa ƙara aggravated. Raunanar da Livonia amfani duk da makwabta, ko da Rasha. Gaskiyar ita ce, kafin zuwan da Order a waɗannan ƙasashe Rasha sarakuna a cikakken iko na Baltic yankuna, don haka yanzu Moscow Tsar dauke su hakkin su Livonia istinbadi.

The ciniki darajar jihar bakin teku ƙasar ba za a iya overestimated, da kuma Livonian Order iyakance dangantaka tsakanin Rasha da kasashen yammacin Turai, ba ta hanyar wucewa ta yanki yan kasuwa da 'yan kasuwa. Ƙarfafa na Rasha, kazalika yanzu, ba ya so wani daya kasar. Har ila yau, Turai shugabanninmu da kaya daga Turai Livonian Order a Rasha ba miss. Domin wannan, kuma zuwa Rasha Livonians shi bi da daidai da. Kallon hakane recalcitrant makwabta, Moscow sarki ya fara jin tsõron cewa wuri Livonians iya da kyau bayyana mafi maƙiya makwabta. Ivan III gina daura da garin Narva your Ivangorod. Kuma ko da more ci gaba da'awar damar zuwa Baltic Sea Ivan 4. The tsaro na Pskov, maƙiyi ne daga tabbatar da shi ba daidai ba Rasha Tsar, ya nuna yadda wadannan da'awar sun dace.

A farkon Livonian War

Sarki ya tabbata daga nasarar da huhu, amma Livonian War jan a, sabanin baya daya, tare da Swedes, a lokacin da sakamako da aka quite azumi da kuma kyau. Wannan lokaci Ivan Grozny tuna Livonians haihuwa kwangila cewa bukatar su biya haraji to da Rasha jihar, wanda ba ya gabatar da wani sosai tsawon lokaci. Livonians tattaunawar, muddin za su iya, ya jinkirta, amma sarki da sauri rasa haƙuri, kuma m kashe dangantakar da kyau-neighborliness, a 1558 ya fara shekara ashirin da biyar da Livonian War, da farko nasara. Sojojin Rasha tafi, kusan duk na Livonia, fãce iyãkar gidãje da birane masu garu. Kadai Livonia samar da mai kyau juriya bai iya - Moscow tuni ya isasshe m.

Jihar na da Order fadi baya, surrendering rarrabe mafi m makwabta. Estonia - Sweden, Livonia - Lithuania, tsibirin Saaremaa - Danish gertsogts Magnus, Kurland ne ba da wani coci Holdings jurewa secularization. Jagora Kettler zama Duke da kuma ya roƙe Polish talakansa. Shi ne kawai na halitta da cewa sabon masu yi bukata daga Ivana Groznogo ba-shagaltar da yankuna. Ko more fili, cewa Sarkin wani abu ba a yi nufin ki. A sa'an nan a kan Livonian War akwai sabon mahalarta. Duk da haka, Moscow ya lashe. The sarki dakarun lalatar Lithuania da Vilnius. Lithuania sun yarda saboda zaman lafiya da kuma ba Polotsk. Amma Zemsky Sobor a Moscow a duniya ba yarda. The yaki suka tafi a kan ga wani shekara goma. Muddin-Polish Lithuanian kursiyin bai bayyana daga mafi talented kwamandojin.

Stefan Batory

Rasha kawai aka mai tsanani raunana da shekaru na yaki. Bugu da kari, da kuma sa kaimi ga kasar da kuma oprichnina. A kudu na Crimean Tatars quncin rai, m duk Volga, Astrakhan da Kazan Khanate. A 1571, Khan Devlet Giray m mnogovoyskovoe mamayewa aka shirya, ya sauke karatu daga kona na dukan na Moscow, fãce da Kremlin. A cikin wadannan shekara zuwa maimaita nasarar da shi ya faru ba - Rasha ƙulla karkashin jagorancin Mihaila Vorotynskogo ci Tatars a cikin matasa. Wannan shi ne lokacin da za a yi aiki da decisively fara da Stefan Batory - Jihar Center na kasar ne sosai matalauta da albarkatun, da kuma mutane. Manyan rati for Livonian fronts ya yiwuwa a tattara. Damƙa mafi dace rebuff hadu. A 1578 sojojin Rasha suka ci a Verdun.

A Livonian War juya batu. A shekara daga baya, Stefan Batory tsĩrar Polotsk, sa'an nan da mai girma Luka tare da Velizh. Ivan Grozny kokarin matsa a kan Batory diplomasiya aika ofisoshin jakadancin da Austria Sarkin sarakuna da kuma Paparoma. Amma da Polish sarki ya ba da sha'awar bada shawarwari na Rasha Tsar, da kuma a 1581-m, ya kewaye Pskov. Yana da wuya, amma ya msa da tsaro na Pskov. Stefan Batory kokarin kauce wa har ma da zaben na sarki da Diet, amma ba Jamus ba Moscow ba zai iya zama a kan kursiyin na wani yarima ko yarima. Ya aka zaba don nuna duk da iko Transylvanian gwamna. Kuma bayan ƙarshen tsagaita wuta yaki koma. Duk da haka, shi ya fara Russian sarki, da kuma tsaro na Pskov a lokacin Livonian War, da West ya nuna yadda m da kuma m iya zama da fuska na Rasha invaders.

A halin da ake ciki a farkon yakin

A lokaci guda akwai yaƙe-yaƙe da kuma Sweden, inda Rasha iya ba sarrafa dauki kan birnin Revel, da kuma damar zuwa Baltic Sea. Livonia aka endearing a rabo na Rasha sarki, ba ya xorewa. Ya Kace saukar da mallakar Stefan Batory, kada kira dan'uwana a cikin tattaunawar, da maƙwabci - saboda asalin ba na sarki. Livonia Ivan Grozny ko da yaushe dauke da wani fiefdom. Kuma da na kowa mutane zabe da yardar mutane sun taurare a fadace-fadace, kamfen tabbatar da Jamus da kuma Hungarian dakaru makamai a kan wanda ya kare wani ciyarwa, ya yi mai yawa bindigogi - manyan da kyau.

Kuma, ba shakka, shi ne fata na da wani nasara a kan talauci m shiririta layuka na Rasha, sojoji. Jagoran Stefan Batory wani m. Amma babu wawa, da kuma Ivan Grozny. Tsaro Pskov nuna - yadda. Polotsk kuma kare fiye da makonni uku, amma ba su tsira, kuma kõ da tsaro ya samu halartar mutane duka, matasa da kuma tsohon - fitar da gobara, ya taimaka da sojoji. Kisa a Polotsk bayan shan Stefan Batory ya girma, kamar yadda daga baya, lokacin da Yaren mutanen Poland sarki dauki gari bayan gari - Usvyat, Velizh, Great Luka.

bukatun Batory

Ivan Grozny aka tilasta su yi shawarwari, inda ya miƙa Poland Livonia - fãce da birane huɗu. Duk da haka, Stefan Batory bukaci ba kawai dukansa Livonia, amma Sebezh. Bayan haka, kudi mai yawa - hudu dubu zinariya, ya rufe su da halin kaka na yaki.

A haruffa, ya karɓa, su zarga da Rasha sarki, ya kira ya Moscow Fir'auna da kerkẽci, Kokarin sasanta wannan ba ya zama mafi nasara. A 1581, Polish sojojin dauki tsibirin yaƙi, ya kewaye Pskov. Kuma a nan duk da nasarorin da kuma duk girman kai na gentry da kuma a kan, domin shi ya fara tsaro na Pskov. Livonian War kai wani sabon mataki.

Pskov sansanin soja

City da a wancan lokacin wani sansanin soja da fairly barga: kwanan nan a koma ganuwar sun ƙarfi, suka sa yawa bindigogi, kafa wani iko da sojoji, da gogaggen gwamnonin. Defence of Pskov karkashin jagorancin Ivan Shumsky - domin ta shahara tsananin hĩla Prince. Tunawa events, wadannan suna bayyana a cikin cikakken labari - "The Tale na Siege na Pskov". kare birnin da aka gina don ƙarfafa ciki da waje masu garu garu, yayin da Dogayen sanda haƙa ramuka, suka sa masa bindiga a kan kewaye.

Dawn ya fara ranar 7 ga watan Satumba, guguwa wuta na ashirin da bindigogi. Batory gaske da ake bukata da karya a cikin bango to hari. Lalle ne, garun da aka sauri buga saukar a wurare da dama, da a cikin hanyar birnin da aka bude. Majistare zaune a abincin dare, riga gani a matsayin ciwon abincin dare a Pskov. Amma da tsaro na Pskov Batory tsaya. Don yaki kewaye kararrawa gudu duk mazauna birnin, ba kawai sojojin. Duk wanda ya iya ɗaukar makamai, ya gaggauta, ya karya a cikin mafiya hatsari wurare. Daga ganuwar da dannawa Dogayen sanda aka shayar nauyi wuta, amma amincewa da nasarar kore su gaba ne a zahiri a kan gawawwakin. A birnin har yanzu suna farfasa.

Rasha mu'ujiza

Pskov riga biyu hasumiyai lashe Yaren mutanen Poland sarauta banner, da kuma Rasha sun bada karkashin matsin da abokin gaba hordes. Prince Shuisky, wanka da jini da kuma baƙo ne, a bar matattu doki da misali kiyaye mãsu bãyar da bãya Rasha darajõji. A wannan lokaci da wuya na Pskov limaman bayyana a cikin m na yaƙi da image na Our Lady da sauran kaya daga cikin saint, a kan ƙasa haziqance cikin Rasha Vsevolod-Gabriel. Mayakan kula perked up da kuma garzaya zuwa cikin yaki tare da sabunta kuzari. Svinuzskaya hasumiya, cike da maƙiyanka, ba zato ba tsammani Zuriyar a cikin iska - Rasha generals busa shi. A cikin tsanya da yawa yadudduka da gawawwakin makiya, waɗanda suke cikin hasumiya. sojojin abokan gaba suna mamaki, cike da tsoro da kuma dumbfounded. Hakika, da Rasha ba su tsoro, da buga tare. Yaren mutanen Poland sojojin da aka niƙa kuma ci zahiri a kan gudu.

Pskov mazauna shiga daidai a cikin yaƙin - kawar da rauni, ya kawo ruwa su matsa a kan su ganuwar jefa ta abokan gaba bindigogi da aka tattara fursunonin. A jaruntakar tsaro na Pskov triumphantly juya na farko page na tarihi. Bugu da ari, a kowane hanya kokarin shawo kan Pskov Batory: wani rami, da harbe-harben ja-zafi tsakiya Agogon, sun cinna wuta a birnin, monitory haruffa Rasha mahukunta yi alkawarin amfãni a taron na sananne da kuma mummunan mutuwa a wannan tenacity. Af, na yi ka aika da wasika da taimakon kibau, saboda mutane na Pskov aka ba za su yi shawarwari. Amsar, suka aika a cikin wannan hanya. Akwai da Rasha harshen da aka rubuta ba Pskov, ba su canja, za mu yi yãƙi. Kuma da haifar a Pskov aka ƙirƙira ta mahakar. Lalle ne waɗanda suka kuskure ya karya bango, ya ɓuya cikin katakai, samu kwalta tafasar.

duniya

Ivan Grozny duniya ne har yanzu sanya, da kuma shi ne mai yawa dalilai. Batory ya yi fatan wani sauƙi nasara, amma har yanzu ba a Pskov tsince. Hudu da rabi dubu sojojin Pskov da dubu hamsin Elite sojojin na Yaren mutanen Poland tsaya da kewaye da kuma lashe talatin makonni zahiri m makiya regiments. Aiki a kan tsaron gida plugging ramuka a cikin ganuwar, digging ramuka, suka m mazauna da kuma za'ayi.

Posada kusa da garin daga mutãnen Pskov aka a baya ƙone da dukan yawan posadov dauka mafaka a gari. Sojojin abokan bar ba tare da sadarwa, saboda mazauna birnin sanya m hare-hare, manoma wawushe Polish convoys, kai hare hare a kan scouts foraging da zabi abinci tsĩrar da Pskov. Batory bai sani ba cewa ya rasa. Amma a 1581 sai ya tafi har yanzu shawarwari tare da Rasha tsar da kuma sanya a tsagaita wuta.